State Reorganization Research Articles

255. Automated classification of Resting State fMRI networks using Machine Learning algorithms

Purpose The need of an automatic reorganization of the massive Resting State (RS) output is impelling due to the spreading of the RS fMRI [1] , as a huge number of RS network is carried out for each subject and only a few of them are interesting. The aim of the study is to use a Machine Learning algorithm to identify four relevant networks (Default Mode, Auditory, Visual, Frontal), developing an automated protocol of network classification. Methods RS analysis has been carried out with CONN software [2] in 21 elderly subjects (11 M–10 F, 73 ± 4 years), acquired in GE 3T scanner with a EPI sequence (TR/TE 2000/30 ms, 3.2 × 3.2 × 3.4 mm3, Volumes 250): the raw fMRI images were spatially and temporally preprocessed with standard analysis steps and subsequently a Independent Component Analysis (ICA) was performed to carry out the RS networks for each subject. The four classes of relevant networks were tested against a class of random chosen networks in PRoNTo software [3] with a multiclass Gaussian Process. After the cross-validation test phase, the weight of single voxels into the classification process was obtained for each network class. Results PRoNTo successfully classified the networks with a permutation test obtaining a total accuracy of 92.38% (p Table 1 . Fig. 1 represents the confusion matrix. Conclusion The Machine Learning algorithm correctly identified four relevant RS networks against random ones, showing the possibility to automatize a protocol of RS network classification. Funding DRINN PROJECT – Diabetes Research Innovation 2015.

Priorities for Russian Education System Reformation

In the modern conditions of the knowledge economy, when professional knowledge becomes obsolete quickly, the increased attention of the state to the sphere of education is noted. Accordingly, it is necessary to revise the approaches to the management of education sphere in the long term. The prerequisites for education sphere reformation in Russia were the transformational processes of the social reorganization of the Russian state. An effective organization of the education system in modern conditions is the basis for an economic growth achievement. Therefore, it is necessary to apply new principles for the training of professional personnel, taking into account the needs of the emerging innovative market economy. The sphere of education as one of the most important aspects of society life is in the joint responsibility of the federation and its subjects. At the federal level, they determine the vector and the main priorities for the development of the state educational system, at the regional level they develop the main ideas of federal policy taking into account regional peculiarities, needs and opportunities. The standard of living and well-being of Russian society, its general economic and social development, the level and the pace of scientific and technical achievements are determined by the level and the quality of the state educational system operation. Besides, the structure and the content of the education system itself, its competitiveness in the world arena, the compliance with international quality standards and requirements, determine the level of innovative development of the country economy, the intensification of economic development, a favorable social atmosphere and the national security at the international, national and regional levels .

From exemplary practitioners to urban chameleons? The role of the citizen in the redistribution of tasks in local governance

ABSTRACT This article further theorizes exemplary practitioners’ roles in neighborhood governance by building on the framework of the four ideal types of practitioners—frontline worker, everyday fixer, social entrepreneur and boundary spanner. An actor-focused approach was applied which delivered data to reconstruct processes in which a single citizen practitioner engaged in an Amsterdam neighborhood. Data were collected through shadowing and interviewing him for 2 months. It is shown how this exemplary practitioner combined and switched between the role characteristics of the four generic types, just like chameleon, during his interactions with other actors in various situations and contexts. During this dynamic role switching, he took on the tasks of a community developer, previously delivered by civil servants. He also facilitated stakeholder collaboration leading to more inclusive and democratic local governance. However, role switching caused him to loose the trust of some citizens on the long term. These findings gain relevance in the context of the reorganization of the Dutch welfare state.

