Replacement Of Lamps Research Articles

Research of Constructions of Modern LED Analogues of Fluorescent Lamps

The article presents the results of a study of the designs of existing light emitting diode (LED) lamps of the T8 LED 10W 6500 K, T8 LED 12W 6500 K, ECOLA LED Premium 14W 6500 K, and ECOLA 14W 4000 K types, intended for direct replacement of linear fluorescent lamps (FL) with a power of 18 W with a T8 bulb. In the course of the study, complex measurements of lighting parameters (luminous flux, power, correlated colour temperature, spatial distribution of luminous intensity) were also carried out and the luminous efficiency of these LED lamps was calculated. The measurements were carried out at the nominal voltage of the supply network. An analysis of the conformity of the initial measured characteristics of the LED lamps with those declared by the manufacturer was performed. It was shown that the spatial light distribution of the LED lamps depends on its design and manufacturing technology. It is also shown that when directly replacing a FL in a luminaire with an LED lamps, one should carefully approach the choice of design, or more precisely, the light distribution of the LED lamps, since the light distribution of the luminaire depends on it and in some cases can differ significantly from the light distribution of a luminaire with a FL, which can affect the distribution of illumination on the illuminated work surface.

Illumination of Workplaces in Classrooms of Higher Educational Institutions

Lighting is one of the key factors affecting human productivity and health. Correctly calculated illumination of workplaces ensures comfort and safety, reduces eye fatigue and increases work efficiency. The values of the illumination of the classroom were calculated using the standard methodology and the DIALux software. The types, powers, and luminous fluxes of the used lamps were determined. Measurements of the actual illuminance levels were carried out in order to determine its compliance with established illumination standards. The actual illumination of the classroom is within the normative values. The most illuminated workplaces are located in a row near the windows due to the direct location of the lamps above the tables (from 501 lx to 590 lx). The workplaces in the row against the wall (from 500 lx to 514 lx) turned out to be less illuminated. The illumination of the middle row was in the range from 511lx to 533 lx. The obtained results of the actual illumination generally correlate with the results of the DIALux simulation, but the measured illumination in all areas turned out to be 10 % lower on average than the program calculated. This is due to the fact that the luminous flux of fluorescent lamps decreases during operation due to the aging of lamps, degradation of phosphor, and other factors. The established frequency of lamp replacements in classrooms, according to the results of the study, is optimal and allows us to ensure the normative illuminance of workplaces. It is worth noting that the lamps at the time of replacement work out only 50 % of their life and are suitable for use in other rooms that do not require high visual load.

Energy Efficiency Project for the Campuses of Unicamp

Unicamp is making progress in making its energy consumption more efficient through partnerships with companies in the electricity sector and projects carried out within the scope of the Coordination of Sustainability. Despite already being able to report a reduction of around 10% in energy consumption during the last four years, it is important for Unicamp to be able to accelerate the transition to a more sustainable operation. The Energy Efficiency Project aims to reduce the university's electricity consumption by 30% by 2030. For this purpose, it is divided into three sub projects aimed at saving energy, modernizing, and improving buildings and the university's sustainability indicators. The Unicamp 100% Led subproject foresees the replacement of conventional lamps by 18W LED tube lamps. The Sustainability in the Air subproject aims to replace old air conditioning equipment with efficient equipment. And the + Photovoltaic subproject aims to increase the generation of photovoltaic energy on the roofs of university buildings. The main goal of this is to report the implementation process of this project, its challenges, results achieved and indicators. The result of this explanation can be used as an example so that other universities can advance in the sustainable management of electric energy.

