Repeal Of Laws Research Articles

BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGIES IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: FUNCTIONAL FEATURES AND CAPABILITIES

International relations today require additional functional capabilities to enhance transparency, security, and efficiency in various areas, from interactions between national political actors to intergovernmental cooperation. Due to its functional features, blockchain technology can improve and simplify international cooperation through decentralization and the absence of a central controlling body; transparency, which allows all network participants to have equal access to identical information; immutability and data security, as information cannot be changed or deleted without the consent of all network participants; and automation through smart contracts that automatically execute upon the agreed conditions. Improving blockchain understanding is possible through various international programs involving stakeholders, with international relations being one of the important areas. Coordination and alignment of political components between countries to create common standards will promote the global implementation of certain standards and norms for blockchain and international cooperation. This will create a clear environment for implementing information and communication technologies aimed at developing the potential of politicians, civil servants, international players, government institutions, the private sector, and other stakeholders. However, the adoption of blockchain in many countries will require a review of the legal framework, the adoption of new norms, and the possible repeal of certain laws. The role of international organizations in the blockchain industry will grow, as most governments still lack clear policies on the technology, while the private sector is already actively promoting it. Ultimately, the widespread use of blockchain as a digital technology tool in modern international relations can lead to fundamental changes in various fields, from trade and finance to intellectual property protection and political stability. The article discusses the problems of using blockchain technology in international relations with the disclosure of its functional features and further opportunities for improving cooperation at the interstate level.

Colonial-Imposed Slavery and African Abolitionism: The Early Twentieth- Century Lagos Elites’ Campaign Against the Native House Rule Ordinance

ABSTRACT This article examines the efforts of early-twentieth-century abolitionists in Lagos, Nigeria who campaigned against the Native House Rule Ordinance/Proclamation, a colonial law perceived as perpetuating indigenous slavery in the Niger Delta region. The study enriches the corpus of African abolitionist literature by revealing how a network of Lagos elites employed a strategic top-down approach to advocate for the law's repeal, which they believed sustained a form of slavery instituted by British colonialism. The research utilizes an extensive range of primary sources, including local Nigerian newspaper publications, correspondence, petitions, and archival documents from both Nigerian and British repositories. The paper contextualizes the Native House Rule system, explores the Lagos campaigners’ strategies and arguments against the ordinance, and discusses the law's amendment and eventual repeal. Through detailed case studies and the examination of African-led initiatives, the study acknowledges the previously understated contributions of African activists, thereby rectifying a significant oversight in historical literature. This paper underscores the importance of recognizing indigenous agency in historical narratives, particularly in the context of abolition and resistance to colonial policies.

Leadership Practices to Mitigate Violence and Promote Social Justice in South African Schools

Due to the repeal of apartheid laws (Bantu Education Act of 1953 and the Education and Training Act of 1979) that segregate learners on the basis of their skin colour, the South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 was enacted to place all learners on an equal footing. The latter gave learners freedom of speech, equality and human dignity. However, the introduction of this system presented new difficulties in the instructional domain. One of these issues is school violence between learners and educators, which has led some authors to question whether the idea of in loco parentis is still applicable in educational settings. School violence not only brought headaches for teachers, but also for principals in the leadership and management domain. Principals are rendered incapable of instilling discipline in schools due to school violence. For education to flourish, respect for one another is paramount, but is often lacking when violence is present. This conceptual article seeks to present leadership practices to provide social justice in schools which have been negatively affected by violence.

Legal communication in the conditions of transformation of legislation.