Photophysical insights on the influence of excited states reorganization processes on the visible and near infra-red luminescence of two-photon quadrupolar chromophores

We synthesized three different families of quadrupolar dyes, differing by the nature of their aromatic central cores (phenyl, fluorenyl, anthracenyl), in which we systematically varied the length of the π-conjugated backbone and the nature of the central bridge. We compared their linear and non-linear spectroscopic and photophysical features. We showed that the introduction of a diyne bridge is efficient in consistently increasing the Stokes shifts in these fluorophores, especially in high polarity solvents. By a combined theoretical and spectroscopic study we show that this feature is favoured by distortion of their π-conjugated skeleton at the electronic ground state. Unfortunately, this distortion process is generally detrimental to their fluorescence quantum yields. However, in the course of this study, we identify a particularly promising dye, that combines a large two-photon absorption (650 GM@760 nm) while keeping efficient emission (ϕf = 0.3) in the far-red/NIR (ca 700 nm) in polar solvent (DMSO).

Offline stimulation of human parietal cortex differently affects resting EEG microstates

The interference effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on several electroencephalographic (EEG) measures in both temporal and frequency domains have been reported. We tested the hypothesis whether the offline external inhibitory interference, although focal, could result in a global reorganization of the functional brain state, as assessed by EEG microstates. In 16 healthy subjects, we inhibited five parietal areas and used a pseudo stimulation (Sham) at rest. The EEG microstates were extracted before and after each stimulation. The canonical A, B, C and D templates were found before and after all stimulation conditions. The Sham, as well as the stimulation of a ventral site did not modify any resting EEG microstates’ topography. On the contrary, interfering with parietal key-nodes of both dorsal attention (DAN) and default mode networks (DMN), we observed that the microstate C clearly changes, whereas the other three topographies are not affected. These results provide the first causal evidence of a microstates modification following magnetic interference. Since the microstate C has been associated to the activity in regions belonging to the cingulo-opercular network (CON), the regional specificity of such inhibition seems to support the theory of a link between CON and both DAN and DMN at rest.

Electoral Politics in Punjab: A Study of Shiromani Akali Dal

AbstractThe article presents an overview of the electoral politics of Punjab as it has evolved since partition from the vantage point of Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD), the oldest surviving state level party in India. It is argued that SAD has been the catalyst behind the major shifts in the politics of the post-partition state. Besides being the most successful party, apart from the Congress, since the state's reorganization in 1966, it has had statewide organizational presence. The Panthic party also receives attention, as it claims to be the legitimate custodian of the Sikh community's religious and cultural interests whenever they are perceived to be under threat, and not just their political interests. Post-militancy, the leadership of Badal has been instrumental in affecting a critical shift in the SAD agenda as it now seeks support based on its record at the front of development and governance rather than by evoking ethnic issues. Significantly, while SAD has retained its core social constituency of the rural Sikhs, it has also succeeded in reaching out to the urban Hindus, including the sizable dalits by following a regionalist populist agenda. Its long-standing alliance with the BJP, an urban Hindutva party, has helped the party broaden its support base. Emergence of AAP as the third credible alternative in what has long been a bipolar polity, with the political power remaining either with the Congress or with the SAD/BJP combine, has posed a fresh challenge to the long entrenched parties, most significantly the SAD which is no longer an ideologically driven cadre based driven movement party.

Problems of Economic Security of Health Care Institutions

The special attention to the problems of economic security of health care institutions is paid in the paper. The essence of the category «health care institution» and its classification are considered. Such problems of the economic security of health care institutions were identified as insufficient level of budget financing, loss of scientific and qualified personnel, decline of use of innovative products, increasing dependence on imported medicines, increasing circulation of counterfeit medicines. The direct threat to the security of health care institutions under the influence of an open reorganization of state and municipal health care institutions in state and communal non-profit enterprises is determined. The main statistical trends of budget financing of health care institutions in Ukraine are studied due to the volume of expenditures on the branch. The reasons for the low level of financing are determined; the mathematical model of the dependence of the nominal gross domestic product and expenditures on health protection is formed. The extremely low level of health care expenditures in Ukraine is noted in comparison with other countries. The negative dynamics of availability of doctors and medical personnel in the country was revealed. The using of outdated fixed assets and equipment in health care institutions and the Ministry of Health’s inability to provide them with new equipment are determined in the paper. The pharmaceutical market in the state is analyzed and the growing dependence of health care institutions on imported medicines is established. The content of falsification of medicinal products due to the possible absence of active substance in preparations, unknown technologies of obtaining medicinal products and substituting medicinal substances for cheaper analogues are disclosed. The sources of receipt of counterfeit medicines to health care institutions have been established. The authors use such research methods as analysis and synthesis, abstraction and generalization, comparison, statistical method, method of mathematical modeling.

