Coarse Aggregate Replacement Research Articles

Learning On Concrete Performance Using E-Waste for Partial Coarse Aggregate Replacement

Abstract: Concrete holds a significant position in engineering, and its philosophy may be altered by substituting or adding substances that might prove more practical. This research presents a learning of concrete in which E trash is used to partially replace coarse material. M-30 grade concrete to be used in this project's concrete mix design. With the assistance of Indian standard codes according to specification, the qualities and attributes of materials for cement, coarse aggregate, and fine aggregate, and other supplemental components were investigated for concrete mix design. The split tensile strength, compression strength, and different coarse aggregate replacements (0%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) will be examined. M sand will be substituted for fine aggregate.

Bond Stress Behavior of a Steel Reinforcing Bar Embedded in Geopolymer Concrete Incorporating Natural and Recycled Aggregates

The rise in greenhouse gases, particularly carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, in the atmosphere is one of the major causes of global warming and climate change. The production of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) emits harmful CO2 gases, which contribute to sporadic heatwaves, rapid melting of glaciers, flash flooding, and food shortages. To address global warming and climate change challenges, this research study explores the use of a cement-less recycled aggregate concrete, a sustainable approach for future constructions. This study uses fly ash, an industrial waste of coal power plants, as a 100% substitute for OPC. Moreover, this research study also uses recycled coarse aggregates (RCAs) as a partial to complete replacement for natural coarse aggregates (NCAs) to preserve natural resources for future generations. In this research investigation, a total of 60 pull-out specimens were prepared to investigate the influence of steel bar diameter (9.5 mm, 12.7 mm, and 19.1 mm), bar embedment length, db (4db and 6db), and percentage replacements of NCA with RCA (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) on the bond stress behavior of cement-less RA concrete. The test results exhibited that the bond stress of cement-less RCA concrete decreased by 6% with increasing steel bar diameter. Moreover, the bond stress decreased by 5.5% with increasing bar embedment length. Furthermore, the bond stress decreased by 7.6%, 7%, 8.8%, and 20.4%, respectively, with increasing percentage replacements (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) of NCA with RCA. An empirical model was developed correlating the bond strength to the mean compressive strength of cement-less RCA concrete, which matched well with the experimental test results and predictions of the CEB-FIP model for OPC. The CRAC mixes exhibited higher costs but significantly lower embodied CO2 emissions than OPC concrete.

Prediction on partial replacement of cement and coarse aggregate by zeolite powder and steel slag in high-performance concrete

High performance concrete is obtained by the inclusion of mineral admixtures like silica fume and fly ash in the concrete. The research explores the viability and performance of sustainable concrete by introducing zeolite powder as a partial substitute for cement and steel slag as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate in M-70 grade concrete. Zeolite powder, possessing pozzolanic properties, is a natural or synthetic aluminosilicate material, while steel slag is an industrial byproduct with potential as an alternative aggregate source. The main objective is to investigate the impact of zeolite powder and steel slag on the development of High-Performance Concrete (M-70) in accordance with Bureau of Indian standards. The formulation of high-performance concrete involved replacing 12.5%, 15%, and 17.5% of the cement with zeolite powder and varying the proportion of steel slag as a replacement for coarse aggregate (ranging from 30% to 55%). A comprehensive mechanical test was conducted on these specimens and compared with conventional concrete. Among the 19 mixes, the optimal combination was identified, incorporating 15% zeolite powder as a cement replacement and 45% steel slag as a coarse aggregate replacement, resulting in superior performance compared to conventional concrete. This mix was further studied for non-destructive testing, and microstructural analysis. Subsequently, the experimental results were compared with predicted outcomes using the Taguchi method. The close alignment between the values obtained experimentally and those predicted further validates the effectiveness of the optimized mix.