Тhe article examines the theoretical and legal foundations of legal communication in the context of the transformation of legislation, its role in ensuring the effectiveness of legislation. Building a modern information society requires the application of high-quality and effective legislation. After all, the level of protection of citizens’ rights and freedoms and law and order in the state depend on the effectiveness of legislation. High-quality legislation forms the harmonious development of society and the state, reduces conflicts and promotes development. In the conditions of the transformation of legislation, legal communication plays a particularly important role in ensuring the effectiveness of the law-making process. Legislation transformation involves making changes to the legal system to respond to new societal needs, technological progress, political changes, or other factors. Today it is worth clarifying the question: what is the role of legal communication in ensuring the effectiveness of legislation? In the conditions of full-scale Russian aggression, the problem of the role of legal communication in ensuring the effectiveness of legislation is urgent and requires scientific research. The functions of legal communication contribute to greater openness, understanding and participation of the public in the process of transformation of legislation. They help create a legitimate and effective legal system that takes into account the needs and interests of society. The thesis that legal communication and law-making are closely interrelated processes in the legal system is substantiated. Law-making involves the creation, amendment and repeal of laws, while legal communication encompasses the exchange of information and ideas related to law. It concludes that effective legal communication during the law-making process is critical to transparency, accountability and ensuring that laws are well-drafted, fair and reflect society’s needs and values. This allows for informed decision-making, collaboration, and the inclusion of diverse perspectives in creating and changing laws. Legal communication has been proven to be a key element of success in the law transformation process, as it helps to ensure understanding, participation and support of stakeholders, and creates a basis for effective application of new rules and changes in the legal system. Key words: legal communication, legislation, effectiveness of legislation, law-making, law-making process.

The Adoption and Safe Families Act is not worth saving: The case for repeal

AbstractThe controlling federal family regulation law, the Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (“ASFA”), has long been criticized for unnecessarily terminating the rights of parents and leaving thousands of children in its wake without legal parents or any prospect for adoption. Critics highlight the irreparable destruction ASFA has caused the Black community, and many suggest that this result is by design, not disproportionate impact. As a result, a growing movement of impacted parents, advocates, and scholars have called for ASFA's total repeal. This article draws on the work of these parents, advocates, and scholars to argue that a law whose foundation is built on inherently prejudicial policies cannot be repaired; it must be dismantled in its entirety. Dismantling is necessary not only for practical legal reasons, but also because of the symbolic importance of repeal to those most impacted by the law and its attendant policies. Laws have expressive value, and as such, the repeal of harmful laws demonstrates our priorities, our beliefs and who we are as a society. This article examines previous attempts at reform to demonstrate that any attempt to amend ASFA would be insufficient to address its fundamental flaws. Finally, the article concludes by proposing a path forward that is led by impacted families, respects the right to family integrity and recognizes the importance of supporting and investing in communities.

Free Trade without Words: Popular Public Rituals and Corn Law Repeal in the Early 1840s

AbstractThis article examines the folkloric protest and popular political culture during the anti‐Corn Law agitation. It offers a new analysis of the role of customary demonstration based on moral economy in supporting free importation of foreign corn. It examines previously unstudied bread processions during the 1841 general election and effigy burnings of Sir Robert Peel that occurred simultaneously against his minor revision of the Corn Laws in 1842. It argues that the practice of these traditional protests offered a basis on which plebeians understood the emerging idea of Free Trade. While the protesters and more moderate reformers represented by the Anti‐Corn Law League shared a common cause of Corn Law repeal, there was a potential conflict over respectability. Moreover, Chartists could appropriate this popular custom for promoting the People's Charter rather than Free Trade. This article contributes to understanding the relationship between popular custom and radical politics in the wider context of the emergence of Free Trade Britain in the early Victorian period.

Does state repeal of alcohol exclusion laws increase problem drinking?

For decades, alcohol exclusion laws (AELs) have allowed insurance companies to reject claims for physical injuries caused by alcohol consumption, including injuries from impaired driving. A central premise of AELs is that they function as a deterrent to risk-taking behaviors, such as excessive drinking. If this assumption is correct, state repeal of these laws should result in increased drinking. This study examines whether the repeal of AELs by some states affects drinking behaviors. Data were obtained from the 1993 to 2017 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System nationwide survey. Exploiting the natural experiment presented by state repeal of AELs, we assessed the impact on current drinking and binge drinking. We used a rigorous quasi-experimental difference-in-differences analysis and conducted a battery of sensitivity analyses to assure robust findings. Overall, the study found no discernable impact of state repeal of AELs on alcohol consumption. While the repeal of AELs significantly decreased the odds of reporting drinking in the past 30 days compared to those living in states with AELs or that never had AELs, the effects were small (aOR=0.98, 95% CI=0.96, 0.99). Likewise, there were higher odds of binge drinking among individuals living in states that repealed AELs compared to those living in states without AELs, yet with small effects (aOR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01, 1.05). After additionally adjusting for state-varying characteristics and state-specific time trends, no significant effects were identified regarding current and binge drinking. Findings from the sensitivity analyses were largely consistent with the main analysis. This study found no evidence supporting the idea that repealing AELs increased alcohol consumption or binge drinking. Future studies should consider other state-specific dimensions within the Uniform Accident and Sickness Policy Provision Law.