Lower unemployment benefits and old-age pensions is a major setback in social policy

The Swedish welfare state has been subject to a substantial re-organization in recent decades, not always recognized in the international literature. Almost every area of social policy have changed, often in the downward direction and with potential far-reaching consequences for the social sustainability of the Swedish welfare state. In this research note, I discuss significant changes to Swedish social policy and place the reorganization of the Swedish welfare state in an international perspective. Focus is on old-age pensions and unemployment benefits. Both areas are characterized by significant changes.

BOOK DESIGN IN UKRAINE IN THE LATE 20TH CENTURY

In Ukraine, the breakthrough of the 1980s and 1990s was characterized by book design development as a multi-faceted and indicative phenomenon, since at all times the art immediately reacted to any historical changes and reflected the socio-cultural processes. The purpose of this article is to define and compare special artistic features of the book design in Ukraine in the period of 1980s and 1990s. The article considers special aspects of book design development in the territory of modern Ukraine at the close of the 20th century, examines isolated and correlated artistic features of the Ukrainian book editions of the 1980s and 1990s as two qualitatively different periods, and describes the main characteristics of the relevant book products. Moreover, the leading book masters, whose work reflected specifics of this period and became trademarks of the abovementioned age, are determined. Consequently, book design development in Ukraine in the late 20th century looks rather ambiguous from an artistic point of view. The radical structural and political state reorganization in the early 1990s divided its history in two separate stages and influenced all art spheres without exclusion, including the book art. One of the main significant changes in the book design sphere was a transition from classical forms, which depended on the outdated production technologies in the Soviet era, to the electronic design and active computerization of all operations in the sphere of book production. This new environment influenced the worldview of artists and book designers. Put in other words, the mentioned circumstances influenced the restructuring and reformatting of the entire industry, and strengthened the role of a designer as a co-author of a book. This ensured access to new printing standards and contributed to the development of book publishing industry in Ukraine.

The Failure of the Indian Federation's Process of Civic Nation Formation

The States Reorganization Act of 1956, which reformed India's state boundaries primarily along linguistic lines, derailed civic nation creation in postindependence India. Thereafter, regional politicians were given a linguistic community with occasional ethnic congruence as their vote bank. This post-1956 political reality incentivized regional identity formation for regional politicians consolidating political power and eroded the influence of the independence era English-educated secular elite. In addition, the 1956 act made it a strategic rational choice for regional political elites not given their own states, to fight for the formation of new states. The hypothesis demonstrated in this article follows: The States Reorganization Act of 1956 made it the rational choice for regional political and intellectual elites to consolidate power based upon linguistic regional identities, making the central independence era goal of an overarching civic nationalism for the Indian federation impossible.

Theoretical approach for elastically driven cooperative switching of spin-crossover compounds impacted by an ultrashort laser pulse

In this paper, we use an elastic model in order to study the elastically driven cooperative switching of spin-crossover materials after femtosecond laser excitation. In this model, the molecules occupy a triangular lattice in open-boundary systems, and they are connected by springs. The volume change of a molecule between its two possible spin states, low-spin and high-spin, determines a variation of the spring length and therefore modifies elastic interactions between molecules, which propagates throughout the whole sample as elastic distortions. This model is able to reproduce the multistep out-of-equilibrium response to ultrashort laser excitation and especially the elastically driven cooperative response. It is developed in order to predict the behavior of the system as a function of its different physical parameters, such as the magnitude of the elastic constant or the homogeneity of the photoexcitation. The contribution of the reorganization of the molecular states during elastic steps, leading to clusters of high-spin molecules toward the edge or the corners, is also revealed.

