Design Representation Research Articles

A study of landscape painting development – Past, present and future perspectives

This study is focused on landscape paintings’ characteristics throughout history. It starts with primitive cave paintings passed through the ancient civilisations, then followed by the main art movements and styles and ends with the contemporary style landscape paintings. Future prospects and expectations for landscape representations were also considered. It was found that landscape representation has been the focus for most artists because of its link to their normal lives. In the primitive caves, illustrations of plants and animals were found covering caves’ walls. Landscape backgrounds were used in the ancient Egyptian civilisation and lost its significance in the Greece style to reappear with the Roman artists with special concern and perspective. The Renaissance era witnessed more progress in landscape paintings’ subjects and perspective. Baroque paintings initiated the focus on independent landscape paintings to be crystalised in the Romantic paintings and later on in the impressionists’ art works using distinctive painting techniques. The modernists approved landscape topic in their paintings to apply their unique techniques, whereas the contemporary landscape paintings have adopted abstract and free methods in employing various materials and colours. It is obvious that the landscape subject has been employed throughout all stages of art history because it is the key segment of their environment and life not only because of its aesthetic values. Realistic landscape representation in visual art and design is expected to progress in abundance in the near and far future as many people due to the pandemic circumstances have been deprived from naturally experiencing landscapes causing mental and health difficulties. Keywords: Prehistoric period, ancient civilisations, Renaissance, Baroque, romantic.

Evaluating Popular Statistical Properties of Incomplete Block Designs: A MATLAB Program Approach

Evaluating the statistical properties of a semi-Latin square, and in general, an incomplete block design, is vital in determining the usefulness of the design for experimentation. Improving the procedures for obtaining these statistical properties has been the subject of some research studies and software developments. Many available statistical software that evaluate incomplete block designs do so at the level of analysis of variance but not for the popular A-, D-, E-, and MV-efficiency properties of these designs to determine their adequacy for experimentation. This study presents a program written in the MATLAB environment using MATLAB codes and syntaxes which is capable of computing the A-, D-, E-, and MV-efficiency properties of any n×n/k semi-Latin square and any incomplete block design via their incidence matrices, where N is the number of rows and columns and k is the number of plots. The only input required for the program to compute the four efficiency criteria is the incidence matrix of the incomplete block design. The incidence matrix is the binary representation of an incomplete block design. The program automatically generates the efficiency values of the design once the incidence matrix has been provided, as shown in the examples.

A user task design notation for improved software design.

System design is recognized as one of the most critical components of a software system that bridges system requirements and coding. System design also has a significant impact on testing and maintenance activities, and on further improvements during the lifespan of the software system. Software design should reflect all necessary components of the requirements in a clear and understandable manner by all stakeholders of the software system. To distinguish system elements, separation of concerns in software design is suggested. In this respect, identification of the user tasks, i.e., the tasks that need to be performed by the user, is not currently reflected explicitly in system design documents. Our main assumption in this study is that software quality can be improved significantly by clearly identifying the user tasks from those that need to be performed by the computer system itself. Additionally, what we propose has the potential to better reflect the user requirements and main objectives of the system on the software design and thereby to improve software quality. The main aim of this study is to introduce a novel notation for software developers in the frame of UML Activity Diagram (UML-AD) that enables designers to identify the user tasks and define them separately from the system tasks. For this purpose, an extension of UML-AD, named UML-ADE (UML-Activity Diagram Extended) was proposed. Afterwards, it was implemented in a serious game case for which the specification of user tasks is extremely important. Finally, its effectiveness was analyzed and compared to UML-AD experimentally with 72 participants. The defect detection performance of the participants on both diagrams with two real-life serious game scenarios was evaluated. Results show a higher level of understandability for those using UML-ADE, which in turn may indicate a better design and higher software quality. The results encourage researchers to develop specific design representations dedicated to task design to improve system quality and to conduct further evaluations of the impact of these design on each of the above mentioned potential benefits for the software systems.