Construction of carbon emission evaluation methods and indicators for low-carbon technologies in buildings

Construction of carbon emission evaluation methods and indicators for low-carbon technologies in buildings

Replacement of tubular fluorescent lamps with tubular LEDs lamps and daylight integration in classrooms and laboratories

The quality of lighting significantly influences our ability to perform tasks in enclosed spaces, and certain characteristics of lighting sources play a crucial role. Light-emitting diode (tubular LED) lamps offer advantages for both home and office use. Choosing tubular LED lamps over fluorescent ones is beneficial for several reasons. Tubular LEDs are mercury-free, ensuring environmental safety compared to the small amount of mercury present in fluorescent tubes. Furthermore, tubular LEDs provide directional lighting, minimizing light loss in fixtures and unnecessary areas, and offering better efficiency (around 40% more than tubular fluorescent lamps). Also, they produce high-quality light with various color temperatures, eliminating flickering issues that can cause discomfort such as eye strain, headaches, and migraines. Additionally, tubular LEDs have a longer lifespan making them a preferable lighting option. The superior quality of natural light makes it the optimal source of illumination, which matching well with the visual response of the human eyes. Daylight has a positive influence on people, instilling a feeling of vibrancy and brightness within their living environment. The acknowledged benefits of daylight extend to enhancing visual comfort, promoting health, and improving overall performance among building occupants. This paper focuses on the integration of natural daylight with artificial light, particularly through tubular LED lamps, and investigates the daylight factor. Two groups of six tubular LED lamps (60cm with 9 Watt and 120cm with 18 Watt) and another group of six tubular fluorescent lamps (60cm with 18 Watt and 120cm with 36 Watt) were studied. The study involved two sets of six tubular LED lamps (60cm with 9W and 120cm with 18W) and another set with six tubular fluorescent lamps (60cm with 18W and 120cm with 36W). Measurements were conducted using Spectroradiometer Ocean Optics HR 2000 with 4.7% uncertainty and a photometric bench to assess the spectral output. Additionally, UVA/B silicon detector and Luxmeter detector setups with uncertainties of 5.2% and 6%, respectively, were employed for irradiance and illuminance measurements of tubular LEDs and fluorescent lamps. Various parameters, including daylight factor ratio, UVA power to luminous flux (K) for tubular fluorescent lamps, spectral power distribution, and illumination levels were obtained. Integration between daylight and tubular LED lamps was also determined. The maximum detected value lmW /013.0  is less than the safe limit for human health but still there are effects on human health if they use these types of lamps. Therefore, it is advisable to switch from tubular fluorescent lamps to tubular LEDs to mitigate the impact of UVA on human health and the environment.

Evaluation of Alternative Disposal and Replacement of Fluorescent Lamps

This paper presents a evaluation of the disposal alternatives and substitution of the flourescent lights, in order to contribute with the correct recycling of this product. Initially presents a projection of how much eletricity can be saved by changing the most used lamps by the brazilian for LED lamps (Light-emitting diode). After, a economic viability evaluation also is presented in this study. Also a description of the reciclyng methodologies and disposal of the flourescent lamps and the danger who may be caused for health, are presented with the final conclusions of this research.

Kajian Teknis Perencanaan Penggantian Lampu Penerangan Jalan Umum Lampu Son-T Ke Led Di Jalan Jenggolo Asri - Randu Asri Sidoarjo

Street lighting is a safety infrastructure on the highway. However, currently most of the public street lighting lamps do not comply with the provisions of the Indonesian National Standards Agency (BSNI). It is necessary to plan for lamp replacement by using lamps that are appropriate to field conditions, so that the light intensity produced is in accordance with established standards. Jalan Jenggolo Asri - Randu Asri in Sidoarjo is an example of a road that requires planning for lighting changes. This road is a type of secondary collector road with a length of 2500 meters and a road width of 6 meters. The lighting on this road does not meet the standards set by BSNI 7391: 2008 caused by several lights that go out and the power of the lights used is not optimal. Planning for replacing public street lighting is needed on this road by recalculating the maximum light intensity requirements. The method that can be done is to replace the lamp used with an LED lamp. In the current initial conditions, street lighting on this road uses 250W SON and 150W LED lamps. After planning, the lights will be replaced with 100W LED lights. The planning results show that by using a 100W LED lamp, a handlebar ornament angle of 14.06° will be produced, the light intensity is Candela, the lighting intensity is 6.77 Lux, and the power required per day is 26.4 kWh. Comparison with the use of 250 Watt SON lamps shows that the use of 100W LED lamps is more efficient in energy consumption by 51.76%. The results of this planning have met the standard requirements for secondary collector roads. Thus, by replacing the lights according to the plan, it is hoped that street lighting on Jalan Jenggolo Asri - Randu Asri Sidoarjo can meet the standards set by BSNI 7391:2008 and provide optimal light intensity with more efficient energy use.