One-loop free energy of tensionless type IIB string in AdS5\xd7S5

Considering the zero ’t Hooft coupling limit of mathcal{N}=4 super-Yang-Mills theory, the exact spectrum of all single-trace operators can be accessed in terms of the underlying so(2, 4) character. This makes it possible in turn to compute the one-loop free energy of the tensionless type IIB string theory in AdS5×S5 background, with help of the recently developed method of character integral representation of zeta function (CIRZ). We calcu-late first the one-loop free energy of the string states in the (p − 1)-th Regge trajectory and find the result to be p times the free energy of a single mathcal{N}=4 Maxwell multiplet. The full one-loop free energy is hence proportional to the divergent series {displaystyle {sum}_{p=2}^{{}_{infty }}p} . The divergence arises as a result of interrupting the regularization procedure in an intermediate stage. With a reorganization of states, we extract the finite part of free energy after summing over the Regge trajectories. This way gives us a finite result which is minus of the free energy of the mathcal{N}=4 multiplet. Hence, this bulk one-loop result matches the −1 term in the N2− 1 factor of the boundary result.

Common Tongue: The Impact of Language on Educational Outcomes

This article investigates the impact of official language policies on education using state formation in India. Colonial provinces consisted of some districts where the official language matched the district's language and some where it did not. Linguistically mismatched districts have 18.0 percent lower literacy rates and 20.1 percent lower college graduation rates, driven by difficulty in acquiring education due to a different medium of instruction in schools. Educational achievement caught up in mismatched districts after the 1956 reorganization of Indian states on linguistic lines, suggesting that political reorganization can mitigate the impact of mismatched language policies.

A single-bout of Endurance Exercise Modulates EEG Microstates Temporal Features.

Electrical neuroimaging is a promising method to explore the spontaneous brain function after physical exercise. The present study aims to investigate the effect of acute physical exercise on the temporal dynamic of the resting brain activity captured by the four conventional map topographies (microstates) described in the literature, and to associate these brain changes with the post-exercise neuromuscular function. Twenty endurance-trained subjects performed a 30-min biking task at 60% of their maximal aerobic power followed by a 10km all-out time trial. Before and after each exercise, knee-extensor neuromuscular function and resting EEG were collected. Both exercises resulted in a similar increase in microstate class C stability and duration, as well as an increase in transition probability of moving toward microstate class C. After the first exercise, the increase in class C global explained variance was correlated with the indice of muscle alterations (100Hz paired stimuli). After the second exercise, the increase in class C mean duration was correlated with the 100Hz paired stimuli, but also with the reduction in maximal voluntary force. Interestingly, microstate class C has been associated with the salience resting-state network, which participates in integrating multisensory modalities. We speculate that temporal reorganization of the brain state after exercise could be partially modulated by the muscle afferents that project into the salience resting-state network, and indirectly participates in modulating the motor behavior.

Anomalous evolution of broadband optical absorption reveals dynamic solid state reorganization during eumelanin\xa0build-up in thin films

The origin of eumelanin optical properties remains a formidable conundrum preventing a detailed understanding of the complex photo-protective role of these widespread natural pigments and the rational design of innovative bioinspired materials for optoelectronic applications. Here we report the unusual kinetic and thickness-dependent evolution of the optical properties of black eumelanin polymers generated by spontaneous aerial polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) thin films (0.1–1 μm), consistent with peculiar solid state reorganization mechanisms governing broadband absorption. The complete reversal of eumelanin UV-visible transmittance spectrum curvature on passing from 0.2 to 0.5 μm thick films, the marked increase in visible extinction coefficients with increasing film thickness and the higher UV extinction coefficients in slowly vs. rapidly generated polymers concur to support distinct dynamic regimes of solid-state molecular reorganization at the nanoscale level and to do affect the development of broadband visible absorption. Solid state control of molecular reorganization disclosed herein may delineate new rational strategies for tuning optical properties in eumelanin thin films for optoelectronic applications.