Agriculture's globalization: Endowments, technologies, tastes and policies

AbstractThe history of agricultural trade stretches back more than ten millennia, but it became more inter‐continental from the 17th century and much denser in the 19th century following the repeal of Britain's protective Corn Laws in 1846 and major declines in international trade costs. Trade was chaotic in the period bookended by the two world wars, but trade policy anarchy gave way to greater certainty after the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was signed in 1947. This paper seeks to identify the forces that shaped that history, and to re‐examine the case for continued openness to trade in farm and processed food products. It does so in the wake of uneven economic growth and structural transformation and as agri‐food systems respond to increased market and policy uncertainties this century—and to growing pressures for agricultural production to become more sustainable and for its food outputs to be safer and more nutritious. The paper points to better policy options than trade measures for achieving most national objectives—options that can simultaneously benefit the rest of the world. Areas for further economic research are noted before the paper concludes.

Adaptive meiotic drive in selfing populations with heterozygote advantage

The egalitarian allotment of gametes to each allele at a locus (Mendel’s law of segregation) is a near-universal phenomenon characterizing inheritance in sexual populations. As exceptions to Mendel’s law are known to occur, one can investigate why non-Mendelian segregation is not more common using modifier theory. Earlier work assuming sex-independent modifier effects in a random mating population with heterozygote advantage concluded that equal segregation is stable over long-term evolution. Subsequent investigation, however, demonstrated that the stability of the Mendelian scheme disappears when sex-specific modifier effects are allowed. Here I derive invasion conditions favoring the repeal of Mendelian law in mixed and obligate selfing populations. Oppositely-directed segregation distortion in the production of male and female gametes is selected for in the presence of overdominant fitness. The conditions are less restrictive than under panmixia in that strong selection can occur even without differential viability of reciprocal heterozygotes (i.e. in the absence of parent-of-origin effects at the overdominant fitness locus). Generalized equilibria are derived for full selfing.

Hot Off the Press

Priti Joshi’s Empire News is at once an archival exposition and a careful analysis of the ephemera of empire: nineteenth-century Anglo-Indian newspapers. In the literature on the press in British India, Joshi identifies a critical gap between Charles Metcalfe’s repeal of censorship laws in 1835 and the Government of India’s 1878 Vernacular Press Act which imposed restrictions on the non-English-language press. Empire News steps into this crucial moment of flux, ‘between the conclusion of empire’s territorial expansion and the cementing of its imperial identity and politics’ (p. 22), to understand the ad hoc nature of the British empire as it played out in Anglo-Indian newspapers. Methodologically grounded in book history of the late twentieth century that brought textuality and materiality into the same intellectual circuit, this book traces the ways in which newspapers traversed and were obstructed in the colonial space. Empire News examines several Anglo-Indian newspapers, leaning heavily on the Mofussilite, with four additional newspapers – the Bengal Hurkaru, the Friend of India, the Englishman, and the Hindoo Patriot. It also draws on newspapers such as the Agra Messenger, Allen’s Indian Mail, and Atlas for India. Relying primarily on the Mofussilite, a newspaper whose very name – news from the ‘mofussil’ or the provinces as opposed to the major presidencies – implies a sense of marginality, Joshi makes a nuanced argument for the persistent but uneven borrowings and uneasy exchanges at work in the Anglo-Indian press.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ОПОДАТКУВАННЯ В УМОВАХ ДІЇ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

