Replacement Of River Sand Research Articles

Characterization of sustainable mortar containing high-quality recycled manufactured sand crushed from recycled coarse aggregate

The current utilization of low-quality recycled fine aggregate sourced from concrete waste acting as river sand replacement cannot achieve the preparation required for high-quality recycled mortar, due to abundant existence of hardened old mortar in recycled fine aggregate. In this work, an innovative and viable approach is proposed to crush recycled coarse aggregate into recycled manufactured sand, which has high-quality properties similar to the manufactured sand crushed from natural stone, for preparing high-quality recycled mortar with high strength and good durability. The results showed that recycled manufactured sand constituted by large proportion of natural stone particles and small proportion of old mortar, owned higher apparent density and lower water absorption than recycled fine aggregate. Incorporating recycled fine aggregate increased the drying shrinkage and decreased the mechanical strength; however, the substitution of natural river sand by recycled manufactured sand in mortar decreased the drying shrinkage as a result of its irregular shape and coarse surface, meanwhile, first increased and then declined the mechanical strength following the increase of the replacing percentage, amongst which the mortar containing 50% recycled manufactured sand showed the best mechanical strength. The tested mortars with recycled manufactured sand showed a general increment in the water and chloride ingress yet exhibited the water absorption and chloride ingress much lower than the mortar with recycled fine aggregate. Particularly, decreasing the content of hardened old mortar in recycled manufactured sand further improved the properties of recycled mortar.

The mechanical and durability indices for mortar containing crushed waste oyster shells

To better assess the safety of cementitious materials containing crushed waste oyster shells (WOS), the workability, mechanical properties (compressive strength and static elastic modulus) and durability (volume of permeable void (VPV), water absorption (WA) and total charge passed) were studied. The effects of replacing river sand with different content of crushed WOS (0, 10, 20 and 30%) on flowability, mechanical properties and durability of mortar have been revealed. The results indicated that the addition of WOS had a significant effect on the flow table of the mortar, and the loss ratio of FT varied from 25% to 39% at 120 min. Although the compressive strength (fc), static elastic modulus (Ec) and apparent density gradually decreased with the increase of WOS content, the mechanical properties were improved by prolonging the curing time. The incorporation of crushed WOS in mortar increased the VPV and WA, as well as the transport properties of mortar. The replacement of natural river sand with crushed WOS greatly increased the drying shrinkage of mortar. The substituted ratio–Gardner model exhibited the best accuracy in predicting the drying shrinkage development of crushed WOS mortar.

Assessment of mechanical properties of C80 concrete prepared with different stone powder contents by a statistical analysis

Machine-made rock sand (M-sand) as a replacement of river sand has been promoted as an environmental-friendly substitute in concrete. It is acknowledged that the stone powder in M-sand has an adverse influence on performance of concrete. This study investigated the influence of stone powder contents from 3% to 15% on mechanical properties of M-sand C80 concrete. As per experimental results, adopting the arithmetic mean method from experimental results hardly determined the optimum stone powder content for various mechanical properties of high-strength concrete due to high variation. A statistical analysis method was thus developed to verify the influence of stone powder content on mechanical properties of concrete. A new random variable was first constructed by considering the standard value, followed by the standard normal distribution. Meanwhile, the type I error in statistical hypothesis testing was further adopted. It was found that this developed statistical method can further verify experimental results through a standard value method, which can be used for practical engineering applications in accordance with specifications and provide a way to optimize the stone powder content in high strength concrete for experiment-oriented researches.

