Video Replay Research Articles

Prediction of shot success for basketball free throws: Visual search strategy

In ball games, players have to pay close attention to visual information in order to predict the movements of both the opponents and the ball. Previous studies have indicated that players primarily utilise cues concerning the ball and opponents' body motion. The information acquired must be effective for observing players to select the subsequent action. The present study evaluated the effects of changes in the video replay speed on the spatial visual search strategy and ability to predict free throw success. We compared eye movements made while observing a basketball free throw by novices and experienced basketball players. Correct response rates were close to chance (50%) at all video speeds for the novices. The correct response rate of experienced players was significantly above chance (and significantly above that of the novices) at the normal speed, but was not different from chance at both slow and fast speeds. Experienced players gazed more on the lower part of the player's body when viewing a normal speed video than the novices. The players likely detected critical visual information to predict shot success by properly moving their gaze according to the shooter's movements. This pattern did not change when the video speed was decreased, but changed when it was increased. These findings suggest that temporal information is important for predicting action outcomes and that such outcomes are sensitive to video speed.

Board 401 - Research Abstract What is the Best Instrument to Assess Interprofessional Operating Room Performance? (Submission #1239)

Introduction/Background Simulations for improving interprofessional team work are very resource intense in terms of financial and personnel costs. Although participant feedback is often strongly positive, the desired outcome is evidence of learning and improvement in clinical practice. Interprofessional operating room simulations include a surgeon, an anesthesiologist and nurses. A number of tools have been rigorously developed to assess performance of individuals and teams in operating rooms. Unfortunately, many of these tools were designed for research purposes only or require intense observer training. This development includes training observers to high inter-rater agreement before having them assess actual individual or team performance. Translational research is needed to assess the efficacy of these tools in everyday situations. Methods This mixed-Methods study investigated use of four published tools to assess specialty-specific and team behaviors in OR simulations; Anesthesiologists Non-Technical Skills (ANTS), Scrub Practitioners List of Intra-operative Non-Technical Skills (SPLINTS), Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons (NOTSS) and Objective Teamwork Assessment System (OTAS). Three of the tools, ANTS, SPLINTS and NOTSS, ask raters for one mark on each of 4 to 12 elements to characterize overall performance on a scale of poor, marginal, acceptable or good. OTAS is much more complex, with five dimensions and seven points on a scale indicating the degree of positive or negative impact of behavior from each dimension on overall team function. The scenario was a patient experiencing malignant hyperthermia during an epigastric hernia repair. Participants in each simulation included two junior residents in anesthesiology and one in surgery and three to five practicing OR nurses. Our interprofessional research team (one surgeon, one nurse, one social scientist, one research assistant and two anesthesiologists) used each of the four tools while watching a video replay of one of our interprofessional team training scenarios. The order of the videos and sequence of utilizing each tool was identical for each rater. After completing the tools for all of the videos, raters were asked several feasibility questions on a Likert scale from 1=Very low to 7=Very high. Results Inter-rater agreement was generally high. For ANTS, average rater agreement was 0.81, SPLINTS was 0.90, NOTSS was 0.96 and the average rater agreement for OTAS was 0.93. All of the instruments were felt to have similar elements and category clarity (mean=4.2). Raters were equally moderately confident that their assessments would be similar to another rater (mean=4.1). Interestingly, the OTAS instrument was felt to require the most time and mental energy to complete (mean=6.7) but most likely to result in the same ratings if used on the same video a week later (mean=4.5). All of the tools were felt to be suitable for both real-time observation and video replay. However, OTAS was felt to be the least useful for real-time observation (mean=2.4). Conclusion Rater agreement among raters with diverse backgrounds was generally very good across five videos without any training sessions. All of the instruments were felt to be suitable to assess team function but only the OTAS instrument was felt to result in consistent evaluations over raters and time. Disclosures Gordon Center, University of Miami School of Medicine.

The insightfulness assessment: measuring the internal processes underlying maternal sensitivity

In her description of sensitive mothers, Ainsworth described not only maternal behaviors but also the internal processes underlying such behavior, including the capacity to “see things from the child’s point of view”. Ainsworth assessed this capacity from her extensive observations of mothers interacting with their infants, from records of mothers’ talk to the babies, and from brief interviews about their babies. Attachment researchers following Ainsworth focused primarily on observations of maternal sensitive behavior, however, and the processes underlying such behavior were mostly inferred from the mothers’ behavior. The Insightfulness Assessment (IA), a video replay procedure in which mothers are interviewed regarding their children’s thoughts and feelings after they watch brief video clips of their children, was developed to assess systematically and directly the mother’s ability to take the child’s perspective. This paper uses examples from the IA to show how it captures many of the internal processes underlying caregiving behavior which Ainsworth described. Data supporting the IA’s validity is reviewed, which suggest that the IA can complement observations of mothers’ caregiving behavior in order to obtain a more comprehensive assessment of maternal sensitivity.