Implicit-based computer-aided design for additively manufactured functionally graded cellular structures

Abstract Additive manufacturing has enabled the fabrication of complex structures such as cellular structures. Although numerous design frameworks have been proposed for cellular structures, their effectiveness was limited owing to the use of B-rep-based representation. To address the limitations in previous research, this study proposes an implicit-based computer-aided design framework customized for additively manufactured functionally graded cellular structures (AM-FGCSs). The proposed design framework effectively aids in both single- and multiscale structural optimization for designing FGCSs. Moreover, implicit-based modeling afforded a reliable geometric representation that could efficiently assist computation tasks such as visualization, validation, and process planning for fabrication. In addition, two case studies were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework for designing FGCSs. The first case study on a three-point bending beam design problem proved the practicality of implicit-based representation in multiscale structural design. Meanwhile, the second case study validated the proficiency of the proposed framework in process planning for fabrication and engineering analysis, the two most vital computation tasks in designing cellular structures.

Concrete Poetry: A Reading of Selected Examples

Concrete poetry consists of a proper arrangement in linguistic rudiments in the misprinting effects that are more significant in elaborating the explanations than verbal importance. Concrete poems consist of a composition of words, colours, letters, and typefaces that operate in a graphical space, vital in the familiar role of designing and explanation. It had artists that took part in representing the exhibition developed individually in a unique approach according to the unique understanding of patterns and letters conveyed in poetry. The composition of letters and word formation in poems will focus on wordplay to offer diverse meanings, project the role of sound, and contribute to shifting media.The poems' role will aim to create vital modern ideas that will help accomplish functions as attained to perform. An objective on elaborating language as a visual entity has covered a wide range of historical events, civilization acts, and modern writing systems. Conveyed effect in poetry will involve the visual representation of designs and characters written in different languages to insist on the heritage portrayed. The image formed in poetry aims to define the type of poetry like the international style or the modern architecture projecting any available cultural information without losing the originality of the existing meaning.The current world around us is involved in various practices that affect our lives from many perspectives. Poetry is an aspect that is vital in supporting an understanding and portrays a special appreciation to the surrounding world. The visual representation recognized in poetry is significant in the real-time world because it can revolve around an aspect and set the truth to sneak up on you. Patterns and letters that project the imagery in poems have a vital role in our way of life. Our normality of living is influenced continuously by poetry by training us in our usual way of living. The detail on concrete poetry creates a relation between human beings to ease relation better.

Knowledge Acquisition and Representation for High-Performance Building Design: A Review for Defining Requirements for Developing a Design Expert System

New functions and requirements of high performance building (HPB) being added and several regulations and certification conditions being reinforced steadily make it harder for designers to decide HPB designs alone. Although many designers wish to rely on HPB consultants for advice, not all projects can afford consultants. We expect that, in the near future, computer aids such as design expert systems can help designers by providing the role of HPB consultants. The effectiveness and success or failure of the solution offered by the expert system must be affected by the quality, systemic structure, resilience, and applicability of expert knowledge. This study aims to set the problem definition and category required for existing HPB designs, and to find the knowledge acquisition and representation methods that are the most suitable to the design expert system based on the literature review. The HPB design literature from the past 10 years revealed that the greatest features of knowledge acquisition and representation are the increasing proportion of computer-based data analytics using machine learning algorithms, whereas rules, frames, and cognitive maps that are derived from heuristics are conventional representation formalisms of traditional expert systems. Moreover, data analytics are applied to not only literally raw data from observations and measurement, but also discrete processed data as the results of simulations or composite rules in order to derive latent rule, hidden pattern, and trends. Furthermore, there is a clear trend that designers prefer the method that decision support tools propose a solution directly as optimizer does. This is due to the lack of resources and time for designers to execute performance evaluation and analysis of alternatives by themselves, even if they have sufficient experience on the HPB. However, because the risk and responsibility for the final design should be taken by designers solely, they are afraid of convenient black box decision making provided by machines. If the process of using the primary knowledge in which frame to reach the solution and how the solution is derived are transparently open to the designers, the solution made by the design expert system will be able to obtain more trust from designers. This transparent decision support process would comply with the requirement specified in a recent design study that designers prefer flexible design environments that give more creative control and freedom over design options, when compared to an automated optimization approach.