Optimization of properties of concrete prepared with waste glass aggregate and condensed milk can fiber using response surface methodology

Natural sand layer depletion, as a result of rapid urbanization in the modern world, has urged researchers to find a substitution of fine aggregate in concrete. While, owing to overpopulation, affluence and advanced technology non-biodegradable dumps, solid waste, by-products of industrial processes have been swelling at a significant rate. However, many of these discarded wastes, including waste glass and tin can, have the scope to be utilized in concrete. Given the problems, this study investigated the effect of glass waste (10%, 20% and 30%) as replacement of river sand along with addition of condensed milk can (0.5%, 1% and 1.5%) as fiber reinforcement. Previous researchers have used these two wastes separately in concrete. In addition, there are very few papers demonstrated prediction and optimization of properties of concrete having the two wastes. This study explores the combined influences of glass fine aggregate (GFA) and condensed milk can fiber (CMCF) on the workability, fresh density, compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of concrete. Also, prediction of the properties of concrete and optimization of the proportions of GFA and CMCF were done using response surface methodology (RSM). The result indicate that the workability of concrete tends to deteriorate with the increasing percentage of GFA and CMCF. Although fresh density shows promising result for inclusion of CMCF but decreases for increasing GFA. It can be observed that significant increment of compressive happened up to 20% GFA and 1% CMCF. However, splitting tensile strength shows decrement with the rise of content of both variables. The ANOVA (analysis of variance) results of the constructed RSM models revealed the validity of the models. The simulated values from the models were noticed in near accord with the corresponding actual values which indicate the effectiveness of the models. Finally, with the optimal percentage of 20.436% GFA and 0.843% CMCF, validation has been executed that nearly reached predicted responses with the highest value of desirability. Future studies should be done to improve the workability and splitting tensile strength using different admixtures, which will lead to better and sustainable production.

Strength Property Of Sandcrete Hollow Blocks Produced With Sludge As A Partial Replacement For River Sand

Strength Property Of Sandcrete Hollow Blocks Produced With Sludge As A Partial Replacement For River Sand

Use of Quarry Dust in the Binding Mortar and Its Effect on Mechanical Characteristics of Brick Masonry

The strength characteristics of masonry is greatly affected by the brick strength, mortar strength and bond between brick-mortar interface. Especially, binding mortar significantly affects the shear and flexural strength of the masonry. In conventional masonry construction, river sand or natural sand is mixed with cement and used as binding mortar. However, due scarcity of good quality river sand, the extensive focus is on finding alternative materials for river sand for construction purposes. Quarry dust is one of the best alternatives for river sand, which can be used as fine aggregates in binding mortar. This study investigates the strength characteristic of the masonry made of quarry dust incorporated binding mortar instead of conventional cement-sand mortar. The binding mortar with four different river sand replacement levels of 0%, 33.3%, 66.7% and 100% quarry dust, was used for construction masonry. Compression test, direct shear test and cross-couplet test were conducted to evaluate the strength characteristic. The test results revealed that compressive, shear and bond strength of masonry was improved with increased quarry dust content in the binding mortar.

Mechanical behaviour of composite produced with quarry dust and rice husk ash for sustainable building applications

Over the years, the cost and environmental issues with the utilization of conventional building materials such as cement and river sand for housing projects kept increasing with the increase in the human population. This has led researchers to explore alternative building materials that are affordable and sustainable. This study is aimed at developing a sustainable composite using quarry dust (QD) and rice husk ash (RHA). Different percentages of QD and RHA (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% wt/wt) were used for the partial replacement of river sand and cement respectively to produce non-conventional composite samples and conventional composite samples were produced using cement and river sand. The produced composites were moulded into block samples and cured at different curing ages (7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 days). Compressive strength results of the block samples were obtained using a Universal testing machine. The compressive strength of the samples increased with an increase in the curing age. The bulk density of non-conventional composite samples was found to be lower than that of conventional composite samples. The failure pattern of the conventional composite samples showed several localized shear surfaces/multiple cracks while that of non-conventional composite samples indicated delamination of outer surfaces. The study indicates that QD and RHA could be used for partial replacement of river sand and cement respectively in developing sustainable building materials.

