Replacement Of Sand In Concrete Research Articles

Utilization of waste marble dust as cement and sand replacement in concrete

In this paper, CaCO3 waste marble dust (WMD) has been utilized in the production of concrete. Raw materials (Cement, Sand, WMD and Crush) were collected from Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Concrete cubes were molded in the laboratory and investigated by XRD. Effect of WMD addition to the concrete was studied. It was reported that 10% addition of WMD as cement replacement showed enhanced performance of the compressive strength as compared to sand replaced WMD blended concrete. Increment in WMD contents beyond 10% resulted in significant decrement of compressive strength. Substituting WMD with cement resulted in a decrement of 29.76%, while with sand, the decrement was 6.09%. Concrete made with cement replaced WMD showed the lowest water absorption rate over 7 days curing as compared to sand replaced (intermediate water absorption) and clean concrete (highest water absorption) samples.Graphical

Properties of Sustainable Concrete Consisting Crushed Eggshell Waste as Fine Aggregate Replacement

The excessive extraction of sand from riverbeds has adverse effects on river ecosystems and aquatic life. Simultaneously, the disposal of eggshells from certain food manufacturing facilities into landfills contributes to pollution. Incorporating crushed eggshells as a partial replacement for sand in concrete can reduce the demand for natural sand, thus decreasing the need for sand mining from rivers. The present research investigates the effect of crushed eggshells as partial sand replacement on workability, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength of concrete. Five different concrete mixtures were tested, with crushed eggshells replacing sand at percentages ranging from 0% to 20% by weight. All specimens underwent water curing and were subjected to three tests: slump, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength. The incorporation of eggshells, finer than sand, reduced workability but showed acceptable strength up to a 10% replacement rate. In conclusion, using eggshells as a sand substitute in concrete production can contribute to a cleaner environment and support river ecosystem sustainability.

Investigation of Using Waste Glass Powder (WGP) as a Partial Natural Sand Replacement in Concrete for a Potential Use in Iraqi Construction Field

Abstract Glass waste contributes about 5% of the total solid waste generated worldwide that ends up in landfills without recycling resulting in considerable environmental harm. In this research, Waste Glass Powder (WGP) was studied to be used as a supplementary material substituted with sand in the concrete mix. The concrete mixes were prepared by replacing the natural sand with WGP in weight proportions of 10% to 50%, with a 10% increment to examine the mechanical effect of WGP addition on concrete performance in the fresh and hardened status. The concrete mixes were tested to evaluate the compressive strength for curing ages 7, 14, 21, 28, 56, and 90 days. Splitting tensile strength was also tested for curing at ages of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The obtained results showed a notable decrease in workability value for all concrete mixes with WGP addition. Also, the addition of WGP decreases the compressive strengths of all concrete mixes. However, the WGP enhanced the splitting tensile strength by about 12%. It has been concluded that the WGP can be used as a substituted material replaced with sand up to 30%, which was the optimum replacement ratio based on the Iraqi required specifications. By using this ratio, the compressive strength was decreased by 18% at 28 days of concrete curing age.

Effect of Crushed Clay Brick as Partial Fine Aggregate Replacement on Properties of Concrete

The continuous construction activity increases the demand for concrete production. At the same time, the construction and demolition activity also generate solid waste which is disposed of at landfills. The approach of discarding waste such as concrete waste, brick waste, and timber waste pollutes the environment. Thus, the present research investigates the effect of integrating local clay brick waste as a partial fine aggregate replacement on the properties of concrete. Several concrete mixes were prepared by integrating various percentages of crushed clay brick ranging from 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% as partial sand replacement in concrete. All specimens were subjected to continuous water curing until the testing date which is 7 days and 28 days. The finding shows that the use of up to 10% crushed clay brick successfully enhances the compressive strength of concrete. The water absorption of concrete increase as larger content of crushed clay brick waste is integrated in the mix. Basically, the use of clay brick waste in concrete would help to reduce dependency on river sand supply for concrete manufacturing and promote a cleaner environment.