To liberalise taxation and support business during martial law, the government introduced a 2% rate on turnover instead of VAT and income tax. The calculations confirm the planned reductions in budget revenues as a result of changes in the tax system; these reductions are not likely to be temporary. The changes introduced by the government are not a tax reform, but a need to support taxpayers during the russian federation's aggression. In such a difficult economic environment for domestic enterprises, it is relevant to study advantages and disadvantages of a new tax policy, which may (or may not) be pursued even after the repeal of martial law. The analysis of the economic nature of universal excise taxes or, as they are also called, consumption taxes (value-added tax, turnover tax, sales tax), proved that the most transparent administration and accrual are characteristic of the retail sales tax. It was studied that when levying a retail sales tax, it was difficult to identify the end-user. The disadvantage is that the state budget receives money once at the stage of the commodity last sale. A value-added tax would optimally balance budget revenues. However, the VAT mechanism is considered by most experts to be extremely corrupt due to the end-to-end control by government agencies over the actual payment of VAT, resulting in the embezzlement of public funds. Among the radical options for VAT reform, the proposal to replace VAT with a turnover tax is often considered. We fully support the generalization that the tax pyramiding of the accrual of turnover tax is a prerequisite for abandoning it all the same in favour of value added tax. Moreover, it is impossible to integrate the Ukrainian tax system into the European one without VAT. At the same time, EU tax legislation provides for simplified VAT procedures as flat-rate schemes, which is implemented in domestic practice in the form of a flat tax mechanism. Based on this study, it can be argued that the current taxation model in Ukraine is universal, namely, a combination of VAT and turnover tax application for business entities. The main objective shall be further improvement of these payments and their administration.

THEORETICAL AND HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF THE REASONS OF MEDIA REGULATION

The geopolitical catastrophes of the twentieth century have called into question the postulate of the concept that everyone is rational and seeks to find the truth, guided only by reason. Throughout the history of the development of information dissemination channels, we have constantly observed attempts by the state or other strong organizations to regulate, limit their activities – from preventive (censorship) to repressive, and often a mixture of them. The problem is the fundamental uncertainty of what exactly needs to be regulated – the circulation of information or the activities of the media. The constant search for a balance between freedom and responsibility of the media, setting boundaries and restrictions on the media and journalists, expressed through the adoption / amendment / repeal of laws and other regulations indicate the need to identify the main reasons for such regulation. Based on the understanding that any regulation is an interference in current activities, we can assume that the standardization of activities in the field of media is carried out for a specific purpose (public interest, for example), to meet market needs (support fair competition) or for technical reasons technical standards), etc. It is carried out at various levels – from relevant international norms and standards, national provisions in regulations of various levels to administrative procedures and technical specifications. In addition, it can be external – normatively defined for a certain type of activity and internal – in the form of self-regulation, such as internal control or public pressure from the outside.

The Economic Consequences of Sir Robert Peel: A Quantitative Assessment of the Repeal of the Corn Laws

Abstract This paper provides a quantitative general equilibrium evaluation of the repeal of Britain's Corn Laws in 1846. Using a detailed input-output matrix of the British economy in 1841, we find the abolition of Britain's tariff on imported grain left overall welfare roughly unchanged as the static efficiency gains are offset by terms-of-trade losses. Labourers and capital owners gained a slight amount at the expense of landowners. Combining these changes in factor payments with the different consumption patterns across income groups, we find that the top 10% of income earners lost while the bottom 90% of income earners gained.

Geographic and temporal diversity in dental morphology reflects a history of admixture, isolation, and drift in African Americans

