Replacement Method Research Articles

Fast synthesis of nanoporous Cu/Ag bimetallic triangular nanoprisms via galvanic replacement for efficient 4-nitrophenol reduction.

We report the synthesis of nanoporous Cu/Ag bimetallic triangular nanoprisms (BTNPs) using a galvanic replacement method. Based on ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses, the structure of Cu/Ag BTNPs was characterized. The prepared Cu/Ag BTNPs exhibited excellent catalytic activity and good cycling stability for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) due to the synergistic effect between Cu and Ag elements. The kinetic rate constant (k) and turnover frequency (TOF) values reached 331 × 10-3 s-1 and 500 × 10-3 s-1, respectively, which were higher than those of previously reported Cu, Ag, Au, Cu/Ag or Cu/Au-based catalysts. We hope that the development of promising routes for high-quality BTNPs can broaden their applications in catalysis and environmental sustainability.

Efficient and eco-friendly cadmium ion recycling: Ultrasonic enhancement of aluminum powder replacement for low-temperature industrial applications

Replacing cadmium ions in cadmium-containing solutions with aluminum powder is beneficial for cadmium resource recycling and environmental protection. However, the conventional aluminum powder replacement method requires harsh temperatures and prolonged conditions. In this study, the effect and mechanism of ultrasound on the replacement of cadmium with aluminum powder were investigated at low temperatures. Ultrasound has been proven to promote the etching of alumina films through the use of TEM and XPS, providing mechanistic support for the superiority of the new process. A degree of Cd replacement as high as 95.08 % is achieved at a low temperature (60 ℃) and in a short time (20 min) when using ultrasonicated aluminum powder replacement, which is 42.17 % higher than that of conventional aluminum powder. Compared with conventional aluminum powder replacement conditions with the same effect, the introduction of ultrasound can reduce the temperature by 30℃ and shorten the replacement time by 2/3, which has significant advantages in reaction efficiency and safety. The strengthening mechanism of ultrasound on the replacement effect of aluminum powder at low temperatures is revealed through detailed discussions on the corrosion of alumina films, agglomeration of aluminum powder, and adhesion of replacement products to the surface of aluminum powder, dissolved oxygen in the solution, and redissolution of cadmium. Therefore, a new approach for replacing aluminum powder in solutions with high Cd2+ concentrations at low temperatures is proposed in this work, which is expected to solve the existing harsh and dangerous problems of industrial aluminum powder replacement.

Layerwise replacement method to achieve high solar-to-hydrogen efficiency for photocatalytic water splitting: a first principles study

LRM can purposefully modulate the bandgap of atomically layered stacking materials and reconstruct their intrinsic electric field, thereby regulating the STH efficiency, and driving force of photogenerated carriers of the materials.

Determining Preventive Maintenance Schedule on Press Machine Components using Age Replacement Methods

To minimize severe damage and reduce maintenance costs, it is essential to monitor and control the performance decline of machines periodically. Implementing regular preventive maintenance on the machines used in production activities is a key approach to achieve this goal. By performing scheduled maintenance on a regular basis, the strength of the machines can be maintained, ensuring their stability, and facilitating smooth production processes. Notably, the press machine serves as the primary printing equipment for the company’s product manufacturing. Any breakdown in this machine can significantly disrupt production and lead to losses for the company. Frequent production interruptions due to sudden inspections and repairs are among the challenges faced by the company. To address this issue, it is recommended for the company to establish a specific preventive maintenance schedule for the press machine to ensure its stability. The Age Replacement method can be employed in creating this preventive maintenance schedule, as it determines the optimal replacement interval based on the component’s age. By utilizing the Age Replacement method, the company can generate the most effective proposed scheduling required for maintaining the press machine in optimal condition.