Experimental Investigation on the use of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash Granite Waste as Fine Aggregate in Concrete

Abstract: The present research work was aimed to explore the possibility to use the combination of sugarcane bagasse ash and granite waste as a construction material in place of river sand by using EMMA computer software to obtain the optimum combination of this material based on particle size distribution. The published research data which is confined to strength properties indicates that SCBA and GW are viable material as sand replacement in concrete. The main objective was to explore the feasibility of the use of SCBA and GW as filler material in structural concrete

Effect of waste marble powder on the properties of concrete

Concrete, the most widely used construction material in the world, consumes a large volume of natural resources. The growing concern for the preservation of the environment has led to the development of new technologies for the valorization of industrial by-products in the construction sector. The objective of this paper is to study the feasibility of using waste marble powder (WMP) as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. A group of five concrete mixtures was prepared with sand substitution levels of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. Several tests were performed to evaluate workability, density, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and compressive strength. The test results show that increasing the ratios of waste marble powder leads to an increase in the compressive strength of the concrete with an optimum percentage of 15%. Therefore, it has shown that mixtures containing a percentage of WMP lower than 15% have improved the mechanical properties compared to conventional mixtures, which indicates that WMP can replace sand in concrete. Furthermore, the use of WMP is a viable source of raw materials for the construction industry as well as an eco-friendly solution for the disposal of WMP to preserve natural aggregate reservoirs.

Mechanical and Durability Assessment of Recycled Waste Plastic (Resin8 & PET) Eco-Aggregate Concrete

The massive amount of plastic waste in our natural environment is a global concern. In this study, recycling plastic waste to partially replace natural sand in concrete is investigated. The performance of Resin8, a unique combination of all types of plastics and Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) in concrete, has also been investigated. Replacement contents of 5%, 10%, and 15% for sand by volume were performed. The concrete mixes incorporating recycled plastic waste were tested against a reference concrete mix without plastic. The workability, compressive strength, tensile strength, oxygen permeability index (OPI), and effect of temperature were assessed. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was conducted on the plastics and plastic concretes, pre- and post-temperature exposure. PET at a replacement content of 10% slightly increased the compressive strength by 2.4%. Regarding the OPI test, all the mixes incorporating recycled plastic waste are classified as “good”. When exposed to a temperature of 250 °C, no significant change in compressive strength was observed for the concrete mixes incorporating Resin8 at a replacement content of 15%, and the mixes incorporating PET at a replacement content of 5%, 10%, and 15%. It was clear from the results that both Resin8 and PET are suitable as a partial replacement for sand in concrete.

Partial Replacement of Sand in Concrete with Available Natural Pozzolan in KSA

This paper presents an experimental investigation on the effect of the partial replacement of fine aggregates in concrete with available local Natural Pozzolan (NP) in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). The utilization of NP has reduced the density of concrete and improved its mechanical properties. The Saudi Building Code has recommended using pozzolan with a special type of cement in the case of concrete exposed to high percentages of sulfate. 48 concrete cylinders with dimensions of 150×300 mm have been prepared. The cylinders have been divided into two groups according to the level of cement replacement with Silica Fume (SF). The first group consists of 24 concrete cylinders with Natural Sand (NS) substitution with NP by volume at replacement levels of 20%, 50% and 100% without SF. The second group consists of 24 concrete cylinders with sand substitution with NP by volume at replacement levels of 20%, 50% and 100% in addition to the presence of 5% cement replacement by weight with SF. The concrete cylinders have been tested after 28 days. The utilization of NP and SF has showed a noticeable influence on the mechanical properties of concrete. Therefore, based on the results, the replacement of 20% of fine aggregate and 5% of cement in concrete with NP and SF, respectively has increased the compressive and tensile strength of concrete.

A feasibility study of using coffee cup waste as a building material - Life cycle assessment and multi-objective optimisation

With the scarcity of land and rapid drive towards sustainable development, numerous research studies are conducted on diverting waste from landfills. However, majority of these studies are focused on either experimental investigation of material characteristics or environmental impacts. Due to heavy virgin material usage, building material manufacturing industries are increasingly interested in using waste materials to partially or completely replace virgin materials from building materials. The cost of production is still a governing factor in decision making process concerning sustainable green material procurement. Disposable coffee cups contain a plastic liner and annually 60,000 kg of coffee cup waste end up in Australian landfills. Therefore, the current study presents a LCA feasibility study focused on shredded coffee cup waste as sand replacement in concrete and wood chip replacement in particleboard manufacture. The results indicate that sand replacement in concrete can improve environmental impact savings as compared to particleboard manufacture. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated that percentage of sand replacement is highly sensitive to global warming potential (GWP) impact category and transport distance is highly sensitive to other environmental impacts. A multi-objective genetic optimisation is then conducted to obtain the cost-effective green mix designs for concrete samples. The results indicated that with 25% cost increase, emissions of CO2, NOx, CO and SO2 can be reduced by 10%, 38%, 2.5% and 43% respectively. These research findings are valuable for stakeholders determined to adopt cost-effective green building materials in their construction projects.