While genetic studies have documented variation in admixture proportions in contemporary African Americans across the US, relatively little is known about the socio-historical roots of this variation. Our goal in this study is to use dental morphology to explore the socio-historical correlates of admixture, localized gene flow, and drift in African Americans. Our data are ordinally-graded dental morphological traits scored in 196 Africans, 335 Europeans and European Americans, 291 pre-Spanish-contact Native Americans, and 722 African Americans. The African American data derived from contemporary and historic samples. We eliminated from analysis individuals and traits with greater than 20% missing data. We summarized the major axes of trait variation using principal component analysis (PCA), estimated biological distance, constructed multidimensional scaling (MDS) plots of the distances, and measured the correlation between geographic and biological distance. In the PCA, African American groups clustered between Africans and Europeans on PC 1, reflecting admixture between the groups. PC 2 separated African American samples, possibly reflecting movement, isolation, and drift. MDS analyses confirmed the existence of sizable biological distances between African American samples, especially between contemporary and past African American samples. We found no relationship between biological and geographic distances. We demonstrate that admixture and drift can be inferred from multi-variable analyses of patterns of dental morphology in admixed populations. Localized gene flow has not affected patterns of trait variation in African Americans, but long-range movement, isolation, and drift have. We connect patterns of dental trait variation to efforts to flee oppression during the Great Migration, and the repeal of anti-miscegenation laws.

Disco: When fashion took to the dance floor

Discothèques, fuelled by sexual liberation (both gay and straight), influenced fashion, music, nightlife entertainment, dancing and society for several years during the 1970s. New York City (NYC) was the epicentre of the disco scene. Sexual freedoms, fuelled by the birth control pill and the repeal of laws in NYC against same-sex dancing, played out in the hedonistic disco venues, the most infamous, Studio 54. The 1977 film, Saturday Night Fever, inspired by the popularity of disco dancing in New York, introduced the dance phenomena to the world, spawning a slew of copycats. The fashion world took notice and disco looks filled the runways and fashion magazines. Part of this new freedom was embodied in recently developed synthetic fabrics that promised easy care, brilliant colour and fluid movement. Disco’s downfall was precipitated by the advent of the HIV/AIDS epidemic that threatened both homosexual and heterosexual sexual expression, coinciding with a backlash orchestrated by rock and roll fans. The fashion world in turn revolted against synthetic fabrics, claiming that natural fibres were chic and polyester was cheap. Disco came to a crashing halt in the early 1980s as these social factors, coupled with the ‘death to disco’ campaign, orchestrated by rock music radio stations, ended the short-lived era.

Formation And Development Of Constitutional And Legal Responsibility In The Ukrainian Lands In The Lithuanian-Polish Period

The article examines the peculiarities of the genesis and further development of constitutional and legal responsibility in the Ukrainian lands in the Lithuanian- Polish era. The author’s conviction that during the Lithuanian-Polish period in the Ukrainian lands the main administrative tendencies and sources of law of this period influenced the formation and development of the institution of constitutional and legal responsibility in the Ukrainian lands. To such features of the investigated type of responsibility, it is necessary to carry a number of features. The first of them was a combination of centralization and decentralization in the field of positive constitutional and legal responsibility and the implementation of state policy between the Grand Duke of Lithuania and local princes in the fourteenth century. In this case, the relationship between the Grand Duke and local princes were vassal. Local princes had broad autonomy in internal affairs, but, at the request of the Grand Duke, had to participate in military campaigns with his army and pay tribute. Thus, the centralizing tendencies of responsibility concerned the Grand Duke of Lithuania and were reduced to positive responsibility for the military-defence sphere and national taxes. As for the decentralization principles of responsibility, it was the sphere of local princes, which was reduced to broad internal powers in the lands under their control.
 The second significant feature was the centralization of power and the growing role of constitutional and legal responsibility of the Grand Duke during the fifteenth century with a simultaneous narrowing of the powers and responsibilities of local princes. In particular, the Privilege of 1434 finally consolidated the loss of state rights of local princes and turned them into subjects of the Grand Duke.
 The third feature was the redistribution of the principles of positive constitutional and legal responsibility based on caste-representative principles, the priority of collegial (collective) responsibility over individual. This was manifested in the fact that at the end of the fifteenth century. Century expanded the competence of the lords of the council, which was formed of the most influential vassals of the Grand Duke (princes, magnates, boyars, lords, including Ukrainian, church hierarchs) and acted initially as an advisory body. In particular, under the privilege of 1492, the prince decided the most important state affairs together with the gentlemen-advisers. This included issues of foreign policy, the issuance and repeal of laws, the appointment and dismissal of senior government officials, the implementation of expenditures from the state treasury, court decisions. The privilege of 1506 further strengthened the legal position of the council. Now, if the opinions of the gentlemen-advisers did not coincide with the views of the prince, the latter had to obey the council. In the absence of the Grand Duke, the council was to govern all domestic and foreign policy - with the right to declare war, inclusive. The Lithuanian Statute of 1529 recognized the Great Free Seimas as a state body. The formation of the Seimas, as a representative parliamentary body, lasted until the middle of the sixteenth century. If at first local administrators-govemors with several nobles came to the Diet, then from 1564 the nobility began to elect two representatives from the county to the Diet. The fourth feature of the period under study was the expansion of powers and constitutional liability of the Seim of the Commonwealth for legislative activities and international relations, while reducing the scope of such responsibility for the King of the Commonwealth under the Union of Lublin in 1569.