Visualizing Course Structure: Using Course Composition Diagrams to Reflect on Design

We explore an innovative approach to learning design representations called course composition diagrams, which consist of interactive digital icons representing course elements, such as videos and quizzes. Course composition diagrams present a visual overview of course structure, including the placement and sequence of individual elements within a course. We hypothesize that providing design teams with such representations creates opportunities for reflection that may not exist otherwise, thereby potentially leading to improved design outcomes. We present a case study where design teams of Massive Open Online Courses used course composition diagrams to reflect on courses they had recently developed. Six themes emerged from our qualitative analysis: 1) affordances of representation, 2) limitations of representation, 3) opportunities for comparison, 4) congruence, 5) reflection on design choices, and 6) utility of representation. We argue that this approach holds promise for providing designers with meaningful opportunities to reflect on learning design.

Interpreted open data exchange between architectural design and structural analysis models

The heterogeneity of the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry reflects on digital building models, which differ across domains and planning phases. Data exchange between architectural design and structural analysis models poses a particular challenge because of dramatically different representations of building elements. Existing software tools and standards have not been able to deal with these differences. The research on inter-domain building information modelling (BIM) frameworks does not consider the geometry interpretations for data exchange. Analysis of geometry interpretations is mostly project-specific and is seldom reflected in general data exchange frameworks. By defining a data exchange framework that engages with varying requirements and representations of architectural design and structural analysis in terms of geometry, which is open to other domains, we aim to close the identified gap. Existing classification systems in software tools and standards were reviewed in order to understand architectural design and structural analysis representations and to identify the relationships between them. Following the analysis, a novel data management framework based on classification, interpretation and automation was proposed, implemented and tested. Classification is a model specification including domain-specific terms and relationships between them. Interpretations consist of inter-domain procedures necessary to generate domain-specific models from a provided model. Automation represents the connection between open domain-specific models and proprietary models in software tools. Practical implementation with a test case demonstrated a possible realization of the proposed framework. The innovative contribution of the research is a novel framework based on the system of open domain-specific classifications and procedures for the inter-domain interpretation, which can prepare domain-specific models on central storage. The main benefit is a centrally prepared domain-specific model, relieving software developers from so-far-unsuccessful implementation of complex inter-domain interpretations in each software tool, and providing end users with control over the data exchange. Although the framework is based on the exchange between architectural design and structural analysis, the proposed central data management framework can be used for other exchange processes involving different model representations.

Understanding representation: Contrasting gesture and sketching in design through dual-process theory

Representation is essential to design work. While there is a multitude of research on, for example, gesture, prototyping, and sketching, there is a critical need for a more general account of design representation, able to explain diverse results across representation modes and design tasks. We address this need by experimentally testing dual-process theory hypotheses regarding the impact of gesture and sketching on a range of design tasks, including reproduction, evaluation, elaboration, ideation, and selection. Central to this is the (mis)match between representation mode at input/response, and the interaction between Type 1 and Type 2 processing. These findings support a novel dual-process explanation of design representation, suggest resolutions to previously contradictory findings, and provide implications for design theory, education, and practice.

New formula to calculate the number of designs in RADG cryptosystem

Reaction automata direct graph (RADG) is a new technique that uses the automata direct graph method to represent a certain design for encryption and decryption. Jump states are available in the RADG design that enables the encipher to generate different ciphertexts each time from the same plaintext and wherein not a single ciphertext is related to a certain plaintext. This study created a matrix representation for RADG designs that allows the calculation of the number of cases ($F_{Q}$)mathematically possible for any design of the set $Q$. $F_{Q}$ is an important part of the function $mathrm{F}(mathrm{n}, mathrm{m}, lambda)$ that calculates the total number of cases of a certain design for the values $Q, R, sum, psi, J$ and $T$. This paper produces a mathematical equation to calculate $F_{Q}$.

Hypergraph-based persistent cohomology (HPC) for molecular representations in drug design.