High flexural strength lightweight fly ash geopolymer mortar containing waste fiber cement

This study aims to investigate the use of waste fiber cement (WFC) in making high flexural strength lightweight fly ash geopolymer mortar. The WFC was crushed and passed a No. 4 sieve (particle size of 0.12–4.75 mm) for use as a fine aggregate with a low bulk density of 1124 kg/m3. It was used to replace river sand at 0–40% by volume for making geopolymer mortar with alkaline solution to fly ash ratio of 0.7 and sodium hydroxide to sodium silicate ratio of 1.0. Their properties were tested and compared with those of Portland cement mortars. The results indicated that the workability, density, and strength of mortars decreased with an increase in WFC contents. The geopolymer mortars with 30% WFC had a density of 1789 kg/m3, compressive strength of 17.7 MPa, and high flexural strength of 3.4 MPa. With higher WFC content of 40%, the density and compressive strength were reduced to 1750 kg/m3 and 13.3 MPa, respectively, with the flexural strength of 2.8 MPa. The incorporation of 30–40% WFC resulted in the lightweight mortar with a very high flexural strength of around 20% of compressive strength. Furthermore, the use of WFC as recycled aggregate in the geopolymer-based system exhibited better thermal insulation, sound absorption, and acid resistance than in the Portland cement-based system. The developed geopolymer mortars containing WFC in this study were appropriate for use as lightweight mortars with thermal and sound insulating properties.

Cost effective light weight concrete with saw dust and brick ballast

Use of conventional material such as cement, sand and gravel for the production of concrete has increased their demand and so created shortage of material and escalated the cost. In this study the locally available waste materials like Saw dust and Brick Ballast are used to partially replace the river sand and gravels respectively to produce light weight and low cost concrete with optimum strength. The different combinations of concrete with 4%, 8% and 12% Saw Dust (SD) and 8%, 16% and 24% Brick Ballast (BB) are being used and compared with normal concrete of M30 grade, where partial replacement of river sand and coarse aggregates are done by saw dust and brick ballast respectively. Concrete is tested for density, workability and compressive strength and a comparative analysis is done in terms of their physical properties and cost savings. It has been observed from the study that on increase in percentage of sawdust and brick ballast in concrete lead to a corresponding reduction in workability and compressive strength. The optimum mix founded is with 4% of sawdust and 24% of Brick ballast having compressive strength of 32.13 N/sq. mm with the weight reduction of 10.54% and the cost reduction of 5.46%. This optimum mix concrete can be used for lean concrete works like PCC in foundation, Flooring, Tile making. This research will not only enrich the domain but will also be very helpful in sustainable development of the nation.

Utilization of Quarry Dust and Sludge in Sandcrete Block Production

This paper illustrates the hypothetical study conducted when using quarry dust (QD) and sludge in producing 225mm x 225mm x 450mm hollow sandcrete blocks. QD and wastewater treatment sludge (WWTS) were used to replace river sand at 10%, 20% and 30%. Proportions of 50%QD:50%WWTS and 75%QD:25%WWTS were considered for a standard cement to sand combination of 1:6. Water-cement ratio (w/c) was increased as the percentage replacement increased. Specimens were produced and cured via sprinkling for 28 days. They were subjected to compression and water absorption tests. Mix A2 having 75%QD:25%WWTS at 0.55 w/c and 10% sand replacement had the highest compressive strength and water absorption values of 3.69N/mm2 and 6.22% accordingly. These results exceeded the NIS 87:2000 recommendation of 3.45N/mm2 for 225mm load bearing blocks and 12.61% by ASTM C140 respectively. Therefore, QD and WWTS in right proportions can substitute river sand in producing load bearing sandcrete hollow blocks.

Comparative mechanical properties of conventional concrete mixture and concrete incorporating mining tailings sands

This work examines the mechanical properties of mining tailing sands in conventional concrete mixtures for structural applications. Mining is one of the most important factors for city development and, in some cases, represents the primary or only source of economic income. However, this activity causes irreparable damage to the environment. Mining tailings are generated at the end of the entire mining process and subsequently spread in deposits or tailings. Mining has increased without control over the past years, causing damage to ecosystems and polluting environmental elements. Ideally, reuse and recycling of tailings, like all other recycling efforts, create financial assets. These activities help decrease consumption of natural resources, limiting waste production and encouraging innovation. Therefore, this study explores the technical and economic feasibility of using mining waste material or tailings sands as substitute fine aggregate in the design of conventional concrete (i.e., concretes with compressive strength of 21 MPa at 28 days). A life cycle assessment analysis was performed for the environmental impact of the mining tailings application in a concrete design using SimaPro 9.2 software. The LCA showed a reduction of 3% in the carbon footprint in case of 100% replacement of river sand with mining tailings. Positive environmental impacts in the ecotoxicity and human toxicity categories were also found because of the incorporation of heavy metals in the concrete matrix. The properties of this concrete alternative are in contrast to a conventional concrete design, demonstrating that it provides similar mechanical features. Based on the assessments from this paper, overall, from the mining aggregate investigated, it highlights more promising results, indicating that mining tailing aggregates can be a more sustainable alternative to conventional aggregate, providing a good balance between workability and strengths. Thus, this alternative might serve as an environmental solution that reuses mining waste generated during the extraction of metals.