Thermal conductivity and hardened behavior of eco-friendly concrete incorporating waste polypropylene as fine aggregate

Waste polypropylene is one of the most common non-biodegradable solid wastes generated by industrial activity in Iraq. Solid waste is one of the several causes having a negative effect on the environment. The issues arise as a result of factors such as the difficulty of recycling waste and restricted reuse. Polypropylene is a significant kind of solid waste that has a negative impact on the environment. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of using polypropylene as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. This material's effect on the fresh, mechanical, and thermal conductivity properties of concrete was investigated. Six concrete mixtures using polypropylene as a partial substitute for sand were produced at substitution percentages of 0%, 8%, 16%, 24%, 32%, and 40%. The slump, fresh and dry unit weight, compressive strength, and thermal conductivity properties of fresh and hardened concrete were determined. At various rates of concrete production, the results of the experiments demonstrated a decrease in unit weight and compressive strength. Thermal conductivity reduced 49.1% for the mix contained 40% of waste polypropylene and satisfied the lower limit strength for structural purposes.

OPTIMIZATION OF CRUSHED GLASS WASTE AS A PARTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR FINE AGGREGATE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

Recent years have witnessed a rise in the quantity of waste glass due to a rise in industrialization and a rapid improvement in living standards, which can lead to the depletion of natural resources and pollution of the environment. The potential use of waste recycled glass as sand replacement in concrete was examined, response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize process parameters. A randomized custom design was employed to determine the effect of glass-sand (G-S) replacement parameters on the developed concrete compressive strength. The regression analysis revealed an excellent fit between the experimental data and the model, as measured by the coefficient of determination (R 2) of 0.9094, Adjusted R 2 of 0.8591 and a model F-value of 18.07. The optimum percentage combination was 10% of glass with 90% of sand, as recorded from the desirability function. At the optimal combination, the compressive strength of concrete was 30.5 MPa. The experimental findings ascertain that the substitution of sand with glass aggregate can be a suitable alternative to natural sand and can effectively be applied industrially. The local waste glass materials have demonstrated that they can effectively substitute for a portion of traditional materials and mitigate the environmental pollution associated with solid waste disposal.

A Review on the Performance of Waste Glass as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate

Waste glass is one of the biggest contributors in waste production in Malaysia which can be used as partial sand replacement in concrete. Silica exists in waste glass components made it becomes a pozzolanic material and suitable to be used in a concrete mixture. The performance of the waste glass as fine aggregate was reviewed by considering the workability of fresh concrete, the strength, and the splitting tensile of hardened concrete. The range of the replacement waste are 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%. The influence of the waste glass on the microstructure of the concrete also have been evaluated. A total of seventeen previous research papers were collected and review based on the parameters selected. The results shows that replacement of waste glass in concrete give a positive impact for all selected parameters with 20% replacement represent as an optimal percentage replacement. The microstructure of the waste glass concrete resulting that more voids created after 20% replacement of waste glass which affects the compressive strength and split tensile strength of the concrete thus make the optimum replacement percentage is 20% replacement.

