Repair Sequences Research Articles

The sequential organization of text and speech in multimodal synchronous computer-mediated communication

AbstractThis study uses conversation analysis to describe the sequential and functional relationship between text and speech turns in an English conversational lesson conducted in multimodal synchronous computer-mediated communication (SCMC) involving text and speech modes. Focusing on repair sequences, I examine the relative timing of turns in each mode, the interactional practices that participants employed to handle timing discrepancy, and how both modes were utilized to maintain the pedagogical and interpersonal purposes of the encounter. The analysis shows that synchronous timing between text and speech turns was rare. In time lags between text and speech turns, if the repair was a self-initiated other-repair initiated by the tutee, speech turns did not seem to orient to the time lag. In other types of repair, the tutor utilized a range of practices to accommodate for the time lags, such as extreme slow speech tempo, pivot turns, and topic pursuits. The tutor also used the silent and visual features of text to insert and project an upcoming teaching episode in the midst of unfolding topical talk. The findings suggest that multimodal SCMC is a holistic process in which the affordances of modes can be employed dynamically and integratively to achieve social actions.

Improvisational Signing in Sign Language Interaction: Through the Lens of Repair Sequence

Improvisational Signing in Sign Language Interaction: Through the Lens of Repair Sequence

Collaboration, trouble and repair in multiparty interactions involving couples with dementia or aphasia

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to identify problems with communication with persons with aphasia and persons with dementia in a collaborative interview setting with their significant others. In particular, to compare interactional practices used in order to resolve problems caused by specific symptoms.Method: Five persons with aphasia and five persons with dementia and their spouses participated in the study. Interviews were carried out couple by couple, and the interviews had a task-oriented character. The interviews were video and audio recorded. All interviews were transcribed. From the transcriptions categorisations according to previous literature were made.Result: The results demonstrated that repair sequences were frequent in interaction involving people with aphasia (PWA), and even more so in interaction involving persons with dementia (PWD). In general, it was the PWA/PWD that initiated the repair sequence more often than the spouse, thus keeping the general rule of a preference for self-initiated repair compared to other-initiated repair.Conclusion: The active involvement of the conversational partners in trouble solving sequences in interaction with PWA/PWD demonstrated in the present study indicates that the interactional style of the conversational partner to PWA/PWD important. This implies that conversation partner training programmes would be useful both for PWA and for PWD.

SPA Model on Repair Priority for Earthquake-damaged Transport Infrastructures

Sequence is an important mission and performance in such repair decision-making operation for the earthquake-damaged transport infrastructures. Through introducing Set Pair Analysis ideology, the decision-making model was established for earthquake repair sequence of transport infrastructures. Then, the SPA comparing space was built, the association identity, contrary and difference degree parameters were calculated for repair projects, the relative SPA proximity was determined for each repair project, as well as the repair sequence was given. Meanwhile, the integration of Efficiency Coefficient method and Information Entropy to determine the index weights, improved the reliability of repair sequence. Finally, Case showed a typical evaluation index system and model application, which provided a scientific, simple and suitable method on the repair priority decision-making operation for the earthquake-damaged transport infrastructures.

Collaborative participation in aphasic conversation before and after intensive language-action therapy

ABSTRACTThis study applies conversation analysis to compare everyday conversation samples between a person with aphasia (PWA) and a familiar communication partner (CP) before and after intensive language-action therapy (ILAT). Our analysis concentrated on collaborative repair sequences with the assumption that impairment-focused therapy would translate into a change in the nature of trouble sources, which engender collaborative repair action typical of aphasic conversation. The most frequent repair initiation technique used by the CP was candidate understandings. The function of candidate understandings changed from addressing specific trouble sources pre-ILAT to concluding longer stretches of the PWA’s talk post-ILAT. Alongside with these findings, we documented a clinically significant increase in the Western Aphasia Battery’s aphasia quotient post-ILAT. Our results suggest that instead of mere frequency count of conversational behaviours, examining the type and function of repair actions might provide insight into therapy-related changes in conversation following impairment-focused therapy.