Concurrent validation of activity monitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

BackgroundPhysical activity is frequently reported in rheumatology but it is difficult to measure objectively outside the gait laboratory. A new generation of activity monitors offers this potential but it has not yet been evaluated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This study aimed to evaluate three types of activity monitors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. MethodsThe Step-N-Tune, Activ4Life Pro V3.8, and the Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity activity monitors were tested concurrently in 12 patients with rheumatoid arthritis as well as in a healthy control group of 12 volunteers. Participants walked at a self selected speed for two minutes and were filmed for later review. Temporal and spatial gait parameters were also validated against the GAITRite walkway and the total number of steps recorded by each activity monitor was compared to a gold standard derived from half speed video replays. FindingsActivity monitor performance varied between devices but all showed poorer performance when used in the group with rheumatoid arthritis. Bland–Altman plots demonstrated wider 95% limits of agreement in the group with rheumatoid arthritis and a systematic decrease in agreement between activity monitors and the gold standard with decreasing functional ability. InterpretationDespite some variation between devices, all the activity monitors tested performed reasonably well in healthy young volunteers. All except the Activ4Life showed a marked decrease in performance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, suggesting Activ4Life could be the most suitable for use in this patient group. The marked between group difference in functional ability, and systematic decrease in device performance with deteriorating gait, indicate that activity monitors require specific validation in target clinical populations.

The Fallacies of the Assumptions Behind the Arguments for Goal-Line Technology in Soccer

Lately, a number of referee decisions appear to have reignited the debate over the need to bring more in-game officiating technology into soccer. The fallacies behind the arguments for the inclusion of technology to aid game officials can be narrowed down to those behind current arguments for or against goal-line technology. Both the proponents and opponents of these arguments appear to overemphasise the role of referees to the point of claiming that if refereeing errors could be eliminated in goal-line situations, then the most deserving team would most of the time be expected to win the contest. While we firmly believe that the game of soccer would benefit immensely from infallible officiating, we intend to show that these arguments are founded upon a number of inconspicuous assumptions. First, they assume that goal-line situations can be shown to affect the outcomes of games more than all other game situations. This can easily be shown to be a myth, since goals can be scored from all areas of the playing field. In addition, winning a soccer game, obviously, involves more than just scoring goals. Second, these arguments seem to support the view that referee decisions affect the outcomes of games more than decisions made by players, coaches and managers. This is merely a myth, since one can show that, in light of Cesar Torres's insights, referee involvement in game is limited to regulating situations that demand that the game be restored to its constitutive actualisation. Third, most arguments for goal-line technology tend to support the erroneous view that technology can actually eliminate most ‘crucial’ human mistakes from sport and, thus, ensure fairness of game outcomes. Such a myth can easily be refuted by reference to numerous cases of inconclusive slow-motion video replays in soccer. Therefore, this paper aims at arguing that, instead of reinforcing the scapegoating of referees and overemphasising the importance of isolated referee decisions to the point of attributing victory or defeat to these ‘crucial’ decisions, both sides of the goal-line technology debate need to put forth compelling arguments which go beyond the current misguided search for referee infallibility.

Can imagery facilitate improvements in anticipation behavior?

ObjectivesWe examined the effectiveness of interventions involving imagery, video, and outcome feedback in improving anticipation in skilled junior cricket batters. Design/methodParticipants (N = 34, Mean age = 14.9 years, SD = 0.75) were allocated to one of three groups matched on imagery ability or a no practice control. The experimental groups received a four-week, film-based training intervention. ResultsAll experimental groups improved anticipation performance during training. Pre to posttest improvements were greater for the group that received outcome Knowledge of Results (KR) compared to groups that also received a video replay of the bowler's action or imaged the previously seen action. All experimental groups improved visual imagery ability, measured by the VMIQ-2, but only the imagery intervention group improved in the kinesthetic dimension. ConclusionOur findings show that all three interventions are effective in improving anticipation and benefit imagery ability.