Majority support for access to abortion care including later abortion in South Australia

ObjectiveTo measure public opinion about access to abortion in South Australia. MethodsAn online survey conducted in 2019. SPSS statistical package version 22 was used for data analysis, with data weighted by age, gender, and region. ResultsThe majority (65%) of the 1,012 respondents supported the ready availability of abortion care and an additional 25% supported availability in certain circumstances. Most (70%) were unaware that abortion remains in criminal law and 80% supported decriminalisation. Support for safe access zones (88%) and the application of existing protections (69%) and obligations (94%) for conscientious objectors was high. A majority (63%) considered that later abortion should be available ‘when the woman and her healthcare team decide it is necessary’. ConclusionsThese results confirm the trend of increasing support for access to abortion and add two new insights. There was majority support for using existing general protections for the rights and obligations of those with a conscientious objection to abortion. Second, there was strong support for decisions about later abortion to be decided through normal clinical consultation. These results indicate general community approval of abortion being normalised as healthcare, with the safeguards and accountabilities that status entails. Implications for public healthThese results invite repeal of special laws about abortion care, to enable better access.

Sustainable cities versus radio base stations (RBS) installation: setback of Porto Alegre/Brazil public policy

In Porto Alegre/Brazil, the Municipal Law nº 8.896/2002, which set limits of exposure to non-ionizing radiation more protective than the levels established by the Federal Law, became a reference to other municipalities in the creation of RBS public policies, in line with the precautionary principle. In this scenario, an exploratory and descriptive research of qualitative nature was performed choosing as case study the municipal law of RBS in Porto Alegre, from the perspective of Sustainable Development. The results showed that the Municipal Law nº 8.896/2002 can be considered an innovative regulatory mark for Sustainability Development. Nevertheless, there was a flexiblization of legislation, which occurred in 2014, especially in the aspect of health. In addition, there was a repeal of Law nº 8.896/2002 at the end of 2018, resulting in an environmental setback in the political discussion about the possible adverse effects caused by electromagnetic pollution in the cities.

Conflictual Identities: The State and Feminist Women in the Islamic Republic of Iran

Abstract This study explores the tensions between the state and women’s efforts to construct an alternative vision of gender equality and feminism. The experiences of the One Million Signatures Campaign for the Repeal of Discriminatory Laws offer new perspectives on women’s struggles to carve out their own space and place in society. But how and why does the state construct and reproduce patriarchal norms and practices? Conversely, how do women, specifically feminists, address and engage the state in their attempts to form their own feminist rights and gender identities? Although it is important to understand that both the state and women draw on their own political and cultural preferences, I argue that constructing feminist identities is often an uphill battle, as women encounter resistance from the state that is not gender neutral and is patriarchal.

Does the Repeal of Mandatory Motorcycle Safety Legislation Affect the Deaths of Motorcyclists? An Autopsy-Based Study Evaluating the Impact of Michigan's Universal Helmet Law Repeal on Immediately Fatal Motorcycle Crashes

Does the Repeal of Mandatory Motorcycle Safety Legislation Affect the Deaths of Motorcyclists? An Autopsy-Based Study Evaluating the Impact of Michigan's Universal Helmet Law Repeal on Immediately Fatal Motorcycle Crashes