Rental Cost Research Articles

Analisis Ekonomis Sewa atau Beli Alat Excavator pada Kegiatan Produksi Bijih Timah PT Prima Timah Utama, Desa Cit, Kabupaten Bangka

Fulfilling the annual production target of PT Prima Timah Utama based on the 2019 Work Plan and Budget of 1,100,000 m3 requires the procurement of adequate mining equipment both in terms of quantity and production capacity, especially excavators. The equipment procurement plan is estimated by calculating the need for tools using a sample of 30 distribution time data, 9-time constraints data, and some supporting calculation data that results in tool requirements. The cost of ownership of the equipment to be compared with the rental cost is obtained from the purchase price, interest, residual value and economic life of the equipment, the cost comparison is then analyzed using the Net Present Value method. The calculation results show that PT Prima Timah Utama must add 2 units of CAT 320D2 excavator for overburden stripping and wash with an estimated equipment cost of Rp. 2,224,076,433.6 for 2 units of new equipment and Rp. 2,541,131,520 for 2 units of rental equipment where the difference between the rental and purchase equipment is Rp. 317,055,086.4 for one year of work. The result of the analysis with the evaluation of NPV investment has a value of Rp. 32,313,773,567.7 or >0 which states that the investment is declared feasible.

How Blockchain and IoT-Based Decentralized System Solves ULD Rental Problem of Airlines

This study is devoted to ULD (Unit Load Device) rental among airlines and air cargo terminals at airports through data exchange. When airlines want to rent their partner airline's ULD, they use it after receiving data through its ULD inventory management system. This paper proposes a de-centralized ULD rental solution by combining blockchain technology and IoT (Internet of Things). The airline that wants to rent a partner airline's ULD checks the available inventory information before use and pays the amount according to the time of service. In addition, the smart contract specifies the remittance status to activate IoT on the ULD. Airlines that supply ULDs for partner airlines first create inventory information to provide services. Airlines that want to rent ULDs can check availability and remit rental costs according to usage time in cryptocurrency. The ULD rental service ends when the usage time is over. This ULD rental solution allows all airlines rent out their ULDs to partner airlines in real-time. Also, when a specific airport runs out of its own ULD, it is possible to overcome the difficulties of inventory shortage by renting the inventory of partner air-lines.

Corn farming analysis in Babar Island, District of Babar Islands, Southwest Maluku Regency

Babar Island is corn production center in District of Babar Islands. Maize is the dominant food commodities and a major food source for the community. Corn is the dominant crop commodity in Barbar Island and become staple food for the community. The farming are traditional and subsystems to meet farmers household needs and the excess (if any) will be sold but in very limited quantities. However the sales purpose is not commercial but just to meet the households needs that can not be substituted by other goods and only by few farmers if necessary. The farming is carried out on slash and burn dry land by polyculture cropping pattern that is combination of annual and perrenial crops. This study aimed to examine the feasibility and profitability of corn farming in Barbar island, using survey methods with stratified random sampling technique. The results showed that the cost of corn production in Barbar Island, district of Barbar Islands, South West Maluku Regency is consisted of fixed cost and variable cost. The fixed cost components is including : equipment depreciation costs and land rent costs. The variable costs includes : inputs costs (seeds, fertilizers, chemical) and labor costs. Variable costs is the largest cost component for corn farming. Corn farming is profitable and viable, as indicated by the average income Rp.2.647.396 compared to the average cost incurred by farmers Rp.2.520.934 and BC ratio of 1.05. This means that the production costs of Rp.2.520.934 will generate benefit 1.05 times of the cost.

PERENCANAA PENGGUNAAN TOWER CRANE UNTUK PEKERJAAN STRUKTUR PROYEK APARTEMEN BESS MANSION SURABAYA

The BeSS Mansion Sarabaya apartment building is a construction project with a total building area of 86,000 m2. This apartment complex, which is located in the centre of Surabaya, includes 44 stories of Tower Premiere, 42 stories of Tower Suite, and 9 stories of Tower Podium parking area. Tower Cranes are used to transport or move materials in the construction of high-rise buildings. The objective of this thesis analysis is to figure out how many Tower Cranes are needed, as well as scheduling, operational costs, site layout, traffic management, and the HIRARC matrix. The data used were shop drawings, Tower crane specifications, and Tower Crane rental prices. According to the results of this calculating plan, two units of Tower Cranes are required to complete structural work, with a total work time of 5,592 hours. Tower Crane type MCT 205 requires a rental cost of Rp. 844,266,37 per hour, whereas Tower Crane type Tengda TC 6018 requires a rental charge of Rp. 701.184.89 per hour. On the site layout study, there are four options, and option 2 has been chosen because it is close to 0 or the minimum value, and traffic management planning uses an one gate system.