Development and modeling of a novel type of photoreactors with exterior ultraviolet (UV) reflector for water treatment applications

Ultraviolet (UV) water disinfection method has emerged as an alternative to chemical methods of disinfection. In typical UV photoreactors for water treatment, water flows in the space between the lamp’s sleeve and outer shell. The contact of water and sleeve causes fouling, which reduces the effectiveness of UV. To clean the photoreactor, the quartz sleeve must be replaced; this may lead to quartz or lamp breakage and mercury leakage into water during cleaning. In this study, a novel type of multi-lamp UV photoreactors is proposed, in which the UV lamps are placed out of the water channel and their UV irradiation is redirected into the channel using an outer cylindrical reflector. This allows for the installment of a self-cleaning mechanism for the water channel. A well-validated three-dimensional CFD model is utilized to model the performance of this photoreactor for microbial inactivation. The impacts of several geometrical and optical parameters are investigated on the inactivation of microorganisms. The results revealed that the difference in log reduction values (LRV) between fully specular and fully diffuse reflector ranges from 10 to 47% as the lamp-to-channel distance increases. For the volumetric flow rate of 25 GPM, the LRV of a photoreactor with fully diffuse reflector can be 46% higher than a fully specular one. In addition, the performance of the proposed photoreactor is compared against a classic L-shaped annular photoreactor. The results show that the new design can provide equal or better microbial performance compared to the classic photoreactor, but it removes many of their common issues such as quartz fouling, lamp overheating at low flow rates, and sleeve breakage during lamp replacement.

Study of colour change factors for some varieties of gems

Purpose. To explain the main factors of color transformations on specific samples of precious stones with a change in color, as well as their synthetic analogues and imitations. Methods. The work uses X-ray fluorescence analysis, as well as general scientific methods of research –empirical and theoretical (analysis, generalization, comparison, explanation). During the research, lamps with different light spectra (different color temperatures) were used: an incandescent lamp, a yellow diode lamp, a special gemological lamp. Findings. The content and concentration of chromophore ions were determined for samples of precious stones and their imitations with color changes, namely alexandrite, chrysoberyl, sultanite, Malaya garnet, garnets with color changes, as well as synthetic corundum and alexite (glass). The influence of the concentration ratio of chromophore ions on the color of alexandrites and garnets with color change is shown. Color change for anisotropic stones with pleochroism is shown. The colors of anisotropic stones along the crystallographic axes were studied –two colors for uniaxial stones and three – for biaxial stones. The originality. The change in color of the studied samples from the department's collection under the influence of four sources of illumination: daylight, an incandescent lamp, a yellow diode lamp, and a special gemological lamp was demonstrated. Chromatic charts are constructed with different color temperatures and wavelengths for each light source. It is shown that when the color temperature of light sources increases, the wavelengths of light in all samples, except for alexandrite, decrease. Practical implementation. The data presented in the article demonstrate specific examples of the influence of factors on the change in the color of precious stones and provide an opportunity for additional explanations of this phenomenon for specialists, as well as expand its understanding by direct consumers of relevant services on the market. It is shown that with the gradual replacement of incandescent lamps with modern diode lamps, garnets with color changes and synthetic corundum "under alexandrite" will be in the most "losing" situation - their colors will be closer to each other and will hardly show strong changes. At the same time, such an artificial material as alexite (which is passed off as sultanite, in particular) will attract the attention of even uninformed buyers due to a sharp change in color, while the colors will almost match under such opposite sources as daylight and an incandescent lamp.