Utilization of Quarry Dust as a Partial Replacement of Sand in Concrete Making

The use of crushed quarry dust as a partial replacement of river sand in concrete production was investigated in this study. This is expedient as quarry dust can be available at some locations with insufficient river sand for construction purposes. The use of quarry dust is also in concrete is also a measure necessary for improvement of concrete strength. River sand was replaced with quarry dust for different mix designs of concrete for 0% to 25% replacement levels with 5% intervals. The physical properties of river sand and quarry dust were tested and reported and the workability as well as compressive strengths of the concrete mixtures were also tested. It was observed that the slump values increased with increase in percentage replacement of sand with quarry dust. The compressive strength of cubes at 28 day curing for control mixture of 1:3:6 at 0% partial replacement of river sand with quarry dust was 12.6N/mm2 but compressive strengths of 21.5 N/mm2 and 26.0 N/mm2 were gotten for 1:2:4 concrete and 1:1.5:3 concrete respectively. As the quarry dust content increased to 25%, the 28day compressive strength increased to 13.58 N/mm2 and 21.57 N/mm2 for the 1:3:6 and 1:2:4 mixes respectively. Compressive strength values decreased to a value of 25.72N/mm2 for the 1:1.5:3 concrete mix. The maximum compressive strength values were reached at 20% quarry dust content at the age of 28 days for the three concrete grades investigated. The increase in compressive strength with inclusion of quarry dust was attributed to the higher specific gravity of quarry dust above river sand. The compressive strength of quarry dust concrete continued to increase with age for all the percentages of quarry dust contents. Quarry dust was recommended as a suitable partial replacement for river bed sand in concrete production.

Enunciation of size effect of sustainable palm oil clinker sand on the characteristics of cement and geopolymer mortars

Palm oil clinker (POC), a by-product from palm oil industry, has gained attention as a potential sand replacement in concrete. This study focuses on the grading of palm oil clinker sand (POCS) as a whole replacement of conventional sand in cement and geopolymer mortars. Fly ash (FA) and ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) were used as binders and activated with a Na2SiO3/NaOH ratio of 1.5 in geopolymer mixes. Four different gradings of POCS with a maximum size of 4.75, 2.36, 1.18, and 0.60 mm, along with a control mix with the utilization of Mining sand (MS), were used to cast a total of 10 mixes for cement and geopolymer mortars. The microstructure of the POCS was analysed, and engineering properties of mortars were investigated through flow table test, compressive and flexural strengths, density, drying shrinkage, water absorption and sorptivity tests, and SEM images. The results revealed that mixes with the incorporation of finer POCS particles produced better compressive, flexural, and water absorption values, while the opposite was experienced in terms of drying shrinkage. Overall, the density of the mixes incorporating POCS was reduced by up to 20% and POCS geopolymer mortars produced higher strengths than those of cement. A 28-day compressive strength of 55–65 MPa was produced with the utilization of POCS in geopolymer mortar under the ambient temperature of 26–28 °C.

Utilization of wastewater sludge for lightweight concrete and the use of wastewater as curing medium

The increasing population have resulted in a higher generation of domestic and industrial wastewater sludge. The sludge ends up as a landfill in designated areas which makes the land unusable. The search for lightweight materials for construction has led to the use of sludge as a viable replacement for the basic composition of concrete due to its low density. The dry sludge collected from Polokwane Waste Water Treatment Works (WWTW) in Limpopo Province was used as a partial replacement of sand in concrete. The sludge content in the sand was varied from 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, to 12.5 %. The outcomes of the analysis indicate that the partial replacement of sand with dry sludge in the concrete mix is viable and useful. The result showed that up to 7.5 % of sand could be replaced with dry sludge in concrete for structural applications. Also, wastewater can be used as a curing medium. The unit weight of the concrete decreased with increasing sludge content, which was attributed to the lower density of the sludge. The SEM image revealed a porous nature and irregular surface morphology of the sludge and the concrete.

Use of bottom ash as part replacement of sand for making concrete blocks

Coal-based thermal power plants all over the world facing serious problems of handling and disposal of the ash produced. The productive use of coal Bottom Ash (BA) is the best way to alleviate the problems associated with its disposal. This paper covers the studies on laboratory scale evaluation of vibro compaction concrete blocks using BA I, BA II & BA III collected from three different location of Coal Fed Thermal Power Station. In the present investigation laboratory investigation have been carried to utilize BA as part replacement of sand in concrete. This study cover manufacture of concrete blocks without flyash & with BA using for making solid block as per specification laid down in IS:2185 using vibro compaction machine. Three different sources of BA were used in concrete mix each @ 30%, 40% & 50% replacement by weight of sand were adopted in making concrete blocks. Comparative study of compressive strength of concrete at different age of curing, wet density, drying shrinkage is reported in this study. Wet density is found to be lower in blocks containing BA & dry shrinkage values are found well within the limits of specifications. Concrete Blocks having BA @ 30% by weight of sand are found suitable for use in the manufacture of concrete blocks.