An easy-to-manage two-entrance honey bee hive system for greenhouse pollination that improves fruit production

An alternative two-entrance hive system demonstrated here is less taxing for the bee colonies. Bees are directed to forage inside the greenhouse when the crop is in flower, and only have access to the outside after anthesis. Consequently, there are no bees in the greenhouse in the afternoon, facilitating crop management. This system allows the farmer to control bee access to the crop without the need for a smoker or protective equipment. Using this system, we compared pollination by honey bees (Apis mellifera) to hand pollination of zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo) in greenhouses, during two crop seasons. Data included number of flower visits by the bees, fruit production, and the time and consequent labor costs needed to control bee flight direction versus the costs of hand pollination. In the greenhouses with bees, each female flower received a mean of more than 40 bee visits. When eight or more bees visited a flower, the fruits were significantly heavier than with manual pollination (313 versus 232 g, respectively). Total production was increased 41% with bee pollination. Using bee pollination increased profit over 12%, taking into account hive rental and labor costs for hand pollination versus manipulating the hive entrances.

Social Perception of the Influence of Public Policies on the Residential Rental and Holiday Tourism Rental Markets

This work assesses the influence of generic public housing policies in Spain and specific public policies relating to vacation rental housing on residential rental costs in recent years from the perspective of people linked to residential housing rental and vacation rental housing. We used partial least squares structural equation modelling on the data obtained in a survey of 413 individuals with direct links to the fields of tourism and real estate. The results obtained by the model confirm the influence of the growth in holiday tourist housing and the implementation of public housing policies on rises in residential rent. These conclusions can inform public policy measures in the general area of housing and, specifically, in the area of holiday homes, toward reducing the impacts of certain factors on access to housing in the province of Málaga. The main contribution of this work is the direct collection of the opinions of people related to residential and tourist housing on the Costa del Sol.

Environmental cost of natural resource rents based on production and consumption inventories of carbon emissions: Assessing the role of institutional quality

The association between resource rents, energy intensity, trade and disaggregated CO2 emissions is examined for 93 nations spanning 23 years (1995–2017), while accounting for the quality of government (QoG). The results show that natural resource rents have positive and statistically significant impact on both consumption-based and production-based carbon emissions in the Low QoG countries. For the Upper-High QoG countries, the estimates show statistically insignificant impact on consumption-based carbon emissions and significantly negative (decreasing) impact on production-based emissions. The results also provide evidence that economic growth and import trade have stronger degrading impact on the environment in the Low QoG countries. Based on these results, we conclude that quality of governance plays important role in how natural resources rents are used and consequently their impacts.

Combined replenishment and warehousing with contract commitments and flexibilities

AbstractThis paper studies a combined replenishment and warehouse size planning problem. A firm (3PW user) decides the replenishment quantities over a finite planning horizon to satisfy the time‐varying demands of a product. The firm has no warehouse and contracts with a third‐party warehousing (3PW) provider for storage space over the planning horizon. In the warehousing contract, the planning horizon is partitioned into a number of sessions, and each session also consists of multiple periods. The firm decides a stationary base storage size (BSS) of each session and has an opportunity to adjust the BSS at the beginning of each session. The firm also has the option to rent additional storage size beyond the BSS by paying higher rental cost in each individual period. We explore structural properties and develop a strongly polynomial‐time algorithm by applying geometric techniques to solve the firm's replenishment and warehouse sizing problem. We also conduct numerical experiments and provide important insights into the 3PW user's decisions and the 3PW contract design.