Cement Stabilization of soft soil subgrade and Cost Analysis

The soft soil when present in subgrade creates a lot of problem in highways. Due to soft soil subgrade, the rutting is predominant cause of flexible pavement failure all around the world. This kind of soil is either replaced or modified prior to construction of other layers of road to minimize the formation of rut. This study deals with stabilization of soft soil subgrade by cement. The sample was collected from a depth around existing road subgrade. A series of laboratory tests on untreated soil sample was first done to determine the competency of soil as a subgrade layer followed by preparation of sample with varying stabilizer content i.e. 4%, 6% and 8% cement by weight of dry soil, to determine the optimum stabilizer content. Samples with varying cement content were also prepared for California Bearing Ratio (hereafter, CBR) and Unconfined Compressive Strength (hereafter, UCS)with different curing periods i.e. 7 days for CBR and 3, 7, 14 and 28 days for UCS. UCS test on these sample showed a significant improvement over the values of natural soil without stabilizer. CBR showed a similar trend and the resulting modified soil was competent enough to be used as a subgrade for heavy traffic condition. The pavement was modelled using Kenpave for 30 and 50 million standard axle (msa) traffic intensity to determine the ideal pavement section for two types of pavement used in this study. In addition, the cost of construction for replacement method and for cement stabilization are determined using norms of Department of Road and District rate of Kathmandu and are compared. The cement stabilized soil with optimum content is found to be cheaper than conventional method of replacement.

Parametric Study on The Bearing Capacity of Down-hole Dynamic Compaction

The DDC method is well known as Down-Hole Dynamic Compaction, an effective ground treatment method. DDC combines dynamic compaction and soil replacement methods to enhance bearing capacity, reduce settlement, minimize the potential for collapse, and mitigate liquefaction. DDC has been commonly used to stabilize collapsible soil, DDC basically forms a column inside the soil stratum which is similar to a stone column except DDC materials are put in sequence and then compacted by using DDC hammer, this is known as the self-tamping method. DDC is considered as a suitable method for soft soil improvement. This study modeled DDC as reinforcement for runway area which is predominantly soft soil in the study location. DDC is modeled with various dimension and spacing to assess its impact on bearing capacity and settlement, thereby simplifying the selection of suitable dimension during installation. The results show that the stress induced by external loads on Down-hole Dynamic Compaction (DDC) rises in correlation with the spacing between DDC installations. The peak stress was documented on a DDC unit with a 1-meter diameter positioned at a distance of 2.5 meters from the other DDC units, measuring 83.9 kN/m2. The highest stress level was recorded in the soil surrounding a DDC unit with a 1.5-meter diameter, which was positioned 3 meters away from other DDC units, measuring 157.89 kN/m2. The highest bearing capacity was achieved when a DDC with a diameter of 1.5 meters was positioned at a distance of 3 meters, resulting in a bearing capacity value of 1407.32 kN/m2.

A Modelling Framework of an Intelligent News Recommendation Engine for Financial Analysts

Referring to news articles has become a predominant task in the daily routine of each financial analyst, as it helps to make accurate financial insights. However, as there are thousands of news articles generated daily, finding the most relevant articles becomes a time-consuming task. Hence, this study develops a modelling framework of an intelligent news recommendation engine for financial analysts in a particular financial company, which assists in recommending the most appropriate articles according to analysts' preferences in an efficient and effective manner without tedious browsing.In this study, the data collection phase of the recommendation engine is accomplished by retrieving news articles from online news websites using the web scraping technique. The response variable, analysts’ preference level for each article is manually acquired from a group of financial analysts at a selected financial company. In the analysis phase of the recommendation engine, a classification-based method was utilized where three machine learning models, KNN, SVM, Random Forest, and two deep learning models, LSTM and CNN with Natural Language Processing techniques are experimented to discover the best algorithm. Moreover, the synonym replacement method is employed as a text data augmentation method to address the imbalanced problem in the dataset.As CNN obtains the highest accuracy in comparison to other applied methods it is chosen as the most suitable approach in the analysis phase. Moreover, this study reveals that DL models perform considerably higher performances in the context of news recommendation engines rather than ML approaches. Lastly, this framework can be adjustable for any financial company with minor modifications.