Rare Event: IRS Ruling That Leasing Is Exempt Function

The IRS ruled that leasing of its premises by a tax‐exempt hospital to a state university as part of a state's reorganization of its health care system is an activity in furtherance of charitable purposes and that the underlying property will not be considered unrelated debt‐financed property generating unrelated business income (Priv. Ltr. Rul. 201702002).

Quantum oscillations without magnetic field

When magnetic field $B$ is applied to a metal, nearly all observable quantities exhibit oscillations periodic in $1/B$. Such quantum oscillations reflect the fundamental reorganization of electron states into Landau levels as a canonical response of the metal to the applied magnetic field. We predict here that, remarkably, in the recently discovered Dirac and Weyl semimetals quantum oscillations can occur in the complete absence of magnetic field. These zero-field quantum oscillations are driven by elastic strain which, in the space of the low-energy Dirac fermions, acts as a chiral gauge potential. We propose an experimental setup in which the strain in a thin film (or nanowire) can generate pseudomagnetic field $b$ as large as 15T and demonstrate the resulting de Haas-van Alphen and Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations periodic in $1/b$.

Does ethnofederalism explain the success of Indian federalism?

ABSTRACTEthnofederalism has been contested as a solution for diverse societies as seen recently in Nepal (where federalism has been accepted, but the design and number of units remains heavily contested) and Myanmar (where ethnic minority demands for increasing federalization have had to take a back seat to the demands for increasing democracy). It remains a heavily contested subject in Sri Lanka. Concerns are expressed that ethnofederalism will increase pressures for secession and/or lead to increased violence through increasing a sense of separateness of the people living within that territory, providing resources for political entrepreneurs to mobilize groups against the center and will lead to the persecution of minorities within the ethnofederal units. India is an example of a federation that appears to demonstrate that ethnofederalism decreases rather than increases conflict through its successful reorganization of states along linguistic lines. However, a group-level analysis reveals a more diverse picture. India has simultaneously been both a success and a failure at conflict management.

Indian federalism at the crossroads: Limits of the territorial management of ethnic conflict

ABSTRACTThis article critically examines territorial strategies adopted by the Indian state to accommodate territorially concentrated minority groups in two very recent cases: the formation of Telangana (2014) and the Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC) (2003). We situate both cases within the broader context of linguistic state reorganization in India since the 1950s. We argue that while the formation of states on the basis of linguistic principle was necessary given the long history of demand for linguistic states in India, it is, as Telangana and BTC clearly bear out, not sufficient to accommodate minorities. This is especially the case when, inter alia, language is: (1) appropriated by the dominant group within a state (or states) as a vehicle to perpetuate political majoritarianism, (2) supplemented by weak power-sharing arrangement, and (3) occasioned by longstanding popular perceptions of historical injustices and relative deprivation.

ANTHROPOGENICALLY TRANSFORMED GEOSYSTEMS OF THE SOUTHERN PART OF THE LENA-ANGARA PLATEAU

The history of economic reclaiming taiga geosystems of the southern part of the Lena-Angara Plateau is examined with a research objective of their anthropogenic transformation. Fluctuating changes of the intensity of the agricultural and forestry activity of local population are pointed out. Agricultural area enlarged and the industrial development of forest resources increased for the time interval since the late 19th century till 1980s. Since the end of the 20th century the economic activity decreases that is associated with the state reorganization of national economy and with the creation within the studied site of the nature reserve. The map of the modern landscape structure has been compiled. Its analysis showed that despite the lack of permanent settlements and low activity of production facilities, about half of the study area is occupied by the transformed complexes. Forest fires became the reason of this process. Their appearance on the territory of the Lena-Angara Plateau is associated with human activity. Based on historical and geographical materials the evaluation of the recovery dynamics of the transformed geosystems is carried out. In lack of an anthropogenous factor on restoration natural mountain taiga larch forests will be required about 70 years; for emergence of the cedar forests which are absent now, perhaps, centuries are necessary.