Systematic Design of Energy-Saving Action Plans for Taiwan Campus by Considering Economic Benefits and Actual Demands

In response to the future net zero emissions plan in Taiwan, the campus shoulders the university’s social responsibility and educational significance. Recently, energy conservation and carbon reduction have become common goals for every campus. However, there is a common problem to be addressed in terms of how to take into account the economic benefits and the continuous improvement strategy regarding actual demands. In this study, a systematic design of energy-saving action plans for a Taiwan campus by considering economic benefits and actual demands is demonstrated. By taking National Taiwan University of Science and Technology in Taiwan as an example, eight energy-saving action plans during the period from 2016 to 2020 are introduced, and the effectiveness of these topologies is verified by real implementations. Action plans contain the installation of a smart energy management system, elevator power recovery devices, circulating fans, and lighting delay switches; the replacement of old air-conditioners, fluorescent lamps, and high-sodium streetlights; and load consolidation and low-efficiency transformers replacement. Upon evaluation, the estimated electricity savings can achieve up to 16% of annual electricity consumption, and the payback period is about 5.22 years. Upon application, the actual power saving amounts to about 3,076,260 kWh for approximately 15.5% of the power consumption of Taiwan Tech in 2020.

Active Power Control of Retrofit LED Tube Lamps for Achieving Entitled Energy Savings in View of the EU Ban on Mercury

The performance of commercially available retrofit LED tubes intended for the replacement of linear fluorescent lamps is measured and analyzed with respect to “real-world” installed electronic ballasts, as ascertained through field recovery from installed bases, such as office buildings, parking garages, and industrial installations in western Europe from 2018 to 2020. Results show a wide variation in lamp power draw, which not only thwarts the energy-saving and climate protection aspects of the LED retrofit solution but also poses potential safety risks. Given the EU’s goals under the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive to phase out mercury-containing fluorescent lighting, starting from September 2023, the situation is alarming. We show that this lamp power spread is due to the fundamental differences in impedance between fluorescent lamps and LEDs, in combination with the passive nature of the driver electronics that are currently employed in commercially available LED tube lamps. In response to this disparity, a novel driver topology including active power control (APC) is introduced, which shows that the power-spread problem can be avoided, and we offer a manufacturable solution. A prototype retrofit LED tube lamp incorporating this APC driver technology is shown to deliver safe and predictable energy savings, outlining a path toward guaranteeing the expected return-on-investment and positive environmental impact of the solid-state lighting replacement of mercury-containing linear fluorescent lamps.

The Use of Energy­Saving Ultraviolet Electrical Equipment in Agriculture

It was noted that the optical radiation in the ultraviolet (UV) range plays an important role in agricultural production, and a lack of it leads to the deterioration of animal productivity.Research purpose The study aims to substantiate the parameters of energy-saving agricultural electrical equipment operating in the ultraviolet range.Materials and methods The study shows that it is possible to create a universal therapeutic irradiator based on LEDs with a wavelength of 310 nanometers. The calculation methods are given. The parameters of UV devices for premises disinfection are substantiated. It has been found out that UV radiation increases the polymerization rate of paint coatings and facilitates the creation of energy-saving optical insect traps.Results and discussion The paper provides some examples of own-developed energy-saving systems and their use for the therapeutic irradiation of animals. The replacement of LE-30 fluorescent lamps with LEDs has resulted in a 13-fold reduction in electricity consumption. It has been found out that the use of bactericidal irradiators in poultry houses reduces not only the concentration of microorganisms but also the content of carbon dioxide and ammonia. The use of own-developed irradiators for photochemical polymerization of paint coatings reduces the curing time by 2 times. Optical insect traps have been created based on LEDs with a wavelength of 385 nanometers and the best pulsation frequency of the light source has been determined at 100 hertz.Conclusions The equipment has been developed and the parameters for irradiators operating in the range of 254-390 nanometers were substantiated for a variety of their applications in agriculture.