Computational study of the balloon dilation steps on transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Balloon dilation is a commonly used assistant method in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and plays an important role during valve implantation procedure. The balloon dilation steps need to be fully considered in TAVR numerical simulations. This study aims to establish a TAVR simulation procedure with two different balloon dilation steps to analyze the impact of balloon dilation on the results of TAVR implantation. Two cases of aortic stenosis were constructed based on medical images. An implantation simulation procedure with self-expandable valve was established, and multiple models including different simulation steps such as balloon pre-dilation and balloon post-dilation were constructed to compare the different effects on vascular stress, stent morphology and paravalvular leakage. Results show that balloon pre-dilation of TAVR makes less impact on post-operative outcomes, while post-dilation can effectively improve the implantation morphology of the stent, which is beneficial to the function and durability of the valve. It can effectively improve the adhesion of the stent and reduce the paravalvular leakage volume more than 30% after implantation. However, balloon post-dilation may also lead to about 20% or more increased stress on the aorta and increase the risk of damage. The balloon dilation makes an important impact on the TAVR outcomes. Balloon dilation needs to be fully considered during pre-operative analysis to obtain a better clinical result.

Preclinical evaluation of Affibody molecule for PET imaging of human pancreatic islets derived from stem cells

BackgroundBeta-cell replacement methods such as transplantation of isolated donor islets have been proposed as a curative treatment of type 1 diabetes, but widespread application is challenging due to shortages of donor tissue and the need for continuous immunosuppressive treatments. Stem-cell-derived islets have been suggested as an alternative source of beta cells, but face transplantation protocols optimization difficulties, mainly due to a lack of available methods and markers to directly monitor grafts survival, as well as their localization and function. Molecular imaging techniques and particularly positron emission tomography has been suggested as a tool for monitoring the fate of islets after clinical transplantation. The integral membrane protein DGCR2 has been demonstrated to be a potential pancreatic islet biomarker, with specific expression on insulin-positive human embryonic stem-cell-derived pancreatic progenitor cells. The candidate Affibody molecule ZDGCR2:AM106 was radiolabeled with fluorine-18 using a novel click chemistry-based approach. The resulting positron emission tomography tracer [18F]ZDGCR2:AM106 was evaluated for binding to recombinant human DGCR2 and cryosections of stem-cell-derived islets, as well as in vivo using an immune-deficient mouse model transplanted with stem-cell-derived islets. Biodistribution of the [18F]ZDGCR2:AM106 was also assessed in healthy rats and pigs.Results[18F]ZDGCR2:AM106 was successfully synthesized with high radiochemical purity and yield via a pretargeting approach. [18F]ZDGCR2:AM106 retained binding to recombinant human DCGR2 as well as to cryosectioned stem-cell-derived islets, but in vivo binding to native pancreatic tissue in both rat and pig was low. However, in vivo uptake of [18F]ZDGCR2:AM106 in stem-cell-derived islets transplanted in the immunodeficient mice was observed, albeit only within the early imaging frames after injection of the radiotracer.ConclusionTargeting of DGCR2 is a promising approach for in vivo detection of stem-cell-derived islets grafts by molecular imaging. The synthesis of [18F]ZDGCR2:AM106 was successfully performed via a pretargeting method to label a site-specific covalently bonded fluorine-18 to the Affibody molecule. However, the rapid washout of [18F]ZDGCR2:AM106 from the stem-cell-derived islets graft indicates that dissociation kinetics can be improved. Further studies using alternative binders of similar classes with improved binding potential are warranted.

Impact of cardiac rehabilitation on pre- and post-operative transcatheter aortic valve replacement prognoses.

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a relatively new treatment method for aortic stenosis (AS) and has been demonstrated to be suitable for patients with varying risk levels. Indeed, among high-risk patients, TAVR outcomes are comparable to, or even better, than that of the traditional surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) method. TAVR outcomes, with respect to post-surgical functional capacity and quality of life, have also been found to be improved, especially when combined with cardiac rehabilitation (CR). CR is a multidisciplinary system, which integrates cardiology with other medical disciplines, such as sports, nutritional, mind-body, and behavioral medicine. It entails the development of appropriate medication, exercise, and diet prescriptions, along with providing psychological support, ensuring the cessation of smoking, and developing risk factor management strategies for cardiovascular disease patients. However, even with CR being able to improve TAVR outcomes and reduce post-surgical mortality rates, it still has largely been underutilized in clinical settings. This article reviews the usage of CR during both pre-and postoperative periods for valvular diseases, and the factors involved in influencing subsequent patient prognoses, thereby providing a direction for subsequent research and clinical applications.