Post‐fire behavior of steel slag fine aggregate concrete

AbstractUsing steel slag fine aggregate (SSFA) to replace river sand (RS) in making concrete offers a sustainable solution for mitigating the environmental issues owing to the large‐scale mining of RS and disposal of a large amount of steel slag. The mechanical behavior and chemical property of concrete made with SSFA at ambient temperature were investigated extensively. However, relatively few studies have been conducted to investigate the behavior of concrete with SSFA after exposure to elevated temperatures. To fill up this research gap, this paper studied the post‐fire behavior of five concrete mixes with SSFA replacing RS. The effect of SSFA replacement ratio by volume (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) on the heating temperature—time curve, color and appearance changes, weight loss, failure mode, and residual compressive strength of concrete under curing period of 28‐ and 91‐day, after exposure to 25 (ambient temperature), 400, 600, 800, and 1000°C was investigated. Besides, chemical composition at ambient and after exposure to elevated temperatures was analyzed with the aid of X‐ray diffraction. Test results showed that with SSFA partially or totally replacing RS, the heat insulation capability of concrete could be enhanced, especially at the replacement ratio of 75%. Moreover, concrete with RS replaced with SSFA presented larger or comparable residual strength after exposure to elevated temperatures from 600–800°C. Lastly, the design model by EC2 was adopted to predict the residual strength of concrete with and without SSFA. Comparing the design and measured residual strengths, it was concluded that EC2 was conservative.

An experimental study on strength characteristics of replacement of fine aggregate with stone dust and coarse aggregate with demolished concrete waste

The report presents a comparative examination of the experimental results of the characteristics of fresh and cured concrete with various natural with recycled coarse and fine aggregate replacement ratios. Crushing leftover concrete from laboratory test cubes and precast concrete columns yielded recycled coarse aggregate. Stone dust was used in place of recycled fine aggregate. One of the most significant components of a reinforced structural part is concrete. Concrete has an inextricable influence on reinforced concrete constructions. Concrete that isn't strong enough puts the entire structure in harm. Many structures nowadays fail as a result of a lack of strength. The mechanical properties of concrete changed by stone dust as a fine aggregate replacement material are investigated in this work. A comparative analysis of the experimental results of the properties of fresh and hardened concrete with different replacement ratios of natural with recycled coarse and fine aggregate are presented in the paper. Recycled coarse aggregate was made by crushing the waste concrete of laboratory test cubes and precast concrete columns. Recycled fine aggregate was replaced by stone dust. Concrete is one of the most important components in reinforced structural member. In reinforced concrete structures concrete have some inseparable influence. Lacking in concrete strength endanger the whole structure. Now a day it is seen that many structures fails due to lack of strength. In this paper investigate experiment is reported on the mechanical properties of concrete modified by stone dust as replacing material of fine aggregate and demolished concrete waste as replacing material of coarse aggregate and a study is conductto determine the engineering properties of compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and water absorption capacity of partially replacement of natural sand and natural aggregate. In recent days the demand of river sand is increasing due to its lesser availability. Hence the practice of partially replacing river sand with stone dust is taking a tremendous growth. Due to critical stage of natural aggregate the availability of demolished concrete as recycled aggregate. Using discarded concrete as recycled aggregate conserves natural aggregate, lowers landfill impact, reduces energy use, and potentially saves money. The materials of the future are recycled aggregate. Stone dust and destroyed concrete waste were used to replace 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, and 100 percent of fine and coarse aggregate, respectively. After a 28-day curing period, concrete samples (cubes, cylinders, and beams) are cast and evaluated. To produce the effect on mortar, several members were built utilising the above percentage. Modified concrete is compared to regular concrete in terms of strength. The strength parameters of concrete employing stone dust as fine aggregate and demolished concrete debris as coarse aggregate are observed to increase in compressive strength, flexural strength, and tensile strength. It was discovered that the concrete may be used as structural members in buildings and other structures.