Effectiveness of interventions to convert the energy consumption of an educational building to zero energy

PurposeThe amount of energy consumption of buildings has obtained international concern so the concept of zero energy building becomes a target for building designers. There are various definitions and evaluation methods for efficient buildings. However, detailed research about the critical parameters that have a major effect through the operational time to reduce the energy consumption is not emphasized as this paper represents. The main aim of this study is to identify the effect of applicable interventions on energy consumption parameters with their sensitivity to each other to reach zero energy building. Relatedly, the cost of energy reduction is also determined.Design/methodology/approachEnergy consumption parameters were defined as area lightings, space heating, space cooling, ventilation fans, pumps, auxiliary equipment and related miscellaneous equipment. The effect of each applied intervention on energy consumption was classified as high, medium, low, very low, no effect and negative effect by utilizing a sensitivity analysis. The base case's energy model is created by utilizing energy performance software such as e-Quest. Accordingly, energy performance improvement scenarios are developed by applying interventions such as lamp replacements, sensors, heat pumps and photovoltaic panels’ integration. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses of each intervention were developed for consumed energy and its cost.FindingsResults indicated the electric consumption is more effective than gas consumption on primary energy and energy cost. Solar systems decline primary energy by 78.53%, lighting systems by 13.47% and heat pump by 5.48% in this building; therefore, integrating mentioned strategies could rise the improvement rate to 100%, in other words, zero amount of energy is using from the grid that means saving $ 5,750.39 in one year.Research limitations/implicationsThe study can be applied to similar buildings. It is worthwhile to investigate suggested methods in diverse buildings with different functions and climates in future works.Practical implicationsThis study aims to investigate of energy consumption of an educational building in the Mediterranean climate to convert an existing building into a zero energy building by saving energy and renewable sources. Subsequent purposes are analyzing the effect of each strategy on energy consumption and cost.Originality/valueThe novelty of this study is filling gaps in sensitivity analysis of energy consumption parameters by not only identifying their effect on overall energy consumption but also identifying their effect on each other. Some interventions may have a positive effect on overall consumption while having a negative effect on each other. Identifying this critical effect in detail not only further improves the energy performance, but also may affect the decision-making of the interventions.

Assessment of Energy Conservation Resource considering the Lighting service in Academic buildings seeking sustainable Energy planning

The objective of this work is to evaluate the full potential, since include technic-economic & environmental & social & policy dimensions, of the benefits of applying a demand side energy resource for considering for implementation of an energy efficiency project. Methodologically, this assessment was made by establishing values for energy resources in attributes and sub-attributes in the four different dimensions of the Integrated Resources Planning, which are: environmental dimension, social dimension, political dimension, and economic-technical dimension. The analysis of the energy efficiency project in four different perspectives makes this work innovative, most of the papers found in the academy does not consider the four dimensions studied here. The accounting of the full potential is also considered within this methodology, which makes it possible to evaluate its benefits in traditional and economic-technical aspects, as well as the dimensions of sustainable development. A case study was also developed on the replacement of traditional lamps for LED lamps in higher education institution. Results showed a decrease in CO2 emission in the atmosphere of 11.94 tons, the creation of 21 temporally job positions, reduction in the release of 52g of mercury in the environment and an injection of nearly 2 million dollars into the economy. Therefore, it was systematically proved that the benefits of the energy efficiency evaluated in the four dimensions increase sustainable development to all of society. With this work it is possible to concluded that all the society is impacted in different aspects after the implementation of an energy efficiency project in an energy consumer company e not only these companies

Influence of Replacement of Sodium Lamps in Park Luminaires with LED Sources of Different Closest Color Temperature on the Effect of Light Pollution and Energy Efficiency