Fracture behaviors of sustainable recycled aggregate concrete under compression-shear loading: Laboratory test, numerical simulation, and environmental safety analysis

A series of compression-shear tests were carried out to investigate the shear failure of sustainable recycled aggregate concrete, and shear failure surfaces were scanned by a 3D laser scanner. The effect of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) replacement rates and normal stresses on the shear strength, failure mode, and fracture morphology were analyzed. Meanwhile, discrete element method was used to study shear behaviors at a mesoscale. Finally, the carbon emission was calculated to evaluate the effect of RCA on the environment. The result shows that the shear strength, cohesion c, and internal friction angle φ all decrease as the RCA replacement rate increases. The shear damage of RAC can be aggravated by increasing the RCA replacement rate. Fractal dimension and joint roughness coefficient of shear failure surface tend to increase with increasing RCA replacement rate and normal stress. In addition, more microcracks can be found in coarse aggregate with the increase in RCA replacement rate, and the increasing normal stress can cause more microcracks. Given the nonlinear development of stress-displacement, a modified nonlinear constitutive model is proposed. Finally, the total carbon emissions of recycled aggregate concrete are calculated considering production, transportation, and construction, the carbon emission of 100% sustainable recycled aggregate concrete is 10.2% less than that of 100% natural aggregate concrete.

An Experimental Study On Strength Characteristics Concrete by Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Bethamcherala Waste Stone

In the current research work, as per the best knowledge of the authors, for the first time Bethamcherla stones has been used as a partial replacement of coarse aggregate in concrete mix. The scarcity of natural aggregate as well as finding alternative materials that can maintain or enhance the properties of concrete is crucial for sustainable construction practices. Bethamcherla stones (BS), which mainly comprises by limestone can be a potential substitute for coarse aggregate. Limestone is a common material used in concrete production, and its use as an aggregate could offer advantages such as reducing the demand for traditional aggregates and utilizing local resources efficiently. The concrete specimens, casted using BS, were kept for curing for different durations (7, 21, and 28 days), and the mechanical property was assessed using the compressive strength test, a standard procedure for evaluating concrete performance. Compressive strength is a fundamental parameter that reflects the ability of concrete to withstand loads and pressures, making it an essential property to study. It would be interesting to see the results of this study, especially how the compressive strength of the concrete changes with different replacement levels of coarse aggregate with BS aggregates (10%, 20%, 30%, and 40%). This data would provide insights into the effectiveness of using BS as a substitute and help determine the optimal replacement ratio that balances cost and performance considerations. Additionally, while compressive strength is a critical mechanical property, other properties such as flexural strength, durability, and elevated temperature effect also need to be evaluated to understand how the BS aggregates influence the overall behavior of the concrete. If this experimental study proves successful, it could pave the way for more sustainable and cost-effective construction practices in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh and other regions facing similar challenges with traditional aggregate availability. Remember that the success of this research will depend on the accuracy of testing methods, the representativeness of the specimens, and the relevance of the findings to real-world construction applications. Seeing such innovative efforts toward improving construction materials and practices for a more sustainable future is exciting.

Studies on Concrete Replaced with Waste Tyre Rubber as Fine Aggregate

Concrete is one of the most extensively used construction material in the world and the mineral aggregates used to make the concrete are a finite resource, which is fast dwindling. On the other hand, Waste tyre treatment is now a serious global threat. Waste tyre dumping, disposal of these materials or burning these tyres cause serious environmental and health problems. The public, governments and industry are all greatly interested in green environment and engineering approaches towards better sustainable development. At the same time, these studies can help to make the environment clean and minimize waste. An emerging use is the production of concrete, in which rubber tyre particles Partially replace natural coarse aggregates. One of the solutions suggested is the use of tyre rubber aggregates as additive in cement based material. Waste tyres are cut into small pellets of size matching the nominal aggregate size and are used to replace the coarse aggregate used in concrete. For comparative analysis, concrete mix of M20 grade is prepared for various concrete mixes by varying percentage replacement of mineral coarse aggregates by 4, 6, and 8 rubber aggregates and the mechanical properties of rubber concrete are compared with that of conventional concrete. Different combinations of crumb rubber with traditional coarse aggregate were evaluated based on compression strength and flexural strength tests were conducted according to Indian Standard.

Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete reinforced with steel fibers under triaxial loading

The use of steel fiber reinforced recycled concrete (SFRAC) can help achieve resourceful reuse of construction waste and environmental sustainability. However, SFRAC structural members may experience complex stress states. Therefore, triaxial compression tests were conducted on 168 cylindrical SFRAC specimens to investigate their mechanical properties. The failure modes, stress-strain behavior, strength, and deformation of SFRAC under triaxial compression were observed. The effects of lateral confining pressure, steel fiber (SF) content, and recycled coarse aggregate (RA) replacement rate on these properties were analyzed. The internal micro-morphology of SFRAC was analyzed using SEM to better understand its failure mechanism under compression. The result shows that an increase in lateral confining pressure alters the failure mode of SFRAC specimens, resulting in a significant increase in peak strength and ductility. The enhancement of the elastic modulus by steel fibers decreases as the lateral confining pressure increases, suggesting a coupling effect between the two parameters. The inclusion of steel fibers in SFRAC did not have a significant impact on its failure mode or compressive strength. And yet, it did increase the ductility and toughness of the material, with an optimal steel fiber content of 1 % (by volume). On the other hand, the addition of recycled coarse aggregate resulted in a significant reduction in the concrete's compressive strength, by almost 17 %. Finally, several common material failure criteria for concrete were used to evaluate the impact of RA substitution rate and SF content on the strength of SFRAC. The Willam-Warnke failure criterion showed a higher strength. These findings provide a theoretical basis for future engineering applications of SFRAC.

Modeling carbonation depth of recycled aggregate concrete containing chlorinated salts

The durability of recycled concrete is susceptible to degradation from both chloride salt attack and carbonation when exposed in service environment. The depth of carbonation in recycled concrete subject to chloride salt attack was studied here. This investigation assessed the effects of mineral admixture, replacement rate of recycled coarse aggregate, and quality of recycled coarse aggregate on the carbonation depth. The carbonation depth Recycled concrete was studied through accelerated simulated carbonation in the laboratory for 7d, 14d and 28d. Based on the results, the correlation analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship between depth of carbonation, mineral admixture, recycled coarse aggregate replacement rate, recycled coarse aggregate quality and the presence of chloride ions. The objective of this study was mainly to investigate the effect of internal chloride ions on the depth of carbonation of recycled concrete subjected to chloride salt attack. The study referred to previous academic research on carbonation in recycled concrete that had not been affected by chloride salts, and conducted a comparative analysis to identify the carbonation depth pattern in recycled concrete influenced by chloride salt exposure. The study discovered a negative correlation between the replacement rate of mineral admixture and recycled coarse aggregate and the carbonation resistance of concrete. Moreover, enhancing the quality of recycled coarse aggregate positively impacted the carbonation resistance of concrete. An improved model was developed that considers the effect of internal chloride salts on the carbonation depth of recycled concrete, in reference to the empirical prediction model presently available. The model demonstrated a high level of agreement with experimental outcomes, displaying an error range of between −4.32% and 8.27%. It enables an in-depth comprehension of the carbonation behavior of recycled aggregate concrete in an environment exposed to chloride salt attack. Based on the model, the service life of recycled concrete structures can be more accurately forecasted, which can provide a theoretical direction for enhancing the durability of engineering structure.

Experimental study on the bond-slip behavior of steel tube-coal gangue concrete

This study investigated the bond-slip behavior at the interface between steel tubes and coal gangue concrete, considering the coal gangue coarse aggregate replacement rate, the strength grade of coal gangue concrete, and the bond length as variable parameters. Eleven groups of push out tests were conducted on steel tube coal gangue concrete specimens. The bond slip curve and the longitudinal strain distribution curve of the steel tubes were obtained, and the effects of these parameters on bond strength were analyzed. The results showed that the load-slip curves at both the loading and free ends of the specimens were similar, with slip occurring earlier at the loading end. The regularity of the test curves in repeated experiments indicated that interfacial bond stress was primarily determined by friction in the later stages. The longitudinal strain of steel tubes was approximately exponentially distributed along their length. The interfacial bond strength increased with the increase of coal gangue aggregate replacement rate and was more pronounced in specimens with higher strength coal gangue concrete. Longer bond lengths resulted in greater bond failure loads, with a lower rate of increase in higher strength coal gangue concrete specimens compared to those with lower strength. Based on the three stage bond stress-slip relationship for steel tube-concrete, a bond-slip constitutive model for steel tube-coal gangue concrete was established. This provided a reference for mechanical analysis and interface performance design of steel tube-coal gangue concrete.

Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Waste Marble

Replacement of Coarse Aggregate with Waste Marble

Utilization of steel slag as partial replacement for coarse aggregate in concrete

The utilization of steel slag for industrial and construction purposes has gained significant attention in recent years due to its abundant availability and potential environmental benefits. This study explores the feasibility of utilizing steel slag as a coarse aggregate in concrete, aiming to determine the optimal replacement percentages for desired mechanical and structural properties. Experimental investigations were conducted, substituting steel slag for conventional coarse aggregate in varying proportions. The concrete mixtures were tested for compressive strength, flexural strength, workability, and other parameters. The results demonstrate the promising potential of incorporating steel slag as a partial replacement for coarse aggregate. The mixture with 30% steel slag replacement exhibited favorable strength properties and workability. Both compressive and flexural strengths showed significant improvement, highlighting the viability of steel slag as an alternative to conventional coarse aggregate. The findings provide valuable guidance for engineers, researchers, and decision-makers in the construction industry regarding the practical benefits and considerations of using steel slag in concrete mixtures. This utilization promotes resource efficiency, reduces environmental impact, and maintains or enhances the mechanical and workability properties of concrete.

Hybridization of concrete by the inclusions of kaolin, alumina and silica fume: Performance evaluation

Concrete is the prime source, which fulfils the applications for construction in various forms. The prime roles of concrete industries are reducing material usage, enrichment of compressive strength, and flexural strength of concrete usage. This research focuses on recycling kaolin (mining waste) and silica fume, a great potential material for replacing coarse aggregate gravel stone and fine aggregate sand in conventional concrete as a hybrid. The developed concrete contained 5% nano alumina (Al2O3), 10% of kaolin waste (KW), and 5, 10, and 15% of silica fume (SF), and its behavior like compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, and acid attack behavior is studied. The molecular structure of crystalline is analyzed via X-ray diffraction (XRD). The 15% SF blended with 5% alumina and 10% KW cured within 28 and 90 days recorded high compressive and flexural strength (44 ± 1.76 MPa and 4.3 ± 0.17 MPa). XRD pattern proved their alumina, SF, and KW and found that the concrete blended with 5% alumina, 10% KW, and 15 wt% SF(90 days cured concrete) showed low water absorption (3.1 ± 0.12%). The effect of sulfuric acid behavior on weight reduction was 0.78% compared to CC1 (concrete cube without Al2O3, SF, and KW).

Mechanical behavior of self-compacting recycled concrete reinforced with recycled disposable medical mask fiber

The outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic has led to a large number of waste disposable medical face masks (DMFMs) worldwide, which seriously pollute the environment and threaten human health. In this paper, waste DMFMs were recycled as mask fiber and mixed into self-compacting recycled aggregates concrete (SCRAC) to form a mask fiber reinforced self-compacting recycled aggregates concrete (FRSCRAC). The effects of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) replacement ratio, DMFM fiber content, and length on the working and mechanical properties of FRSCRAC were investigated. The results show that the specimens meet the requirements of self-compacting concrete (SCC) in terms of working and mechanical performance, but the RCA and DMFM fiber could reduce the workability of the FRSCRAC, and the higher the amount of RCA and DMFM fiber, the more obvious the reduction. At the same time, the mechanical properties of FRSCRAC increased as the decreasing RCA replacement ratio and growing DMFM fiber content. Compared with specimens without DMFM fiber reinforcement, the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength, and elastic modulus were increased by 1.3%-9.6%, 1.46%-8.6%, 24.4%-54.69%, and 0.65%-4.73%, respectively. Moreover, the reduction of the DMFM fiber length is favorable to the mechanical properties of FRSCRAC as well. Furthermore, the X-ray CT and scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) techniques were applied to analyze the microstructure of typical specimens. The results showed that the DMFM fiber and surrounding mortar could form a multiphase composite, which reduces the porosity and improves interfacial stress transfer efficiency, thus enhancing the mechanical properties of FRSCRAC. In addition, based on the experimental results, the mechanical strength index of FRSCRAC and the calculation formula of its mutual conversion relationship were proposed. The research conclusions of this paper can provide a reference for the application of waste DMFM fibers in FRSCRAC.

USE OF WASTE PLASTIC WITH BACTERIAL COATING AS A SUSTAINABLE BUILDING MATERIAL IN CONCRETE

The use of plastic is increasing day by day, although steps were taken to reduce its consumption. The suitability of recycled plastics shredded as coarse aggregate in concrete and its advantages are discussed here. Tests were conducted to determine the properties of plastic aggregate density, specific gravity and aggregate crushing value. As 100% replacement of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with shredded plastic is not feasible, partial replacement at various percentage were examined. Higher compressive strength was found with 5% NCA replaced concrete.