Utility-Scale PV-Battery versus CSP-Thermal Storage in Morocco: Storage and Cost Effect under Penetration Scenarios

In this study, we examine how Battery Storage (BES) and Thermal Storage (TES) combined with solar Photovoltaic (PV) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technologies with an increased storage duration and rental cost together with diversification would influence the Moroccan mix and to what extent the variability (i.e., adequacy risk) can be reduced; this is done using recent (2013) cost data and under various penetration scenarios. To do this, we use MERRA-2 climate reanalysis to simulate hourly demand and capacity factors (CFs) of wind, solar PV and CSP without and with increasing storage capabilities—as defined by the CSP Solar Multiple (SM) and PV Inverter Loading Ratio (ILR). We adjust these time series to observations for the four Moroccan electrical zones over the year 2018. Our objective is to maximize the renewable (RE) penetration and minimize the imbalances between RE production and consumption considering three optimization strategies. We analyze mixes along Pareto fronts using the Mean-Variance Portfolio approach—implemented in the E4CLIM model—in which we add a maximum-cost constraint to take into account the different rental costs of wind, PV and CSP. We propose a method to calculate the rental cost of storage and production technologies taking into account the constraints on storage associated with the increase of SM and ILR in the added PV-BES and CSP-TES modules, keeping the mean solar CFs fixed. We perform some load bands-reduction diagnostics to assess the reliability benefits provided by each RE technology. We find that, at low penetrations, the maximum-cost budget is not reached because a small capacity is needed. The higher the ILR for PV, the larger the share of PV in the mix compared to wind and CSP without storage is removed completely. Between PV-BES and CSP-TES, the latter is preferred as it has larger storage capacity and thus stronger impact in reducing the adequacy risk. As additional BES are installed, more than TES, PV-BES is favored. At high penetrations, optimal mixes are impacted by cost, the more so as CSP (resp., PV) with high SM (resp., ILR) are installed. Wind is preferably installed due to its high mean CF compared to cost, followed by either PV-BES or CSP/CSP-TES. Scenarios without or with medium storage capacity favor CSP/CSP-TES, while high storage duration scenarios are dominated by low-cost PV-BES. However, scenarios ignoring the storage cost and constraints provide more weight to PV-BES whatever the penetration level. We also show that significant reduction of RE variability can only be achieved through geographical diversification. Technological complementarity may only help to reduce the variance when PV and CSP are both installed without or with a small amount of storage. However, the diversification effect is slightly smaller when the SM and ILR are increased and the covariances are reduced as well since mixes become less diversified.

Profit Maximization for Cloud Broker in Cloud Computing

As cloud computing evolves, more and more applications are moving to the cloud. Cloud brokers are are like Middlemen between cloud service providers and cloud users. Thus, cloud brokers can significantly reduce the cost of consumers. In addition to reducing the cost per user, the cloud broker can also accommodate the price difference between on-demand virtual machines and dedicated virtual machines. The problem with the current system is that if many customers request a large amount of cloud services at once, the cloud service broker cannot purchase enough cloud services from CSP to meet the needs of all customers. Then there is a peak demand problem where the customer cannot complete the job. As a result, dynamic conditions not only lead to financial problems, but can also negatively impact the customer experience. To solve this problem, the system focuses on guaranteed quality of service for all requests, reduces waste of resources, increases security and maximizes revenue. All jobs are scheduled by the job scheduler and assigned to different VMs in a centralized way. Many factors such as market demand, application volume, SLA, service rental cost, etc. are taken into account to formulate an optimal configuration problem of profit maximization.

Comparative profitability analysis and resource use efficiency of beekeeping using wooden and poly hive in some selected areas of Bangladesh