Home Truths? Video Production and Domestic Life * Video Cultures: Media Technology and Everyday Creativity

On the cover of Home Truths? we see a stock photo of a young girl gazing intently at the screen of a hand-held camcorder. The image is entitled ‘Young videomaker’, so we can assume that she is replaying footage recently recorded with a camera. It is fitting that a child is shown on the cover page of this book, as children appear within the text not simply as objects of the camera's gaze but as key users of video technology. There is a sense of awe and wonderment in the girl's stare which signals the magic of video replay and the alluring qualities, experienced by so many, of the camera's screen. The girl on the cover of Home Truths? represents just one of a number of different groups who enjoy the pleasures offered by videomaking. This book, along with Video Cultures, documents the findings of the AHRC-funded research project ‘Camcorder Cultures: Media, Technology and Everyday Creativity’ (2005–08), which was the first major assessment of the diverse range of videomaking practices that constitute the amateur field. Having first encountered this research project at a seminar at the London Knowledge Lab in July 2007, I find it interesting to see the work that has taken place in the intervening years.

뉴스앵커의 착용의상 색채를 통해 본 방송국 이미지 분석 - KBS, MBC, SBS 방송국 비교-

The purpose of this study was to examine and analyze broadcasting station's image expressed in wearing dress color of male and female news anchors. The data were collected from replay video news(n=180) provided in each station's website during 2005-2010 year. The results were as follows. First, in the case of the male anchor, KBS was focused on the quiet and classic image and the gentle image. MBC was focused on the vital and urban image. SBS was focused on the dynamic and young image. Second, in the case of the female anchor, KBS was focused on the neat, soft, and feminine in S/S season, on the other hand the loud and flamboyant image in F/W season. MBC was focused on the vital and urban image like image of a male anchor. SBS was focused on the private image of a female anchor than broadcasting station's image. Through the results of this study, the image of the individual and companies can be symbolized by the color of dress.

Modeling Cognitive Strategies during Complex Task Performing Process

The purpose of this study is to examine individuals’ computer based complex task performing processes and strategies in order to determine the reasons of failure by cognitive task analysis method and cued retrospective think aloud with eye movement data. Study group was five senior students from Computer Education and Instructional Technologies Department at a state university. A computer based complex task including a logical reasoning process was developed and utilized. Data was collected with cued retrospective think aloud containing a gaze video replay and eye tracking. All the retrospective protocols were transcribed for analysis then a coding schema was developed iteratively from segments. By drawing area of interest fields(AOI) of task panel, eye movement data in specific processes and fields were analyzed by using fixation duration and fixation count metrics. None of the participants completed the task successfully within the given amount of time (max-10 min.). The findings yielded seven cognitive strategies (“information gathering-reviewing”, “identification well-defined instructions”, “cue-seeking”, “using cues”, “assumption”, “trial and error” and “crosschecking”) and their actions obtained from the task performing process. Furthermore, this process is modeled by defining sequences and the relations between the actions and cognitive strategies. It has been revealed that trial and error is the most employed strategy and participants used trial and error without reasoning. Moreover, it has been revealed out that participants mostly failed in choosing and using the right strategy.

Short Simulation Training Improves Objective Skills in Established Advanced Practitioners Managing Emergencies on the Ward and Surgical Intensive Care Unit

Several studies evaluating simulation training in intensive care unit (ICU) physicians have demonstrated improvement in leadership and management skills. No study to date has evaluated whether such training is useful in established ICU advanced practitioners (APs). We hypothesized that human patient simulator-based training would improve surgical ICU APs' skills at managing medical crises. After institutional review board approval, 12 APs completed ½ day of simulation training on the SimMan, Laerdal system. Each subject participated in five scenarios, first as team leader (pretraining scenario), then as observer for three scenarios, and finally, again as team leader (posttraining). Faculty teaching accompanied each scenario and preceded a debriefing session with video replay. Three experts scored emergency care skills (Airway-Breathing-Circulation [ABCs] sequence, recognition of shock, pneumothorax, etc.) and teamwork leadership/interpersonal skills. A multiple choice question examination and training effectiveness questionnaire were completed before and after training. Fellows underwent the same curriculum and served to validate the study. Pre- and postscores were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test with two-tailed significance of 0.05. Improvement was seen in participants' scores combining all parameters (73% ± 13% vs. 80% ± 11%, p = 0.018). AP leadership/interpersonal skills (+12%), multiple choice question examination (+4%), and training effectiveness questionnaire (+6%) scores improved significantly (p < 0.05). Fellows teamwork leadership/interpersonal skills scores were higher than APs (p < 0.001) but training brought AP scores to fellow levels. Interrater reliability was high (r = 0.77, 95% confidence interval 0.71-0.82; p < 0.001). Human patient simulator training in established surgical ICU APs improves leadership, teamwork, and self-confidence skills in managing medical emergencies. Such a validated curriculum may be useful as an AP continuing education resource.