Copper heap leach residue aggregates in concrete: Properties and performance

This study assesses the feasibility of using copper heap leach residue (CHLR) as a sustainable alternative to natural aggregates in concrete production. The CHLR possesses flaky-angular shape grains with rough surface texture and microcracks, crystalline silica of 51.6 %, 6.1 mg/g silt-clay with a median particle size of 4.3 mm, and it becomes suitable for the partial replacement of natural fine and coarse aggregates after removing 4.2 mg/g fines through 60-minute wash. Concrete containing 25–75 % CHLR aggregates met design slump and air content of 125±25 mm and 2±0.5 %, respectively, while also demonstrating a negligible 2.9 % reduction in fresh density and 2.8 % increase in compaction factor. Concrete containing 50 % CHLR as a partial replacement of natural coarse and fine aggregates achieved compressive strengths of 47.3 MPa and 45.1 MPa at 28 days, while the compressive strength of control mix was 46.7 MPa. The mechanical properties significantly declined at 75 % CHLR incorporated concretes. The BSE-EDS analysis highlighted improved interfacial transition zone for CHLR aggregates with minimal microcracks at early age compared to the natural aggregates but developed interfacial transition zone microcracks with prolonged curing leading to a decline in mechanical strength development.

Mechanical properties and damage characteristics analysis on recycled aggregate concrete with glazed hollow beads after high temperatures by acoustic emission method

This research investigates the effect of high temperature on the mechanical and acoustic emission properties of recycled aggregate concrete with glazed hollow beads (GHB-RAC). Uniaxial compression tests were conducted on GHB-RAC at varying recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) substitution rates and glazed hollow beads (GHB) contents, and acoustic emission (AE) technology was used to monitor the compression-induced damage throughout the testing process. This study delves into the mechanical properties and damage characteristics of GHB-RAC when exposed to fire. The findings reveal that AE characteristic coefficients aptly delineate the three-stage nature of axial compression damage in concrete at temperatures up to 400 °C. However, these stage-specific traits vanish at temperatures exceeding 400 °C. Additionally, through the analysis of AE signals at different temperatures, the compression damage process is elucidated based on the b-value method. The RA-AF analysis indicates that the number of shear cracks exhibits an increasing trend with increasing temperature, and an increment in GHB dosage positively influences the percentage of tensile cracking during loading, with the influence being more significant at 70 % GHB content. The acoustic emission sensing can accurately detect and localise damage. With the increase in temperature, the distribution of AE signals depicting concrete damage is more dispersed and the number of AE signals is more larger. Notably, the incidence of localized damage points diminishes with a higher GHB ratio, indicating the efficacy of GHBs in mitigating thermal damage to the concrete. Furthermore, a damage constitutive model incorporating variables such as temperature, GHB dosage, and recycled coarse aggregate replacement rate was proposed. The model employed AE energy count parameters as the damage indicator. The good fitting results suggest that the mechanics behavior of GHB-RAC under uniaxial compression can be well described by the model. Consequently, the study offers invaluable insights into the damage evolution of post-fire recycled aggregate concrete with GHB admixtures.

Optimal utilization of low-quality construction waste and industrial byproducts in sustainable recycled concrete

Construction and demolition waste (CDW) contains abundant low-quality recycled brick aggregates (RBA) that can potentially substitute natural aggregates (NA) in concrete production. However, recycled brick aggregate concrete (RBAC) shows inferior mechanical and durability performance compared to natural aggregate concrete (NAC), posing barriers to RBAC widespread adoption. This study investigates the combined influence of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) derived from industrial byproducts and hooked-end steel fibers (HSF) on properties of concrete with 0%, 50% and 100% RBAs from CDW as replacement for natural coarse aggregates (NCA). Addition of 0.5% HSF and 20%, 10%, and 30% fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as cement replacement, respectively, were considered. Effect of different SCMs and HSF on compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), water absorption (WA), freeze-thaw (FT) and acid attack resistance of concrete were studied. Results indicated that individual incorporation of HSF showed more contribution towards mechanical performance while combined incorporation of SCMs and HSF enhanced both mechanical and durability properties, along with reduction of up to 15.6% in embodied carbon of RBAC. Microstructural examination showed pore refinement and interfacial transition zone densification in RBAC with SCMs and HSF. This study demonstrates that sustainable RBAC with excellent mechanical and durability requirements could be produced using demolished brick waste and industrial byproducts.