Gas production from hydrates by CH4-CO2 replacement: Effect of N2 and intermittent heating

Extraction of CH4 gas from Natural Gas Hydrates (NGHs) while storing CO2 by CH4-CO2 replacement method is a promising technique for achieving CO2 emission reduction and CH4 production. However, improving the kinetics and enhancing the replacement efficiency is the fundamental issue for efficient CH4 production and CO2 safe sequestration, which have become the bottlenecks in NGH extraction. In this work, the CO2 replacement characteristics and kinetics process were further elucidated. The effects of small molecule gas (N2) and intermittent heating on the CO2 replacement were quantitatively investigated. And the enhancement mechanism of N2 and intermittent heating on CO2 replacement were deeply analyzed. The results show that as the proportion of N2 increases, the CH4 recovery rate gradually increases, but the CO2 sequestration rate exhibits a pattern of initial increase followed by a decrease. In addition, the intermittent application of heat has been shown to effectively enhance the replacement performance of pure CO2 in porous media. A thicker quasi-liquid layer forms when the temperature of hydrate reservoir approaches the freezing point, making it easier for CO2 gas to form hydrates. Additionally, when intermittent heating is combined with CO2 + N2 replacement, it results in a more significant promotion of CH4 recovery.

Seismic Design of Large-Span, Heavy-Load Transfer Truss for Zhanjiang Bay R&D Building

The Zhanjiang Bay Laboratory R&D Building project aims to create a favorable working, research, and living environment. Zone II of the Zhanjiang Bay Laboratory R&D Building is equipped with a large-span, heavy-load transfer truss to obtain a large space on the ground floor. The overall structure adopts a steel frame-core tube structure system. In order to reduce the deflection of the large-span, heavy-load transfer truss, eight diagonal pull rods are installed between the large-span, heavy-load transfer truss and the core tube. The Q235 cross-shaped replacement section can consume construction load energy. Adopting replacement methods can reduce the stress and damage of diagonal pull rods caused by construction loads. The structure adopts a performance-based seismic design method for seismic calculation and analysis. In addition, a special analysis was conducted on the single frame structure. The major results can be summarized as follows: during small earthquakes, all structural components are in the elastic stage; during large earthquakes, frame beams yield first, but frame columns and core tubes do not yield; even without considering out-of-plane constraints, the structure can still meet the requirements.

Development and confirmation of the biological safety of hygiene products for the care of facial prostheses

BACKGROUND: Currently, several patients with dental problems continue to suffer from various defects in the maxillofacial region. Therefore, the methods and techniques of orthopedic replacement for these defects, both as a standalone treatment and within a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach, must be enhanced. The nature of hygienic care and the means used play an important role in increasing the service life of facial epitheses. Literary sources have shown insufficient research in this area. Domestic and foreign literature is generally devoted to methods and means of hygiene for removable dentures. Moreover, the features of structural materials and methods of fixing facial epitheses require the search for other approaches to hygienic care.
 AIM: To develop hygiene products for facial epitheses and to substantiate their toxicological safety.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The care of maxillofacial prostheses using sprays and foams was proposed. To study their cytotoxicity, samples were prepared from photopolymer material for facial prostheses. The samples were treated with spray, foam, or their combination. To test the cytotoxic properties, a primary cell culture of stromal cells isolated from a biopsy of the mucosa of the alveolar process of the mandible was used. The viability of cells and efficiency of the colonization of samples were evaluated after 48 h using culture staining and colorimetric XTT.
 RESULTS: Intravital monitoring of stromal cells, extracted from a biopsy of the mucosal lining of the alveolar process in the lower jaw, revealed sustained direct interaction between the cells and the samples, with no signs of necrosis or apoptosis. When staining samples with fixed cells, no red glow of the nuclei of dead cells was detected. The distribution of living cells was uniform in group 4 and less uniform in group 1. The optical density of the medium in each well was significantly different between the groups (p 0.05).
 CONCLUSION: The proposed hygienic compositions for the care of facial prostheses using sprays and foams do not have toxic properties and can be implemented in clinical practice.