Nonoccurrence of Negotiation of Meaning in Task-Based Synchronous Computer-Mediated Communication

This empirical study investigated the occurrence of meaning negotiation in an interactive synchronous computer-mediated second language (L2) environment. Sixteen dyads (N = 32) consisting of nonnative speakers (NNSs) and native speakers (NSs) of English performed 2 different tasks using videoconferencing and written chat. The data were coded and analyzed both for instances of negotiation of meaning and for instances where the NNSs did not initiate repair despite nonunderstanding. Absences of negotiation of meaning are generally excluded from detailed analysis primarily because it is difficult to establish nonunderstanding unless the participant overtly indicates it. In order to assess the effect of the nonoccurrence of negotiation of meaning on task performance and task completion, this study used 2 tasks: a culturally specific task that almost certainly would result in NNS nonunderstanding and a collaborative decision-making task that should trigger instances of negotiation of meaning. It was found that, in both tasks, instead of initiating repair sequences, NNS participants frequently did not engage in negotiation of meaning despite nonunderstanding. We conclude that disregarding nonoccurrence of negotiation of meaning in (digital) task-based language teaching may lead to misrepresenting task performance, task outcome, and task evaluation, and, beyond that, to disregarding evidence that has both empirical and theoretical consequences for the Interaction Hypothesis and, by implication, for second language acquisition.

Current concepts in midface fracture management.

Management of midface trauma is complex and challenging and requires a clear understanding of the facial buttress system, subunit anatomy and inter-relationships. Too often clinicians attempt surgical repair without adequate knowledge of the common complications associated with poor reduction and improper sequencing of fracture repair. This review outlines a working approach to the identification and management of such injuries, and the definitive management of common injury patterns. Midface trauma, with or without life-threatening and sight-threatening complications, may arise following isolated injury, or be associated with significant injuries elsewhere. Assessment needs to be both systematic and repeated, with the establishment of clearly stated priorities in overall care. Accurate and precise relocation of bony subunits and resuspension of soft tissues is vital in achieving acceptable functional and aesthetic outcomes.

Estonian aa: A multifunctional change-of-state token

The aim of the article is to show that Estonian aa is a multifunctional change-of-state particle. The audio data comes from the Corpus of Spoken Estonian of the University of Tartu and comprises 204 instances sourced from face-to-face conversations as well as phone calls, including both everyday and institutional interaction. As a response to the information given in the prior turn, aa functions as a marker of understanding in four contexts mentioned in the previous literature. Aa indicates change from not-knowing to now-knowing as a response to information and to question-elicited information, the solution of the problem in a repair sequence and change from being wrongly informed to rightly informed. In addition, aa is used as a marker of sudden recollection. We introduced a new kind of change-of-state not described in literature: aa as a marker of delayed realization. In the first position, we described four functions of aa: a marker of independent now remembering, independent noticing, successful outcome of a search, and a new variant of independent delayed realization. Our analysis indicates that participants rely on the sequential position of aa to determine the change-of-state functions. We compare the usage of aa with the change-of-state tokens of English, German and Finnish.

Targeted, homology-driven gene insertion in stem cells by ZFN-loaded 'all-in-one' lentiviral vectors.

Biased integration remains a key challenge for gene therapy based on lentiviral vector technologies. Engineering of next-generation lentiviral vectors targeting safe genomic harbors for insertion is therefore of high relevance. In a previous paper (Cai et al., 2014a), we showed the use of integrase-defective lentiviral vectors (IDLVs) as carriers of complete gene repair kits consisting of zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) proteins and repair sequences, allowing gene correction by homologous recombination (HR). Here, we follow this strategy to engineer ZFN-loaded IDLVs that insert transgenes by a homology-driven mechanism into safe loci. This insertion mechanism is driven by time-restricted exposure of treated cells to ZFNs. We show targeted gene integration in human stem cells, including CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitors and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Notably, targeted insertions are identified in 89% of transduced iPSCs. Our findings demonstrate the applicability of nuclease-loaded 'all-in-one' IDLVs for site-directed gene insertion in stem cell-based gene therapies.