Influence of the usage of waste oyster shell powder on mechanical properties and durability of mortar

In order to investigate feasibility of waste oyster shell powder (WOSP) as fine aggregate to produce eco-friendly mortar, workability (slump flow and slump flow loss), mechanical properties (compressive strength and flexural strength), durability (sorptivity, volume of permeability coefficient, water permeability coefficient and chloride ion diffusion coefficient) and microstructure (pore size diffusion) were studied. The effect of replacing river sand with different WOSP proportions (0%, 10%, 20% and 30%) in flowability, strength, permeability and microstructure of mortar have been revealed. The results indicate that increasing substitution ratio of WOSP could decrease the mortar slump flow. The utilization of WOSP in mortar enhanced the compressive strength, flexural strength, resistance to water penetration and chloride diffusion. The WOSP addition exhibits a positive contribution to the pore size distribution of the mortar. Furthermore, it is founded that the utilization of WOSP as construction material is a satisfactory way to reduce waste pollution. Based on its superior mechanical property, durability, eco-efficiency and cost-efficiency in mortar, it is recommended to utilize WOSP alternative to river sand at 10–30% in construction engineering.

An experimental investigation on the utilization of crushed sand in improving workability and mechanical resistance of concrete

Sand/fine aggregate in concrete is a filler material that plays a key role on the mechanical properties of concrete. This experimental work focused on improving the mechanical properties of concrete by utilizing crushed sand, a byproduct in the manufacturing process of coarse aggregate, as an artificial sand material. Firstly, the combination of crushed sand and river sand in making concrete was investigated with an amount of river sand ranging from 0 to 100 mass-%. There was a synergy effect on improving the workability and mechanical properties of the concrete using the hybrid sand. The optimal amount of river sand was from 30 to 40 mass-% to generate the best workability and concrete resistance under compression and flexure. Moreover, crushed sand could completely replace river sand, with noticeable improvements in the mechanical properties of the concrete. Secondly, the concrete using mono crushed sand was added from 0 to 20 mass-% very fine crushed sand < 0.14 mm of total sand. The optimal amount of fine crushed sand was from 5 to 10 mass-% to possibly produce a favorable effect on the concrete’s workability and resistance under compression, flexure, splitting, and abrasion. The shrinkage strain developed rapidly and significantly within five hours after casting, and the abrasion resistance of the concrete increased as its compressive strength increased.

RETRACTED: Evaluation of metabentonite and metazeolite performance based geopolymers with metakaolin river sand replacement

This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal ( https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal ). This article has been retracted at the request of Editor in Chief. The paper was found to have been largely plagiarised from the following: Aygormez, Y. (2021) Assessment of performance of metabentonite and metazeolite-based geopolymers with fly ash sand replacement. Construction and Building Materials 302 124423 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124423 . The authors understand this decision and agree to the retraction. The journal apologises for any inconvenience caused to its readers.

Quarry dust as river sand replacement in cement masonry blocks: Effect on mechanical and durability characteristics