According to the European Union (EU) regulations, EU members are obligated, among others, to improve the energy efficiency in the outdoor lighting sector. One of the ways to consider this fact is to install LED sources in luminaires. Due to the reasonable lighting requirements for the lighting of squares and parks, the cheapest way to modernize lighting is to replace conventional discharge lamps with LED sources in park luminaires. Using nine typical park luminaires, the influence of replacing classic sodium lamps with LED sources on the effect of light pollution and energy efficiency was analyzed. Using data, such as a photometric solid and a relative spectral distribution, simulation calculations were carried out in DIALux software and our own calculation tool to consider this issue. The studies considered 156 LED sources of different spectral distributions and a wide range of color temperatures from 1000 K to 9753 K as well as different color rendering index (CRI) values. The conducted studies showed that the replacement of sodium lamps with LED sources is not necessarily associated with an increased negative impact on the effect of light pollution. It was also found also that the CRI value has an influence on the degree of light pollution.

Effect of Correlated Color Temperature and S/P-ratio of LED Light Sources on Reaction Time in Off-axis Vision and Mesopic Lighting Levels

ABSTRACT The increasing replacement of traditional lamps by LED technology opens the door to research into visual performance under their multiple possible spectral power distributions. The correlated color temperature and S/P-ratio are considered parameters characterizing the spectrum of a light source. The lack of firm conclusions motivates the analysis in this work of the influence of LED spectrum, which is defined by the correlated color temperature and S/P-ratio, on a representative night-driving task, visual reaction time. A two-channel and four primaries photostimulator was used as set-up for measuring reaction time in off-axis vision, at mesopic illumination conditions and for a range of stimulus contrasts. The experimental conditions included a wide range of correlated color temperatures, ranging from 1870 to 6350 K, and different S/P-ratios for the same temperature. A total of 16 young subjects participated in the experiments. The results show significant shorter reaction times for those conditions in which the spectrum has greater short-wavelength content. This is corroborated by the greater stimulation of rods and S-cones obtained in the calculation of their excitation level. However, the definition of the spectrum using the correlated color temperature and S/P-ratio does not equally define the results obtained. For the same temperature, a higher S/P-ratio provides lower reaction time values, but for the same S/P ratio reaction time is independent of the temperature. LED light sources with high short-wavelength content provide faster response on the basis of a greater excitation of rods and S-cones. The S/P-ratio is the best parameter to justify the effect of spectrum on reaction time, as considers the spectral sensitivity of the visual system in its calculation.

ON THE APPLICATION OF DISPERSION ANALYSIS FOR QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF A QUARTZ UV IRRADIATOR

Ensuring and improving the quality of products is currently an urgent task implemented through product quality management. In connection with the spread of the COVID-19 virus, Rospotrebnadzor recommends the use of quartz lamps when disinfecting premises. The article discusses the issue of assessing the quality of a device for home use of a quartz ultraviolet irradiator OUFK-01. In accordance with the WHO recommendations, the irradiation indicator became the main one for the study. The study was carried out using an ANOVA model with several iterations. Purpose of the study: to study the variability of the irradiance index in different UV ranges depending on the source of UV radiation (UV lamp) of the ultraviolet irradiator OUFK-01. The main advantage of the analysis of variance was used – the ability to consider the interaction of various factors. The conclusions that were formulated based on the results of analysis of variance suggest that the quality of the OUFK-01 irradiator has changed. Data processing was carried out using the MS EXCEL software package. The article provides a rationale for what is meant by “quality improvement”, namely, in order not to violate the bactericidal effect, it is necessary to reduce the UV-A and UV-B ranges to acceptable values, since the effect of UV-C rays has not been fully studied, then the irradiance should be increased to the permissible wavelength range. A comparative analysis of successively modified products showed that the quality of the device increased with the replacement of the UV lamp.

Natural Lighting in Historic Houses during Times of Pandemic. The Case of Housing in the Mediterranean Climate.