Artificial intelligence (AI) based drug design has demonstrated great potential to fundamentally change the pharmaceutical industries. Currently, a key issue in AI-based drug design is efficient transferable molecular descriptors or fingerprints. Here, we present hypergraph-based molecular topological representation, hypergraph-based (weighted) persistent cohomology (HPC/HWPC) and HPC/HWPC-based molecular fingerprints for machine learning models in drug design. Molecular structures and their atomic interactions are highly complicated and pose great challenges for efficient mathematical representations. We develop the first hypergraph-based topological framework to characterize detailed molecular structures and interactions at atomic level. Inspired by the elegant path complex model, hypergraph-based embedded homology and persistent homology have been proposed recently. Based on them, we construct HPC/HWPC, and use them to generate molecular descriptors for learning models in protein-ligand binding affinity prediction, one of the key step in drug design. Our models are tested on three most commonly-used databases, including PDBbind-v2007, PDBbind-v2013 and PDBbind-v2016, and outperform all existing machine learning models with traditional molecular descriptors. Our HPC/HWPC models have demonstrated great potential in AI-based drug design.

Locating the place of ‘design’ across the Australian Curriculum: a detailed analysis of three learning areas

Recent understandings of ‘design’ and, in particular design education have become entrenched within schools and higher education as approaches to provide students with opportunities to develop creativity and imagination, and the skills needed for a globalized future. Drawing from Australian curriculum documents, this paper presents a content analysis that locates representations of design and establishes whether current representations support the building of twenty-first century capabilities. The development of curriculum is positioned within the paper as an ideological act that establishes normative discourses of design and compares them with ‘the other’. Our findings demonstrate that design is represented in multiple ways across the Australian Curriculum and that teachers are presented with a specific discourse of design in curriculum documents from different key learning areas. We argue that a dominant re-constructed representation of design within curriculum has the potential to standardize currently discipline specific understandings of design with implications for the enacted curriculum in the classroom and the key discipline design capabilities acquired by students.

Cross-phase product configurator for modular buildings using kit-of-parts

One emerging strategy in industrialized construction is the use of mass customization to increase product efficiency without sacrificing design flexibility. Effective implementation of mass customization can be done through a product platform, i.e. a configurator. However, existing configurators often lack integration of knowledge from the downstream supply chain such as manufacturing. This paper proposes a conceptual framework for a configurator unified through a manufacturing kit-of-parts. Kit-of-parts are pre-engineered and pre-designed digital models representing fabrication-ready components. Using production rules and restraints, accurate planning and design representations can be derived and utilized in the configurator. This research develops a configurator prototype using three-tier architecture. The prototype supports a low-to-high level of detail of kit-of-parts. It integrates product platforms and project development across multiple building phases including site planning, floor plan layout, and 3D model generation. Finally, the implementation of a modular building configurator illustrates the benefits of the proposed configurator-based workflow.

Data-Driven Persona Retrospective Based on Persona Significance Index in B-to-B Software Development

Business-to-Business (B-to-B) software development companies develop services to satisfy their customers’ requirements. Developers should prioritize customer satisfaction because customers greatly influence agile software development. However, satisfying current customer’s requirements may not fulfill actual users or future customers’ requirements because customers’ requirements are not always derived from actual users. To reconcile these differences, developers should identify conflicts in their strategic plan. This plan should consider current commitments to end users and their intentions as well as employ a data-driven approach to adapt to rapid market changes. A persona models an end user representation in human-centered design. Although previous works have applied personas to software development and proposed data-driven software engineering frameworks with gap analysis between the effectiveness of commitments and expectations, the significance of developers’ commitment and quantitative decision-making are not considered. Developers often do not achieve their business goal due to conflicts. Hence, the target of commitments should be validated. To address these issues, we propose Data-Driven Persona Retrospective (DDR) to help developers plan future releases. DDR, which includes the Persona Significance Index (PerSI) to reflect developers’ commitments to end users’ personas, helps developers identify a gap between developers’ commitments to personas and expectations. In addition, DDR identifies release situations with conflicts based on PerSI. Specifically, we define four release cases, which include different situations and issues, and provide a method to determine the release case based on PerSI. Then we validate the release cases and their determinations through a case study involving a Japanese cloud application and discuss the effectiveness of DDR.