The Role of Frontal and Parietal Brain Areas in Bistable Perception

When sensory input allows for multiple, competing perceptual interpretations, observers' perception can fluctuate over time, which is called bistable perception. Imaging studies in humans have revealed transient responses in a right-lateralized network in the frontal-parietal cortex (rFPC) around the time of perceptual transitions between interpretations, potentially reflecting the neural initiation of transitions. We investigated the role of this activity in male human observers, with specific interest in its relation to the temporal structure of transitions, which can be either instantaneous or prolonged by periods during which observers experience a mix of both perceptual interpretations. Using both bistable apparent motion and binocular rivalry, we show that transition-related rFPC activity is larger for transitions that last longer, suggesting that rFPC remains active as long as a transition lasts. We also replicate earlier findings that rFPC activity during binocular rivalry transitions exceeds activity during yoked transitions that are simulated using video replay. However, we show that this established finding holds only when perceptual transitions are replayed as instantaneous events. When replay, instead, depicts transitions with the actual durations reported during rivalry, yoked transitions and genuine rivalry transitions elicit equal activity. Together, our results are consistent with the view that at least a component of rFPC activation during bistable perception reflects a response to perceptual transitions, both real and yoked, rather than their cause. This component of activity could reflect the change in sensory experience and task demand that occurs during transitions, which fits well with the known role of these areas in attention and decision making.

‘Video Replay: Families, films and fantasy’ as a transformational text: Commentary on Valerie Walkerdine's ‘Video Replay’

In this commentary I explore the significance of Valerie Walkerdine's paper ‘Video Replay: Families, Films and Fantasy’. I review its impact in 1986 and then discuss how some of its ideas about subjectivity and popular culture – specifically film - can be developed in the contemporary context. A recurring fantasy of Rocky II and its reception is that of social and psychological transformation. I address this theme by drawing on the work of Christopher Bollas to argue that Walkerdine's psychosocial analysis continues to facilitate, across a range of contexts, some of the transformational processes described in her article.

Press replay – Introduction to special section on rereading Valerie Walkerdine's ‘Video replay: Families, films and fantasy’

This introduction to ‘Video Replay’, the subject of this special section, outlines some of the main debates in which it has been significant and summarises that article's content. I then move on to sketch the fields that are addressed by the commentaries, which discuss ‘Video Replay's’ changing influence in the fields of psychoanalytic, psychosocial, media and cultural studies.

Monocular camera-based face liveness detection by combining eyeblink and scene context

This paper presents a face liveness detection system against spoofing with photographs, videos, and 3D models of a valid user in a face recognition system. Anti-spoofing clues inside and outside a face are both exploited in our system. The inside-face clues of spontaneous eyeblinks are employed for anti-spoofing of photographs and 3D models. The outside-face clues of scene context are used for anti-spoofing of video replays. The system does not need user collaborations, i.e. it runs in a non-intrusive manner. In our system, the eyeblink detection is formulated as an inference problem of an undirected conditional graphical framework which models contextual dependencies in blink image sequences. The scene context clue is found by comparing the difference of regions of interest between the reference scene image and the input one, which is based on the similarity computed by local binary pattern descriptors on a series of fiducial points extracted in scale space. Extensive experiments are carried out to show the effectiveness of our system.

Experimental System for Remote Airport Traffic Control Center Research

The ultimate goal of the research below is development of airport traffic control without the need of a real tower building, Specifically, we address the intermediate step of a Remote Airport Tower Center (RTC) for remote surveillance and control of small airports. An experimental high-resolution digital video panorama system was implemented to replace the airport tower out-the-window view. Field tests of this reconstructed view show that the effective visual resolution of a 180°-video panorama agrees with theoretical predictions. Such a video panorama provides the framework for video-see-through augmented vision by integration of weather and transponder data, and it allows for video replay. An integrated zoom function provides a “foveal” component by means of a remotely controlled pan-tilt-zoom camera which can also track moving objects. Besides the RTC experimental system for field testing, a simulation environment is described to simultaneous simulate two airports. It can be used to support statistically reliable testing of professional tower controllers for the evaluation of new concepts of operations.