Developing an optimum maintenance policy by life cycle cost analysis – a case study

This paper focuses on developing maintenance policies for critical assets to improve the production performance based on life cycle cost (LCC) analysis. A general approach is adopted for conducting the LCC analysis. The investigation is based on a case study to demonstrate how an optimum maintenance policy is determined. The relevant LCC structure in the case study is defined for the decision process which involves determination of the optimum life, repair limit and selection of materials, and trade-off between repair and replacement. The LCC analysis is based on statistical data modelling which facilitates decision-making on the optimal replacement of an asset and its remaining life. Based on the optimization and remaining life criterion, the optimal maintenance policy can be made. The results obtained from this case study include selection of the best lining material for use, determination of the optimal time for refractory lining replacement, the hot repair sequence required for maintaining the optimum condition and the repair limit for doing cold repairs before replacement, for one type of electric arc furnaces used in the steel industry.

Revisiting decidual vasculopathy

IntroductionIn the setting of preeclampsia (PE), decidual vasculopathy (DV) can be seen along the free membranes. MethodsWe describe DV using stains for CD31, CD34, Cd42b, CD68, desmin, fibrin and Masson's trichrome in patients with preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. ResultsWe first examined the “membrane roll” sections from the placentas of six patients with preeclampsia. Affected vessels showed endothelial proliferation with detachment. Remodeling of the media was characterized by smooth muscle loss with variable degrees of fibrin deposition. CD31 and CD34 highlighted the prominent endothelium and showed striking particulate staining throughout the media. All of these findings infer a sequence of endothelial injury, fragmentation and repair with incorporation of endothelial components into the vascular wall. We evaluated the frequency of DV by clinical presentation; in cases with PE with and without small for gestational age (SGA) (N = 15), and SGA with and without Doppler flow abnormalities (N = 15). All groups except the SGA without Doppler abnormalities showed DV. Among placentas with DV, the most severely affected group was PE with SGA; the least affected was PE without SGA. DiscussionThe association with SGA suggests that the DV is a subacute process of vascular injury that accelerates in the setting of PE. The majority of DV cases were not initially recognized suggesting a role for endothelial markers for DV detection. We also propose that the rampant endothelial injury seems to be a prominent finding in the decidual vessels of subjects with PE complicated by SGA and a similar process in the systemic vasculature may be responsible for the circulating endothelial microparticles reported in such patients.

Interactional challenges in conversations with autistic preadolescents: The role of prosody and non-verbal communication in other-initiated repairs

This paper focusses on repair sequences occurring in institutional interaction with autistic preadolescents. More precisely, the paper discusses the role of prosodic and non-verbal features in situations where the participants of interaction have difficulties understanding each other. The discussion will include analysis of the prosodic and non-verbal features of trouble-source turns that launch other-initiated repairs. Methodologically, the study falls within the framework of conversation analysis (CA). The data consist of audio-visual material recorded from group therapy sessions during which 11- to 13-year-old Finnish-speaking boys afflicted with autism talk about their lives with one another and with their therapists.The study findings suggest that certain prosodic and non-verbal features are often associated with trouble-source turns. For example, in 84% of the cases here, there is no eye contact between the speaker producing a trouble-source turn and the one who initiates the repair sequence. Sometimes the lack of eye contact is associated with overlapping speech (38%). Concerning the prosody, the most frequent feature is a creaky voice, which occurs in 35% of the trouble-source turns. A quiet voice (31%), large pitch excursions (24%), stretched syllables (18%) and jerky speech rhythms (16%) are examples of other prosodic features that could be found in the trouble-source turns of the data.The results of this study demonstrate that ASD persons’ tendency to avoid direct eye contact as well as the occurrences of certain deviant prosodic features in their speech are factors that affect the fluidity of interaction and are related to the creation of understanding problems. However, only in a very few cases do non-verbal and prosodic features seem to be the main cause of the problem of understanding. The two most common causes of understanding problems in these data are overly literal interpretation of speech and topical discontinuities.The study also gives new evidence about autistic persons’ pragmatic and interactional skills. Indeed, the data include passages in which the informants seem to have the ability to make certain inferences about the mental states of others. This is remarkable, because it is known that the ability in question is impaired in autism.