Model based integration of human characteristics in production systems: a literature survey

Manufacturing companies are confronted with increasing product complexity and shorter development times. In human-centered production systems, employees can adapt to new and changing tasks after completing learning processes. In such kind of production systems, human characteristics are crucial factors of system capabilities. A review on model based integration of human representations in production system design is presented based on qualitative literature survey. It covers publications between 1999 and 2020 using Web of Science and Google Scholar in both domains, Production Systems and Human Factors. The aim of this paper is to analyze Human Factors and their impact that can influence human performance in a human-centered production system. It presents findings from identification, consolidation and interpretation of published work currently available on Human Factors in production engineering. Thus, it contributes recommendations for future research.

Study on Industrial Heritage Protection and Reuse Design of Dahua Textile Mill in Guangyuan City

The industrial heritage has a huge potential value. At present, China strongly called people to pay attention on protection and development of the industrial heritage. The project is closely to the call of national development industrial culture, in Guangyuan city Dahua mills as the foothold to study the protection and reuse of industrial heritage, improve production and living environment, promote the development of regional economy, finally realization of industrial heritage protection and sustainable development goals. This project uses SketchUp, Photoshop and other design softwares to express the graphic representation of the reuse design of Dahua Yarn factory, and to explore and study the protection and reuse design of industrial heritage. In the author’s opinion, in the protection and reuse design of industrial heritage, the occurrence of “formalization” should be avoided, and the reuse design scheme should be formulated according to the characteristics of specific industrial heritage. In combination with the project itself, tourism mode or other modes may not be necessary. There are many problems, and we need new thinking in this area, as well as more practice.

Semantic Sense as Simplicity for Design Representation

Semantic Sense as Simplicity for Design Representation

A NURBS-based discontinuous Galerkin method for conservation laws with high-order moving meshes

The objective of the present work is to develop a new numerical framework for simulations involving deformable domains, in the specific context of high-order meshes consistent with Computer-Aided Design (CAD) representations. Thus, the proposed approach combines ideas from isogeometric analysis, able to handle exactly CAD-based geometries, and Discontinuous Galerkin (DG) methods with an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation, able to solve complex problems with moving grids. The resulting approach is a DG method based on rational Bézier elements, that can be easily constructed from Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines (NURBS), formulated in a general ALE setting. We focus here on applications in two-dimensional compressible flows, but the method could be applied to other models as well. Two verification exercises are conducted, to assess rigorously the properties of the method and the convergence rates for representations up to sixth order. Finally, three problems are analysed in depth, involving compressible Euler and Navier-Stokes equations, for an oscillating cylinder and a pitching airfoil. In particular, the convergence of flow characteristics is investigated, as well as the impact of using curved boundaries in the context of deformable domains.

A socio-cognitive analysis of evaluation and idea generation activities during co-creative design sessions supported by spatial augmented reality

ABSTRACT Co-creation with end-users is gaining an increasing interest in the design industry today. This study investigates the mechanisms by which spatial augmented reality (SAR) technology can affect socio-cognitive processes in groups involved in co-creative design sessions. More precisely, when used in real co-creative design sessions, does a SAR system facilitate the collective creative process, compared to sessions occurring in standard settings? A protocol analysis has been conducted to investigate three different design sessions involving experienced designers and end-users on a product design task: a design session supported by conventional design representations (usual design practices), a design session supported by non-spatial augmented reality (AR), and a session supported by SAR technology. While results do not clearly show that SAR or AR technologies increase end-user’s commitmen t, they illustrate the ability for these technologies to allow browsing through more ideas during a co-creative design session. Furthermore, it tends to reduce time spent on ideas, compared to a traditional session. We also noted that the introduction of this technology does not modify the profiles of the sessions in terms of cognitive activities. This tends to demonstrate that the technology itself does not impair the design activity.

Genetic Programming Method for Satellite System Topology and Parameter Optimization

In this paper, a genetic programming method for satellite system design is proposed to simultaneously optimize the topology and parameters of a satellite system. Firstly, the representation of satellite system design is defined according to the tree structure. The genetic programming method is designed based on that representation. Secondly, according to the tree structure of different satellite schemes, different multiscale satellite models are established, in which various physical fields couple together. Then, an evaluation system is also proposed to test the performances of different satellite schemes. Finally, the application to the design of an earth observation satellite demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method.