Effects of Video Feedback with Verbal Cues on Performance of Basketball Free Throw Shooting by Female Junior Basketball Beginners

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.&#x0D; This study was to investigate whether with the aid of verbal cues, video modeling with verbal cues and self-video replay with verbal cues were effective in enhancing the free throw ability for female junior basketball beginners. Participants were 24 female learners aged 13 to 14 years with no or little experience in free throw shooting. With equal ability among groups, they were divided into four equal groups (n=6), (1) control group (CG), (2) verbal feedback group (VG), (3) verbal cues with videotaped modeling (VMG), and (4) verbal cues with video replay (VRG). After an observation of a video clip with successful shooting attempts by an expert player, all participants were given two days of acquisition sessions with 120 trials in total and a retention test one day after the practice sessions. Both scoring accuracy and shooting form were evaluated, and a two-way analysis of variance ANOVA (4 groups X 3 trials) with repeated measures on the trial factor was used to analyze the effects of four different feedback methods for two basketball skill performance. It was found that with the aid of verbal cues, both video modeling and self-video replay were effective in enhancing the basketball free throw form in female basketball beginners.&#x0D; 本研究旨在探討配合口頭回饋、示範錄像及自我重放錄像能否有效提升初中女籃球初學者之射罰球能力。24個參加者為中二級女生，他們被分成4個相等能力組別(n = 6)：(1) 對照組(CG)、(2) 口頭回饋(VG)組、(3) 示範錄像及口頭回饋(VMG)、(4) 自我重放錄像及口頭回饋(VRG)。評估內容包括投射準確度和動作技巧，並使用雙因素方差ANOVA分析不同的實驗組的表現。研究結果顯示，配合口頭回饋、示範錄像及自我重放錄像均能有效提升初中女籃球初學者之射罰球能力。

VIDEO MODELING BY EXPERTS WITH VIDEO FEEDBACK TO ENHANCE GYMNASTICS SKILLS

The effects of combining video modeling by experts with video feedback were analyzed with 4 female competitive gymnasts (7 to 10 years old) in a multiple baseline design across behaviors. During the intervention, after the gymnast performed a specific gymnastics skill, she viewed a video segment showing an expert gymnast performing the same skill and then viewed a video replay of her own performance of the skill. The results showed that all gymnasts demonstrated improved performance across three gymnastics skills following exposure to the intervention.

The Effect of Active Versus Passive Training Strategies on Improving Older Drivers’ Scanning in Intersections

This study aimed (a) to determine whether older drivers looked less often for potential threats while turning than younger drivers and (b) to compare the effectiveness of active and passive training on older drivers' performance and evaluation of their driving skills in intersections. Age-related declines in vision, physical abilities, psychomotor coordination, and cognition combine to make it less likely that older drivers will look for potential threats during a turn. Research suggests that active training should be an effective means of improving older drivers' performance and self-awareness. In Experiment 1, younger and older participants drove a series of virtual intersection scenarios, were shown video replays, and were provided feedback. In Experiment 2, older drivers were assigned to one of three cohorts: active simulator training, passive classroom training, or no training. Pre- and posttraining simulator and field drives assessed training effectiveness. In Experiment 1, older drivers looked less often during turns than younger drivers. Customized feedback was successful in altering drivers' perception of their abilities. In Experiment 2, active training increased a driver's probability of looking for a threat during a turn by nearly 100% in both posttraining simulator and field drives. Those receiving passive training or no training showed no improvement. Compared with passive training, active training is a more effective strategy for increasing older drivers' likelihood of looking for threats during a turn. The results of this research can guide the development of programs that could reduce intersection crashes among older drivers.

Anywhere But the Home: The Promiscuous Afterlife of Super 8

Anywhere But the Home: The Promiscuous Afterlife of Super 8

Video interaction guidance inviting transcendence of postpartum depressed mothers' self-centered state and holding behavior.

By sometimes evoking self-absorbed and avoidance behaviors in new mothers, postnatal depression affects the quality of mother-infant interaction, which in turn may invoke distress and avoidance in the infant and cause even more lasting impairment in the child's development. Three depressed mothers, A, B, and C, are reported upon after having been offered counseling in accordance with the Marte Meo approach through jointly watching with the therapist video replays of themselves interacting with their newborns. Clinical vignettes are offered which indicate how empathic and positive support of a sensitive therapist can be helpful in inviting the mother's recognition of her importance to her infant and facilitating mutually gratifying interaction between mother and child. Protocol analyses of select sessions of video-related therapy reveal that two of the mothers sometimes complete the therapist's unfinished statements in an other-centered manner, thereby transcending their initial self-centered state. This is most dramatic in the case of Mother A, who starts out in the first session almost incapable of speech, merely nodding or shaking her head. In addition to other indications of improved mother-infant interaction, comparison of pre- and postguidance windows regarding the three mothers' holding behaviors reveals a shift from an avoidance or anxious stance to closer and more secure holding.