Use of bottom ash as part replacement of sand for making concrete blocks

Coal-based thermal power plants all over the world facing serious problems of handling and disposal of the ash produced. The productive use of coal Bottom Ash (BA) is the best way to alleviate the problems associated with its disposal. This paper covers the studies on laboratory scale evaluation of vibro compaction concrete blocks using BA I, BA II & BA III collected from three different location of Coal Fed Thermal Power Station. In the present investigation laboratory investigation have been carried to utilize BA as part replacement of sand in concrete. This study cover manufacture of concrete blocks without flyash & with BA using for making solid block as per specification laid down in IS:2185 using vibro compaction machine. Three different sources of BA were used in concrete mix each @ 30%, 40% & 50% replacement by weight of sand were adopted in making concrete blocks. Comparative study of compressive strength of concrete at different age of curing, wet density, drying shrinkage is reported in this study. Wet density is found to be lower in blocks containing BA & dry shrinkage values are found well within the limits of specifications. Concrete Blocks having BA @ 30% by weight of sand are found suitable for use in the manufacture of concrete blocks.

Mechanical and Abrasion Resistance Properties of Concrete Containing Recycled Abrasive Waste as Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate

In grinding wheel, the stub portion is unused and dumped after end of its primary purpose. The portion, which is considered as waste, has unused abrasives in it. The present work deals with reusing this abrasive waste as the replacement material for sand in concrete production. Reuse of the crushed vitrified brown alumina abrasive wheel which passes through 80 mesh can be used as a partial replacement for sand in concrete production. Structural properties of the crushed abrasive waste were analysed using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic analysis. Concrete samples were made with five different replacement ratios of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% to replace the fine aggregate(sand) in concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split-tensile, flexural strength and water absorption properties of the prepared concrete were determined. It was found that partial replacement of sand by abrasive waste was able to increase the compressive by 32%, tensile strength by 17% and flexural strength by 14%. Abrasive resistance of the concrete was measured using sand blasting equipment. Concrete with 40% abrasive waste shows around 83% improvement in abrasive resistance. The reuse of abrasive wastes as a partial replacement of sand in concrete is seen to enhance its mechanical properties and enable proper utilisation of these non-biodegradable solid wastes for better environment.

Use of spent garnet in industry: A review

Globally, the increasing concrete production also creates growing demand for growing natural sand which is one of the vital mixing ingredients that act as filler to form a dense concrete. Excessive harvesting of river sand results in its depletion and destroys the existing river environment creating an imbalance ecosystem. Integrating industrial by-product as an alternative material to reduce the dependency on sand supply is attractive to ensure the sustainability of rivers. In relation to that, spent garnet which is derived from the surface treatment process in shipping industry and usually disposed as waste at landfill is one of the choices. Continuous practice of dumping this waste would consume the precious land space and pollutes the environment. Realization on the importance of environment sustainability has driven researchers to discover the possible use of spent garnet as sand replacement in concrete. Thus, this paper presents reviews related to properties spent garnet and its effect on concrete performance. On overall, the integration of suitable amount of spent garnet provides encouraging strength result. Success in integrating spent garnet as sand replacement in modern concrete would reduce its dumping at landfill thus contributing to cleaner earth and sustainable river environment.

Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Laterite Stone and Palm Oil Clinker as Fine Aggregate Replacement

The high dependency of construction industry on supply of river sand has initiated research to find other alternative materials that can be used as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Two types of material, that is palm oil clinker (POC) which continuously produced waste from local palm oil industry and freely available laterite aggregate on earth surface have been investigated its potential to be used as partial sand replacement in concrete. The present research was carried out to determine the workability and compressive strength of concrete containing laterite aggregate and crushed palm oil clinker as partial fine aggregates replacement. Concrete mixes have been prepared by integrating various proportions of laterite aggregate and palm oil clinker by weight of river sand. The compressive strength test was conducted on the continuously water cured specimens at 7, 14 and 28 days. The results showed a perfect combination of fine laterite and fine palm oil clinker on S1 (25% of FL + 25% of FPOC) as partial fine aggregate replacement contributed towards enhancement of concrete strength.