Apiarist traditionally adopt wooden hive in beekeeping. Modern poly hive provides a superior environment to raise and keep the honeybee population more vigorous due to its high-tech internal facilities and sanitary system. This study was conducted to examine the comparative profitability and resource use efficiency of beekeeping using traditional wooden hive and modern poly hive in Bangladesh during 2017-18. A total of 60 beekeepers, all have traditional wooden hive and 15 have modern poly hive, were randomly selected from Sirajganj, Gazipur and Satkhira districts to conduct farm level survey with pre-tested questionnaire. Findings of the study reveal that per hive gross and net return were Tk. 11019.26 and 4082.45 for wooden hive and Tk. 27373.34 and 19838.42 for poly hive, respectively. Total cost of beekeeping was Tk. 6936.81 and 7534.92 per hive for wooden and poly hive, respectively. Besides, benefit-cost ratios (BCR) were 1.59 and 3.63 for wooden and poly hive, respectively. Cobb-Douglas production function analysis reveals that labour, transportation, insecticide, equipment, hive and rental costs had significant influence on the returns of beekeeping. More than two times higher BCR and significant positive dummy variable “modern poly hive” indicate the greater profitability of beekeeping in modern poly hives. Resource use efficiency analysis indicates that labour, insecticide, equipment, and honey extraction inputs were under-utilized while feed, transportation, marketing, hive, colony and rental inputs were over-utilized. Beekeeping is also affected by some constraints including high costs of modern poly hive accessories, lack of skilled labour and initial capital, inadequate transportation and marketing facilities. Government and other related organizations should take necessary measures to mitigate those problems. Based on the findings, it is recommended to adopt modern poly hive in beekeeping.
 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(1): 84-91, June 2021

Production and profitability of small scale broiler farming in selected areas of Dinajpur district, Bangladesh

This study focuses on the production and profitability of the broiler farming by using Cobb-Douglas production function and Benefit-Cost analysis. For this purpose, data were collected from 50 broiler farmers living in Birol and Sadar upazila of Dinajpur district in 2020. The result revealed that involvement in broiler production seems to be profitable for the small-scale broiler farmers for the study areas notifying by net return as Tk. 6681 with a benefit-cost ratio greater than one, whereas the gross return was Tk.193367. The net return over the total cost is 0.075. The production function resulted that feed, medicines and human labor had significant positive effect on production of broiler whereas only rental cost had negative effect. Training had a highly significant (p<0.01) positive effect on production of broiler. Therefore, it can be recommended that training and proper use of drugs and medicine should be encouraged because of their significant impact. Government and NGOs should also arrange more training for improving broiler production in Bangladesh.
 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 11(1): 69-73, June 2021

Online Multi-Workflow Scheduling under Uncertain Task Execution Time in IaaS Clouds

Cloud has become an important platform for executing numerous deadline-constrained scientific applications generally represented by workflow models. It provides scientists a simple and cost-efficient method of running workflows on their rental Virtual Machines (VMs) anytime and anywhere. Since pay-as-you-go is a dominating pricing solution in clouds, extensive research efforts have been devoted to minimizing the monetary cost of executing workflows by designing tailored VM allocation mechanisms. However, most of them assume that the task execution time in clouds is static and can be estimated in advance, which is impractical in real scenarios due to performance fluctuation of VMs. In this paper, we propose an onli N e multi-workfl O w S cheduling F ramework, named NOSF, to schedule deadline-constrained workflows with random arrivals and uncertain task execution time. In NOSF, workflow scheduling process consists of three phases, including workflow preprocessing, VM allocation and feedback process. Built upon the new framework, a deadline-aware heuristic algorithm is then developed to elastically provision suitable VMs for workflow execution, with the objective of minimizing the rental cost and improving resource utilization. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms two state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of reducing VM rental costs and deadline violation probability, as well as improving the resource utilization efficiency.

Hybrid Resource Provisioning for Cloud Workflows with Malleable and Rigid Tasks

In cloud computing, reserved and on-demand instances are generally provided by service providers. Hybridization of the two alternatives can considerably save costs when renting resources from the cloud. However, it is a big challenge to determine the appropriate amount of reserved and on-demand resources in terms of users’ requirements. In this paper, the workflow scheduling problem with both reserved and on-demand instances is considered. The objective is to minimize the total rental cost under deadline constrains. The considered problem is mathematically modeled. A multiple sequence-based earliest finish time method is proposed to construct schedules for the workflows. Four different rules are used to generate initial task allocation sequences. Types and quantities of resources are determined by a free time block-based schedule construction mechanism. New sequences are generated by a variable neighborhood search method. Experimental and statistical analyses and results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm algorithm generates considerable cost savings when compared to the algorithms with only on-demand or reserved instances.