Abstract S4-03: A functional assay for homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair and whole exome sequencing reveal that HR-defective sporadic breast cancers are enriched for genetic alterations in DNA repair genes

Abstract Background: Germline mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes lead to hereditary breast cancers that are defective in homologous recombination (HR) repair and sensitive to DNA damaging agents. HR deficiency (HRD) also occurs in sporadic breast cancers, but its incidence and etiology are unclear. Genomic signatures of HRD recently were employed as biomarkers in clinical trials with modest success. We posited that sporadic breast cancers displaying functional HR deficiency would harbor genetic alterations affecting HR DNA repair genes. To test this hypothesis, we applied a functional assay to define lack of competent HR DNA repair and sequenced the exomes of consecutive sporadic breast cancers. Methods: We developed an assay to assess the ability of cancer cells to localize RAD51 into sub nuclear foci in response to ex-vivo irradiation (IR) in fresh sporadic breast cancer tissue specimens from 60 patients. RAD51 focus formation was compared between mock and IR conditions to determine relative fold induction. Twenty-nine tumors with sufficient DNA underwent whole-exome sequencing. Structural genomic signatures of HRD (i.e. large state transitions (LST), telomeric imbalance (NtAI), loss-of-heterozygositiy (LOH)) and a previously reported mutational signature related to BRCA1/2 hereditary breast cancers were assessed. HR deficient tumors were defined as those with both RAD51 foci defects and a genomic signature of HR deficiency (LST>15 or presence of a BRCA mutational signature). Somatic, germ-line, and copy number changes in HR genes were investigated. BRCA1 methylation status was determined. Results: Seventeen of 60 (28%) tumors displayed defective RAD51 recruitment following ex-vivo IR (RAD51-DEF). RAD51-DEF was seen in all breast cancer subtypes , including 7 of 33 (21%) ER+/HER2-, 4 of 14 (29%) HER2+, and 6 of 13 (48%) triple-negative cases. Of the 29 sequenced tumors, 13 (45%) were RAD51-DEF and 16 (55%) were competent for inducing RAD51 foci. LST was elevated in 10 tumors (LST >15) and associated with RAD51-DEF (p=0.02), whereas NtAI (p=0.10) and LOH (p=0.052) did not show a significant association with RAD51-DEF. The BRCA1/2 mutational signature was evident in 4 tumors, all were RAD51-DEF (p=0.03) and 2 were BRCA2 mutated. Nine of 29 (31%) sequenced tumors were determined to have HRD by the RAD51 assay and presence of a genomic scar. Eight of these 9 (88%) cases with HRD had a genetic alteration of both alleles of a bona fide HR gene due to a pathogenic mutation (somatic or germline) coupled with loss of heterozygosity or a homozygous deletion compared to 1 (5%) tumor without HRD (p<0.001). Both alleles of a gene were affected for BRCA2 (n=4), FAAP100 (n=2), CHEK2 (n=1), TP53BP1 (n=1) and BRCA1 (n=1). BRCA1 gene promoter methylation was found not to be significantly associated with HRD. Conclusion: Combined functional and genomic analyses of breast tumors demonstrated that genetic loss of an HR gene may underpin HRD in sporadic breast cancers. Our findings warrant further comprehensive genetic assessment (somatic, germline, and copy number) of HR genes as potential biomarker for HR-directed therapies. Citation Format: Powell SN, Riaz N, Mutter RW, Ng CKY, Delsite R, Piscuoglio S, King TA, Martelotto L, Sakr R, Brogi E, Edelweiss M, Lim R, Higginson D, Weigelt B, Lee W, Reis-Filho JS. A functional assay for homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair and whole exome sequencing reveal that HR-defective sporadic breast cancers are enriched for genetic alterations in DNA repair genes. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2015 Dec 8-12; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(4 Suppl):Abstract nr S4-03.