The pandemic generated by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to a forced increase in the number of hours spent at home. In many cases, the lockdown situations, both in social and work terms, have meant that homes have suddenly also become workplaces. Based on all the indicators, this new relational scenario in the labor market displays a clear upward trend and is far from being a temporary situation. It is known that sunlight affects people’s circadian rhythm and that its reduction and even absence during this period of isolation has had a psychological impact on the population. This makes it necessary to reconsider the regulations applied in homes, in order to guarantee their habitability, given their recent widespread use as offices, as well as domestic spaces. In historic centers, the comprehensive renovations being carried out include improvements in energy efficiency and thermal comfort, which play a fundamental role. However, the energy consumption linked to artificial lighting and the quality of this lighting itself have remained in the background, as improvement strategies consist mainly in the replacement of incandescent or fluorescent lamps with LED lamps. Prior to the pandemic, the electric consumption of lighting systems accounted for 10–15% of the total, a figure which increased to 40–50% during the lockdown period. Aiming to improve people’s well-being while reducing energy expenditure on lighting, this article presents a quantitative approach to improving the levels of natural lighting in residential heritage buildings located in historic centers. According to data obtained from previous surveys of a sector of the population, homes built prior to 1950 were characterized by good natural lighting conditions and a very low incidence of health issues among occupants compared to contemporary homes. The objective was to quantify the circadian stimulus and lighting levels and to identify the areas or work areas in homes in order to optimize consumption related to lighting and to generate healthy and comfortable spaces. Results show that historic homes have enough naturally lit areas to perform office work during business hours. However, in the most unfavorable seasons, winter and autumn, it is necessary to use artificial lighting at the start and end of the working day.

IDENTIFICATION OF SAVINGS OPPORTUNITIES IN A STEEL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

This paper aims to present a procedure that allows identifying savings opportunities in a steel manufacturing company. The procedure based on the ISO 50001, 50004, and 50006 standards comprise the use of tools such as energy baselines, the goal line, energy performance indicators, the Pareto chart, and an energy review. As a result of the implementation of the procedure, it was possible to obtain the baseline, the goal line, and energy performance indicators that allow the control of energy consumption and efficiency of the company in general and of the area with the highest electricity consumption. It was possible to identify that there is a potential savings of up to 6% throughout the company and up to 13% in the area with the highest electrical energy consumption. From an energy review carried out in the area with the highest consumption, motors operating with low load and idle for long periods were identified, as well as a lack of maintenance. Besides, the replacement of traditional technology lamps by LED technology lamps was proposed. The procedure can be generalized in steel industries with similar characteristics, which is one of the sectors that consume the most energy worldwide.Keywords: Electricity, Energy, Energy Efficiency, Energy Saving, Energy Performance Indicator, Steel IndustryJEL Classifications: Q4, L610DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11142

AN EVALUATION OF THE THERMAL AND LUMINOUS ENVIRONMENT OF LAYING HEN AVIARIES EQUIPPED WITH LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE AND COMPACT FLUORESCENT LAMPS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON PRODUCTION AND EGG QUALITY

The thermal and luminous conditions in aviaries affect the production and quality of eggs. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the thermal and luminous environment of commercial laying hen aviaries equipped with compact fluorescent (CF) and light-emitting diode (LED) lamps and their influence on egg production and quality. The study was carried out in two commercial laying hen facilities with similar construction features and management. The first facility was illuminated with CF lamps and the second with LED lamps. The thermal environment was assessed via air temperature, air relative humidity, and enthalpy. The evaluated lamps provided a similar thermal environment in both facilities. The aviary equipped with LED lamps showed higher illuminance than the one equipped with a CF lamp. Production performance was evaluated through feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FC), mortality (M), and laying percentage (LP). Specific gravity (SG) was used to evaluate eggshell quality. The variables related to production performance and eggshell quality of laying hens raised in aviaries equipped with LED lamps were statistically equal (F-test, p > 0.05) to those raised in aviaries equipped with CF lamps. These results indicate that the replacement of CF lamps with LED lamps does not adversely affect the yield and quality of eggs.