Natural sand or river sand constitutes as major fine aggregate in cementitious construction. Especially, masonry block production requires 70–90% sand as raw material. While the demand for river sand increases rapidly, the supply of good quality river sand is limited due to the restrictions in sand mining in river beds. Because excessive extraction of river sand to cater the increasing demand has brought undesirable environment-related consequences. The persisting issues encouraged the researchers to find a sustainable alternative for river sand. Quarry dust is one of the alternatives as it has some advantages over river sand such as better contribution to the strength of the cementitious material, better workability, lesser cement consumption and eco-friendly. The present study explored the feasibility of using quarry dust as fine aggregate in manufacturing cement blocks. Cement blocks with four different quarry dust composition levels 0, 33.3%, 66.7 and 100%, were prepared and tested. The testing included determination of mechanical characteristics (compressive and flexural strength) and durability aspects (sorption, evaporation, wet and dry cycle, resistance against salt, alkaline and acid solution). The test results exhibited that mechanical characteristics and resistance against wet and dry cycles improved when quarry dust completely replaced river sand as fine aggregate. When quarry dust content increased, the cubes subjected to severe environmental conditions exhibited higher strength reduction rates compared to that of normal environmental condition. The final strength, however was higher than the corresponding cubes with river sand. In addition to strength improvement, quarry dust replacement yielded lesser cost and sustainable benefits, which would promote the deployment of quarry dust in cement-sand block production.

Performance evaluation of treated recycled fine aggregate on mortar properties

The utilization of Construction and demolition (CDW) of building material has proven to be a sustainable option. However, the inferior properties of CDW limit its utility as construction material, especially the finer portion of demolition waste. Therefore, this research study aims to investigate the influence of Treated recycled fine aggregate (TRFA) on the flow and strength property of mortar over untreated recycled fine aggregate (URFA). Two types of mortar mix with cement-to-aggregate proportions of 1:3 and 1:4 at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% replacement of River sand by two types of RFA- untreated (URFA) and treated (TRFA) were prepared. Results show that untreated recycled aggregate mortars present poorer behavior, whereas improved results are obtained in the case of treated aggregate mortar which is even better than the reference sample prepared with natural sand. Therefore, the study concluded that there is the possibility of enhancement in the properties of mortar by using TRFA. Further, the finding reveals the valid potential of RFA (after treatment) as a replacement for river sand in mortars.

Experimental study on 3D-printed cementitious materials containing surface-modified recycled crumb rubber

Surface modification on recycled rubber particles, such as pre-coating of cementitious paste, has been considered a practical way to improve the mechanical properties of rubberised concrete with the rubber particles partially replacing natural aggregates. Although research on this strategy has been widely carried out on cast concrete, the properties of 3D-printed cementitious materials containing surface-modified rubber particles remain unexplored. In this study, the compressive and microstructural properties of 3D-printed cementitious mortar with cement-coated crumb rubber were investigated. The crumb rubber had a 15% replacement of river sand by weight. The compressive loads were applied in two different directions, including the Z direction (layer deposition) and the Y direction (printing). Compared to the reference specimen containing rubber particles without modification, the compressive strength of 3D-printed specimens with cement-coated ones increased by 25.7% and 14.0% in the Y and Z direction, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed the interfacial bonding between cement matrix and rubber particle was effectively improved due to the formation of the hardened cementitious shell located outside the rubber surface. X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) analysis of the pre-test and post-test specimens suggested the different increment of compressive strength along two loading directions could be attributed to several factors, including the internal elongated pores with their alignment relative to the loading direction and the rubber-matrix interface bonding.

Development of fibre reinforced green mortar made with waste brick material as fine aggregate for sustainable masonry construction

This paper considers waste brick fine particles as sustainable green construction materials and investigates the influence of mortar on the brick masonry strength. The waste brick powder particles between 4.75 mm and 0.15 mm size were prepared from waste brick bats as substitutes to the river sand. The mortar phase of the brick masonry was prepared by replacing the river sand with 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% of waste brick fine grain materials. Mortar mix ratios 1:6 and 1:8 were selected and 12 mm layer of mortar was maintained to prepare test specimens. Compressive strength of brick masonry were calculated using masonry prism specimens for finding the impact of fine recycled brick aggregate (FRBA) used in masonry mortar. The masonry specimens were casted with two different types of bricks and the bricks were selected based on its strength. The impact of glass fibre on the strength enhancement of masonry strength was determined. The prism specimens were tested after the curing periods of 7, 28 and 56 days. The results of this study had evidenced that the replacement of river sand up to 30% is promising with waste brick material without affecting the load carrying capacity of brick masonry.