Developed concrete reinforced by waste of lead fishing weights and steel nails as gamma rays and neutrons shields for nuclear power reactors

Wastes of steel nails WSN and wastes of lead fishing weights WLFW were successfully recycled in concrete to enhance its ability to attenuate neutrons and gamma rays. A series of studies on the effect of partially replacing coarse aggregates of concrete with different percentages (5, 10, and 20%) of WSN or WLFW on the density, slump, compressive strength, and attenuation of neutrons and gamma rays were implemented. The compressive strength of WSN-reinforced concrete ranged between 36.2 and 45.2 MPa, while that of WLFW-reinforced concrete ranged between 28.6 and 45.1 MPa. The ability of WSN- or WLFW-reinforced concrete to attenuate neutrons and gamma rays was tested by using two types of neutron energies; slow and total slow neutrons; and three gamma rays energies 661.64, 1173.23, and 1332.51 keV. Slow and total slow neutrons macroscopic cross-section, linear and mass attenuation coefficients of gamma rays, and half value layer for both types of nuclear radiation were obtained. The results showed that there is a significant improvement in the slow and total slow neutron attenuation efficiency of the considered concrete when reinforced by WSN or WLFW. On the other hand, due to the increase in the atomic number and density of both Fe present in WSN and Pb in WLFW, the attenuation ability of the studied gamma ray energies increased. The WLFW-reinforced concrete showed better value in the gamma rays and neutrons attenuation parameters compared to the WSN-reinforced concrete. Hence, the considered concretes reinforced by WSN or WLFW are a distinguished choice as radiation shields in nuclear power reactors, in addition to their adaptability to high concentrations of waste.

Development of low carbon concrete and prospective of geopolymer concrete using lightweight coarse aggregate and cement replacement materials

The use of Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) as an alternative cement replacement material in combination with conventional coarse aggregate have been successful in the production of near green concrete. Undoubtedly, GGBS has exhibited good cementitious attributes, however, there are concerns with slow strength development and workability owing to its non-pozzolanic activities as well as some degree of porosity notwithstanding the sustainability potential. Therefore, this study presents a lytag based geopolymer lightweight concrete with high strength development, improved mechanical properties and reduced embodied carbon. To further improve and enhance the potential production of green concrete, complete replacement of conventional coarse aggregate with a recycled lightweight aggregate from industrial waste was carried out. The geopolymer precursors consisted of sodium hydroxide, sodium silicate, GGBS and silica fume to optimize the performance of the concrete at 60–80% cement replacement for a target design mix of 20, 30, 40, and 50 MPa. The performance of lytag based geopolymer concrete was compared with that of non-geopolymer lytag based concrete (control samples). The results show a 42% increase in compressive strength for the geopolymer lightweight concrete and a 22% increase in ultimate compressive strain which is an indication of improved moment of resistance in structural design. The results also show a 46–61% reduction in embodied carbon for the use of non-geopolymer lytag based concrete and 69–77% reduction for lytag based geopolymer concrete. The geopolymer concrete between 7 and 63 days of loading increases by 0.55% in creep strain compared with increases of 2.81% for non-geopolymer lytag based concrete and reduction to 27.96% for the normal weight concrete. Modulus of Elasticity reduces with age of loading for the geopolymer concrete during creep at 0.39% compared to reduction of 1.93% for non-geopolymer lytag based concrete and increase of 12% for the normal weight concrete.

Review Paper on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate by Jhama Brick in Concrete

The experiment explores using demolished brick aggregate, specifically Jhama brick, as a substitute for traditional coarse aggregate in concrete production. Different proportions of Jhama brick (15%, 25%, and 35%) were tested in M25 grade concrete. Testing included fresh and hardened concrete characteristics like workability and compressive strength at 7 and 28 days. Results showed that a 25% replacement of Jhama brick was cost-effective and had suitable strength for moderate load structures, although overall strength was lower than standard concrete. Key Word: Jhama brick, And Compressive strength test.