Stakeholders Opinions of Health-Related Conditions of Female Head Porters in Kumasi/Asokore Mampong

Young Females Usually Migrate From The Northern Part Of Ghana To The South To Engage In Head Porting Business. However, The High Cost Of Rent In Urban Areas And The Poor Environmental Conditions Of Poor Urbanites Have Exposed Head Porters To Bad Conditions With Varying Implications On Health And Well-Being. This Study Examines The Health-Related Conditions Of Female Head Porters In Kumasi Through Stakeholders’ Opinions. The Study Used Quantitative Methods In Eliciting Information From Female Head-Porters In Asokore Mampong, Kumasi. In All, 100 Respondents; Comprising Relatives Of Female Head Porters And Other Opinion Leaders Such As The Assembly Member, Imam, Pastor, Teachers From Northern Ghana, Were Interviewed Through Self-Administered Questionnaires. Data Were Analyzed Using A Statistical Package For The Social Sciences (SPSS) And Excel. Economic Reasons Remain Topical For The Migration Of Females From The North To The South To Engage In Head Porting. While Many Of These Migrants Do Not Return Home, Leading To The Emergence Of Migrant Settlements In Kumasi, Others Return To Support Their Families With Their Earnings. Stakeholders Argued That Skills Development And Creating Of Entrepreneurial Ventures Are Necessary To Reduce The North-South Migratory Patterns. The Migration Of Females From The North To The South In Search Of Greener Pastures Is Likely To Continue As A Result Of Opportunity Gaps. However, Worsening Conditions Of Living May Deteriorate The Health Conditions Of Some Of The Migrants. Stakeholders Recommend A New Wave Of Solutions With Focus On Skills Development, Job Creation, And Entrepreneurial Training As Solutions.

On Renting Edge Resources for Service Hosting

The rapid proliferation of shared edge computing platforms has enabled application service providers to deploy a wide variety of services with stringent latency and high bandwidth requirements. A key advantage of these platforms is that they provide pay-as-you-go flexibility by charging clients in proportion to their resource usage through short-term contracts. This affords the client significant cost-saving opportunities by dynamically deciding when to host its service on the platform, depending on the changing intensity of requests. A natural policy for our setting is the Time-To-Live (TTL) policy. We show that TTL performs poorly both in the adversarial arrival setting, i.e., in terms of the competitive ratio, and for i.i.d. stochastic arrivals with low arrival rates, irrespective of the value of the TTL timer. We propose an online policy called RetroRenting (RR) and characterize its performance in terms of the competitive ratio. Our results show that RR overcomes the limitations of TTL. In addition, we provide performance guarantees for RR for i.i.d. stochastic arrival processes coupled with negatively associated rent cost sequences and prove that it compares well with the optimal online policy. Further, we conduct simulations using both synthetic and real-world traces to compare the performance of RR with the optimal offline and online policies. The simulations show that the performance of RR is near optimal for all settings considered. Our results illustrate the universality of RR.

Digital (R)Evolution: Open-Source Softwares for Orthodontics

Among the innovations that have changed modern orthodontics, the introduction of new digital technologies in daily clinical practice has had a major impact, in particular the use of 3D models of dental arches. The possibility for direct 3D capture of arches using intraoral scanners has brought many clinicians closer to the digital world. The digital revolution of orthodontic practice requires both hardware components and dedicated software for the analysis of STL models and all other files generated by the digital workflow. However, there are some negative aspects, including the need for the clinician and technicians to learn how to use new software. In this context, we can distinguish two main software types: dedicated software (i.e., developed by orthodontic companies) and open-source software. Dedicated software tend to have a much more user-friendly interface, and be easier to use and more intuitive, due to being designed and developed for a non-expert user, but very high rental or purchase costs are an issue. Therefore, younger clinicians with more extensive digital skills have begun to look with increasing interest at open-source software. The aim of the present study was to present and discuss some of the best-known open-source software for analysis of 3D models and the creation of orthodontic devices: Blue Sky Plan, MeshMixer, ViewBox, and Blender.