Comparison of ultrasonography with conventional radiography in the diagnosis of zygomatic complex fractures.

Zygomatic complex fractures have changed in patterns of occurrence, severity, and, more importantly, in the mode of injury. Protection of the globe and maintaining the width of the face are the more important roles of the complex. Diagnosis and treatment planning of such fractures become imperative in the sequencing of repair if and where indicated, especially in the case of isolated zygomatic complex fractures. Exploring the versatility of ultrasonography (US), in diagnosing zygomatic complex fractures in comparison to conventional radiography in a double-blind study, the objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of US and to explore the possibility of making US examination a mainstay in the primary diagnosis of such fractures. The prospective, double-blind study design included 32 patients suspected of having sustained isolated zygomatic complex fractures. The patients underwent US examination and radiographic examination in the form of para-nasal sinus (PNS) and sub-mentovertex (SMV) views for comparison. A sensitivity of 100% was seen in favor of US in the areas of the fronto-zygomatic suture (FZ), arch, infra-orbital, and buttress areas. Statistically significant differences (p<.01) was seen in areas of the arch and buttress region and in the infra-orbital area. Although US showed 100% sensitivity in detection of fracture lines at three articulations of the four that make up the zygomatic complex, it lacked in quantifying the amount and degree of displacement of the fractured segments, which hampered accurate treatment planning.

Facial Fractures.

After reading this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of some of the changes in aspects of facial fracture management. 2. Assess a patient presenting with facial fractures. 3. Understand indications and timing of surgery. 4. Recognize exposures of the craniomaxillofacial skeleton. 5. Identify methods for repair of typical facial fracture patterns. 6. Discuss the common complications seen with facial fractures. Restoration of the facial skeleton and associated soft tissues after trauma involves accurate clinical and radiologic assessment to effectively plan a management approach for these injuries. When surgical intervention is necessary, timing, exposure, sequencing, and execution of repair are all integral to achieving the best long-term outcomes for these patients.

Other-initiated Repair in Argentine Sign Language

Abstract Other-initiated repair is an essential interactional practice to secure mutual understanding in everyday interaction. This article presents evidence from a large conversational corpus of a sign language, showing that signers of Argentine Sign Language (Lengua de Señas Argentina or ‘LSA’), like users of spoken languages, use a systematic set of linguistic formats and practices to indicate troubles of signing, seeing and understanding. The general aim of this article is to provide a general overview of the different visual-gestural linguistic patterns of other-initiated repair sequences in LSA. It also describes the quantitative distribution of other-initiated repair formats based on a collection of 213 cases. It describes the multimodal components of open and restricted types of repair initiators, and reports a previously undescribed implicit practice to initiate repair in LSA in comparison to explicitly produced formats. Part of a special issue presenting repair systems across a range of languages, this article contributes to a better understanding of the phenomenon of other-initiated repair in terms of visual and gestural practices in human interaction in both signed and spoken languages.

Correlation between afferent rearrangements and behavioral deficits after local excitotoxic insult in the mammalian vestibule: a rat model of vertigo symptoms.