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) harvest and plant replacement methods in aquaponia

The aim of the study is to investigate the potential of basil leaf mass production under aquaponic conditions with different harvest and plant replacement methods. Aquaponics is a combination of soil-less crop production hydroponics and aquaculture and it is can use and clean the wastewater of intensive aquaculture systems. Three groups were established in the 6 units during the six-week harvest and seedling rotation cycles. Group 1 individuals remain in the units throughout the breeding season. Group 2 individuals were replaced every 12 weeks, while Group 3 individuals were replaced every six weeks, at the same time as harvest. Data from the experiment were analysed to determine how the harvest and replacement protocol of basil plants influences the amount of leaves harvested, the percentage of leaves harvested relative to the plant stem, and the changes in plant height, SPAD and NDVI during harvest and replacement. A continuously maintained and harvested healthy basil stock under aquaponic conditions can provide a consistent leaf mass all year round without the extra cost of replacing and producing seedlings.

QSPR predicting the vapor pressure of pesticides into high/low volatility classes.

In this work, the vapor pressure of pesticides is employed as an indicator of their volatility potential. Quantitative Structure-Property Relationship models are established to predict the classification of compounds according to their volatility, into the high and low binary classes separated by the 1-mPa limit. A large dataset of 1005 structurally diverse pesticides with known experimental vapor pressure data at 20 °C is compiled from the publicly available Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB) and used for model development. The freely available PaDEL-Descriptor and ISIDA/Fragmentor molecular descriptor programs provide a large number of 19,947 non-conformational molecular descriptors that are analyzed through multivariable linear regressions and the Replacement Method technique. Through the selection of appropriate molecular descriptors of the substructure fragment type and the use of different standard classification metrics of model's quality, the classification of the structure-property relationship achieves acceptable results for discerning between the high and low volatility classes. Finally, an application of the obtained QSPR model is performed to predict the classes for 504 pesticides not having experimentally measured vapor pressures.

Experimental study of gas recovery behaviors from methane hydrate-bearing sediments by CO2 replacement below freezing point

Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is one of the most promising clean energy sources in the future because of its huge reserves and cleanliness, and the CO2 replacement method can realize the safe extraction of NGH and the underground storage of greenhouse gases. This study investigates the influence of quartz sand size and ice content on hydrate replacement characteristics below freezing point conditions. Results indicate that, at a temperature of 271.65 K, when particle sizes range from 250 μm to 500 μm, there is an observed increase in CH4 recovery alongside a concurrent decrease in CO2 sequestration as particle size decreases. Additionally, when maintaining a fixed 500 μm particle size, the proportion of quartz sand positively correlates with CH4 recovery. Furthermore, the presence of quartz sand grains in an ice powder system can improve the replacement effect. By contrast, the presence of quartz sand significantly enhances the CO2 sequestration ratio more than the CH4 recovery ratio. In mixed ice-sand porous media, CO2 sequestration can be enhanced from 0.0496 mol to 0.1012 mol, representing a 104 % increase in CO2 sequestration molarity when compared to the pure ice conditions.

Cusp overlap method for self-expanding transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Conduction disturbances and the need for permanent pacemaker (PPM) implantation remains a common complication for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), particularly when self-expanding (SE) valves are used. We compared in-hospital and 30-day rates of new PPM implantation between patients undergoing TAVR with SE valves using the conventional three-cusp coplanar implantation technique and the cusp-overlap technique. We retrospectively compared patients without a pre-existing PPM who underwent a TAVR procedure with SE Evolut R or PRO valves using the cusp-overlap technique from July 2018 to September 2020 (n = 519) to patients who underwent TAVR using standard three-cusp technique from April 2016 to March 2017 (n = 128) in two high volume Canadian centers. There was no significant difference in baseline RBBB between the groups (10.4% vs. 13.2; p = 0.35). The rate of in-hospital new complete heart block (9.4% vs. 23.4%; p ≤ 0.001) and PPM implantation (8% vs. 21%; p ≤ 0.001) were significantly reduced when using the cusp-overlap technique. The incidence of new LBBB (30.4% vs. 29%; p = 0.73) was similar. At 30 days, the rates of new complete heart block (11% vs. 23%; p ≤ 0.001) and PPM implantation (10% vs. 21%, p ≤ 0.001) remained significantly lower in the cusp-overlap group, while the rate of new LBBB (35% vs. 30%; p = 0.73) was similar. Cusp-overlap approach offers several potential technical advantages compared to standard three-cusp view, and may result in lower PPM rates in TAVR with SE Evolut valve.