Calculation of the Visit Costs of Various Services Provider Groups: Improvement of Payment Mechanisms

Background: Initiatives to improve the quality of health services and reduce costs currently have centered around payment mechanisms. In Iran, like many other countries, the outpatient visit costs are paid via fee for service, while real-time visits and other details of provided services are not considered in the tariff setting process. This study attempted to calculate the visit costs of various service provider groups and compared them with tariffs. Methods: In this cross-sectional research, the essential data about different costs were collected from providers' offices, standard time of each visit was achieved from Iran's Ministry of Health and Medical Education, current visit time of service providers was calculated based on health insurance companies' data across the country. After calculating the standard and current visit costs through the activity-based costing technique, main determinants of costs (major cost centers) were specified for use in probably future weighted tariffs in fee for service payment mechanism. Results: The greatest difference between standard and the current number of visits was found in the Sub-specialist physician group (6784 in a year), and the greatest difference was between standard and current cost of visits in sub-specialist psychiatrists (126703 IRR). Staffing and rental cost centers account for the highest share of total visit cost (87 %). Conclusion: This study demonstrated a significant difference between the current and standard visit costs with tariffs. Therefore, it is essential that policymakers improve the payment mechanism by modifying the visit tariffs for medical service providers. One suggestion in this way is using domestic relative value units according to costing research results.

نااطمینانی نرخ سود تسهیلات و تأمین مالی بنگاههای کوچک و متوسط منتخب پذیرفتهشده در بورس اوراق بهادار

به بنگاه‌های کوچک و متوسط به‌‌دلیل نقش آنها در رشد و توسعۀ اقتصادی، هم در کشورهای توسعه‌‌یافته و هم در کشورهای درحال توسعه، بیش از پیش توجه شده است. پژوهش‌‌های متعدد دربارۀ این بنگاهها نشان می‌‌دهد مسئلۀ تأمین مالی برای آنها ازجمله موانع و چالش‌‌های مهم به شمار می‌‌رود. با توجه به سهم شایان توجه نظام بانکی در تأمین مالی بنگاه‌های، نااطمینانی نرخ سود تسهیلات بانکی تأثیر زیادی بر تأمین مالی و سرمایه‏گذاری آنها می‌‌گذارد. در این بین تعیین دستوری نرخ سود تسهیلات به همراه کامل‌‌نبودن اطلاعات بین بانک و متقاضیان تسهیلات موجب بروز نااطمینانی در این نرخ شده است؛ بنابراین پژوهش حاضر با توجه به تأثیر نااطمینانی بر شدت و نحوۀ اثرگذاری متغیرهای اقتصادی، به دنبال آن است تا به‌‌طور مشخص نقش نااطمینانی نرخ سود تسهیلات در تأمین مالی بنگاههای کوچک و متوسط که یکی از چالش‌‌های اصلی توسعۀ آنها است را با استفاده از الگوی داده‌‌های تابلویی بررسی کند. جامعۀ آماری مطالعه،70 شرکت کوچک و متوسط منتخب پذیرفته‌‌شده در بورس اوراق بهادار طی دورۀ زمانی 1390 تا 1396 است. به‌‌طور کلی، نتایج نشان‌‌دهندۀ اثر منفی و معنی‌‌دار نااطمینانی نرخ سود تسهیلات بر تأمین مالی بنگاههای کوچک و متوسط در ایران است. براساس نتایج تجربی پیشنهاد می‌‌شود برای بهبود تأمین مالی این بنگاهها در کشور، ازطریق کاهش دامنۀ نوسان‌‌های نرخ سود حقیقی تسهیلات، سیاست‌‌های مبتنی‌‌بر کاهش نااطمینانی نرخ سود تسهیلات در پیش گرفته شود.

PERHITUNGAN TARIF SEWA GEDUNG VIDYA LOKA DENGAN METODE COST PLUS PRICING PENDEKATAN FULL COSTING

The Vidya Loka building at Darma Cendika Catholic University (UKDC) has several rooms that can be rented by the general public, namely Serbaguna room (2nd floor), Seminar Timur room and Seminar Barat room (3nd floor) starting October 2019. Determination of current rental fees is only based on price competitors around Surabaya. This study aims to provide input to managers building regarding the calculation of rental costs using the Cost Plus Pricing method with Full Costing approach that considers long term benefits. The result of calculating rental fees based on data for 3 months, December 2019 – February 2020 show there is a large difference, especially for the Seminar room. Through the calculation of Full Costing with an expected profit of 30% of operational costs, the rental rate is obtained per 6 hours as follows : Serbaguna room IDR 5,300,000, Seminar Timur room IDR 450,000 and Seminar Barat room IDR 700,000