ABSTRACTDamage to inner ear afferent terminals is believed to result in many auditory and vestibular dysfunctions. The sequence of afferent injuries and repair, as well as their correlation with vertigo symptoms, remains poorly documented. In particular, information on the changes that take place at the primary vestibular endings during the first hours following a selective insult is lacking. In the present study, we combined histological analysis with behavioral assessments of vestibular function in a rat model of unilateral vestibular excitotoxic insult. Excitotoxicity resulted in an immediate but transient alteration of the balance function that was resolved within a week. Concomitantly, vestibular primary afferents underwent a sequence of structural changes followed by spontaneous repair. Within the first two hours after the insult, a first phase of pronounced vestibular dysfunction coincided with extensive swelling of afferent terminals. In the next 24 h, a second phase of significant but incomplete reduction of the vestibular dysfunction was accompanied by a resorption of swollen terminals and fiber retraction. Eventually, within 1 week, a third phase of complete balance restoration occurred. The slow and progressive withdrawal of the balance dysfunction correlated with full reconstitution of nerve terminals. Competitive re-innervation by afferent and efferent terminals that mimicked developmental synaptogenesis resulted in full re-afferentation of the sensory epithelia. By deciphering the sequence of structural alterations that occur in the vestibule during selective excitotoxic impairment, this study offers new understanding of how a vestibular insult develops in the vestibule and how it governs the heterogeneity of vertigo symptoms.

Consonant clusters and intelligibility in English as a Lingua Franca in Japan

This is a qualitative study of the relationship between consonant cluster articulation and intelligibility in English as a Lingua Franca interactions in Japan (Jenkins 2000; Matsumoto 2011). Some research has claimed that the full articulation of consonant clusters in lexeme-initial and lexeme-medial position is critical to the maintenance of intelligibility (Jenkins 2000, 2002, 2007; Walker 2010; Deterding 2013). Using conversation analytic methodology to examine a corpus of repair sequences in interactions among English as a Lingua Franca speakers at a Japanese university, this study claims that consonant elision in consonant clusters in lexeme-initial, lexeme-medial, and lexeme-final position can attenuate intelligibility, and that the insertion of an elided consonant into a word that was oriented to as unintelligible can help restore intelligibility in English as a Lingua Franca.

VOCABULARY NEGOTIATION IN THE KFL CLASSROOM: LANGUAGE LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES THROUGH INTERACTION

Using the micro-analytic framework of conversation analysis, this study demonstrates Korean language learners’ varying repair strategies when facing vocabulary production problems. The purpose of this study is twofold: (1) to explore the ways in which Korean L2 learners co-construct repair sequences for vocabulary negotiation and (2) to advance our understanding of how learning opportunities are created in Korean as a Foreign Language (KFL) classroom interaction. The data analyzed for this study are drawn from approximately nineteen hours of Korean as a second language classroom conversations, involving seven students and a teacher. It specifically investigates the various organ-izations of repair by two different language proficiency levels: advanced and intermediate. Analysis of moment-by-moment classroom interaction reveals that advanced and intermediate learners show different preferences and utilize repair sequences in differing ways in order to negotiate target vocabulary with interactants. Participants in the interaction move back and forth between the ongoing talk and the repair sequence and collaboratively resolve their problems in ways that create opportunities for learning. The analysis of these practices of “vocabulary negotiation” adds to a body of work that shows how students participate in building their own learning opportunities.

A membrane scaffold for repairing DNA

DNA Repair Many cellular processes inadvertently cause DNA damage, so cell survival critically depends on high-fidelity DNA repair. In Escherichia coli , the protein RecA plays a central role in repairing damaged DNA. RecA forms filaments on the ends of broken DNA, which allow the DNA repair machinery to search the genome for homologous sequences for accurate repair of the DNA break. Rajendram et al. now show that RecA interacts with specific lipids in the inner plasma membrane of E. coli. This membrane scaffolding acts to store RecA in the absence of DNA breaks. It also helps to nucleate and stabilize RecA filament bundles when breaks form, promoting DNA repair. Mol. Cell. 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.09.009 (2015).