Influences on Perceived Stress Among Undergraduates During COVID-19-Induced Transition to Open Distance Learning: A Multiple Linear Regression Analysis

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous institutions, encompassing both public and private universities, have shifted their focus towards open and distance learning (ODL) as a replacement method of teaching. This rapid evolution of the education system has brought to the forefront a concerning increase in students' mental health issues. Therefore, this study endeavors to identify the factors that contribute to the perceived stress levels experienced by undergraduate students during ODL. A total of 630 undergraduate students were involved in this research, chosen using a convenience sampling approach. The survey instrument encompassed inquiries about demographic characteristics and employed the Perceived Stress Scale-10 to gauge stress levels. Multiple Linear Regression analysis was employed to scrutinize the data in pursuit of our research objective. The findings underscore the significance of several factors in influencing perceived stress among undergraduate students in the ODL context. Specifically, network condition, level of semester, and gender emerged as noteworthy contributors to the perceived stress experienced by undergraduate students.

The plant growth, water and electricity consumption, and nutrients uptake are influenced by different light spectra and nutrition of lettuce

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different replacement methods of nutrient solution (complete replacement, electrical conductivity (EC)- based replacement, and replacing based on the plant needs) and different LED light spectra (monochromic white, red, blue, and a combination of red/blue) on the uptake of mineral nutrients, water and electricity consumption and biomass production of two varieties of lettuce (Lollo Rossa and Lollo Bionda; Lactuca sativa var. crispa) in the hydroponic systems. The results showed that replacement methods based on the plant needs and based on EC increased shoot fresh mass and yield index in the NFT system. Also, results showed that the combination of red/blue light increased shoot fresh mass and yield index in the NFT system and in the plant factory under treatment by replacement method based on plant needs. Increasing the concentrations of N, K, and Zn and loss of Fe in nutrient solution were observed in all three replacement methods of nutrient solution in the NFT system. Water consumption was decreased under plant nutrition based on plant needs and based on EC. In the plant factory, the application of LED light spectrum also decreased electricity consumption and cost against fluorescent lamps. In general, it is concluded that nutrient solution replacement based on the plant needs and based on EC and the use of different LED light spectra (especially the combination of red and blue light) can be used to reduce the consumption of water and nutrients in the hydroponic cultivation of lettuce.

Quality of Life in Hemodialysis Versus Peritoneal Dialysis Patients in Bahrain.

Chronic diseases, including chronic kidney disease, affect patients' quality of life (QOL). Hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) are renal replacement methods in these patients. This work aimed to study the relationship between QOLscores in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on HD and PD. This study was done at Salmaniya Medical Complex (SMC), Bahrain, from May to July 2023. A standard QOL index score instrument in Arabic form was used on 76 HDand 38 PDpatients. The inclusion criteria included dialysis for at least three months and an age of more than 18 years with no severe morbidities or psychological diseases. The mean age of HD and PD patients was 58.7 ± 11.2 and 55.9 ± 12.1 years, respectively. Thirty-five (46.1%) of the HD patients and 17 (44.7%) of the PD patients were females. In most dimensions, the QOL score of the patients treated with PD was better than that of the HD group. The number of hospital admissions was statistically significantly higher in the HD group (p = 0.007); however, there was no significant difference in the causes of admissions (p = 0.131).In this study, we observed the highest QOL score in the family subscale (93.2 ± 9.2 and 98.6 ± 4.7), followed by the psychological/spiritual subscale (81.1 ± 16.7 and 97.6 ± 3.9) in the HD and PD groups, respectively), but it was statistically significantly higher in the PD group (p < 0.001). Our findings show that patients starting PD had better QOL scores in all domains than patients starting HD. Moreover, patients on PD maintained more active social support and ultimately felt better emotional well-being and physical health than those undergoing HD.