Renewable Energy Storage Systems Research Articles

Transformer‐Based Z‐Source Inverter with MVDC Link

Z‐source inverters have attracted considerable attention in renewable energy systems like photovoltaic (PV) systems due to advantages such as buck–boost power conversion in single stage, shoot-through capability, and wide range of input voltage regulation. Transformer-Based Z-source inverters (TransZSI) based on magnetically coupled inductors and reduced number of passive components can be used to improve the boost capacity of these inverters, and to increase the voltage levels. Medium voltage DC (MVDC) is being used more and more in distribution grids and renewable energy systems. This paper presents a transZ-source inverter with MVDC link where renewable energy systems and energy storage systems can be integrated. The active and reactive powers and DC voltage are controlled by acting on the modulation index and shoot-through duty cycle of the converter. The trans-Z-source inverter is evaluated under different operating conditions to illustrate its suitable operation.

Dynamic Distribution System Reconfiguration Considering Distributed Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Systems

Electric power systems are in state of transition as they attempt to evolve to meet new challenges provided by growing environmental concerns, increases in the penetration of distributed renewable energy sources (DRES) as well as the challenges associated with integrating new technologies to enable smart grids. New techniques to improve the electrical power system, including the distribution system, are thus needed. One such technique is dynamic distribution system reconfiguration (DNSR), which involves altering the network topology during operation, providing significant benefits regarding the increased integration of DRES. This paper lays out an improved model which aimed to optimize the system operation in a coordinated way, where DRES, energy storage systems (ESS) and DNSR are considered as well as the uncertainty of these resources. The objective function was modeled to incentivize the uptake of DRES by considering the cost of emissions to incentivize the decarbonization of the power system. Also, the switching costs were modeled to consider not only the switching, but also the cost of degradation of these mechanisms in the system operation. Two systems are used to validate the model, the IEEE 119-bus system, and a real system in São Miguel Island. The results of this paper show that using DNSR, DRES, and ESS can lead to a significant 59% reduction in energy demand through a 24-hour period. In addition, using these technologies results in a healthier, more efficient, and higher quality system. This shows the benefits of using a variety of smart grid technologies in a coordinated manner.

Improved performance of Cu ion implanted δ-MnO2 cathode material for aqueous Zn-ion batteries

Aqueous Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) are considered as a potential large-scale renewable energy storage system. Herein, Cu ion implantation is used to improve the electrochemical performance of δ-MnO2, resulting in a mixed layer-tunnel material δ-MnO2 (Cu@δ-MnO2) with high capacity, excellent cycle performance, and rate performance as cathode for aqueous ZIBs. The as-obtained Cu@δ-MnO2 cathode shows a high specific capacity of 470 mAhg−1 at 0.1 Ag−1 and maintains a higher specific capacity during long-term cycles of up to 300 times. Meanwhile, the first-principles theoretical simulations suggest the easier migration of Zn2+ and more Zn2+ adsorption on Cu@δ-MnO2 cathode. The theoretical and experimental results show that Cu ion implantation may be an effective strategy to improve the device performance of the Mn-based layer-tunnel hybrid cathode.

Monolayer CoMoS Catalysts on Hierarchically Porous Alumina Spheres as Bifunctional Nanomaterials for Hydrodesulfurization and Energy Storage Applications

In this work, CoMoS catalysts were synthesized onto porous alumina spheres obtained using Pluronic P-123 (PS) or urea (US) and used as bifunctional nanomaterials for two energy applications: hydrodesulfurization and energy storage. For the first application, the catalysts were assessed in a hydrodesulfurization reactor using two model sulfur molecules, dibenzothiophene and 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene, as well as feeding a heavy oil fraction. The results indicated that the spheres obtained by Pluronic P-123 allowed a greater dispersion degree of MoS2 slabs than US, indicating that the size and hierarchically porous structure of alumina spheres played a principal role as a booster of the HDS catalytic efficiency of DBT, 4,6 DMDBT and diesel fuel. Then, these catalysts were used for the electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions (ORR/OER), which take place in rechargeable Zn-air batteries. For the ORR, the CoMoS catalyst on PS in the presence of a conductive support (N-doped carbon nanotubes + graphene) displayed an overpotential of only 90 mV in comparison with Pt/C. Importantly, the chalcogenide enabled an increase in the stability, maintaining almost two times higher current retention than Pt/C for the ORR and IrO2/C for the OER. These results suggest that expended chalcogenides from the hydrodesulfurization industry can have a second life as co-catalysts for renewable energy storage systems, enabling a circular economy.

Energy and entropy generation analysis in a supercapacitor for different operating conditions

Sustainability and efficiency are the key issues concerning performance and lifetime of supercapacitors. In this work, an entropy generation analysis is implemented for the first time in the supercapacitor cell, aiming at facilitating the design and optimization of the supercapacitor systems. Entropy generation analysis accurately quantifies the irreversibilities due to heat transfer, mass transfer and ohmic loss of the supercapacitor cell, satisfying direct identification of the inefficiency mechanisms that cannot be achieved by the conventional energy analysis. The effects of the electrolyte, porosity and charge/discharge current on the thermodynamic irreversibilities and heat transfer characteristics are investigated. The optimal design scheme of the supercapacitor cell is obtained using the optimization approaches based on the combined energy and entropy generation analyses. Results indicate that the main contribution to the irreversibilities is due to ohmic loss, followed by the mass transfer effect. The 1 M TEMABF4/ACN electrolyte with the porosity of 0.4 is found to be the optimal choice, corresponding to the entropy generation rate of 2230 W/(m3·K) and the temperature rise of 0.20974 °C. The outcomes of this work provide a fundamental and computational framework for the development and optimization of clean and renewable energy conversion and storage systems with reduced irreversibilities.

Best battery storage technologies of solar photovoltaic systems for desalination plant using the results of multi optimization algorithms and sustainable development goals

In this paper, the optimization and multiple-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) of a stand-alone photovoltaic and battery energy system (PV-BES) has been used to supply power to a desalination plant in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). To provide a continuous power supply, different types of battery technologies have been used as a renewable energy storage system in this study as Nickel Iron (NiFe), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4), and Lead Acid (PbSO4) with three different depths of discharges. Six different configurations of the PV-BES were modeled. In total, nine metaheuristic optimization algorithms were used in the MATLAB environment to provide an optimal sizing of the PV-BES. The mayfly optimization algorithm has provided the best optimal Annual Levelized Cost (ALC) values compared with the remaining algorithms. The mayfly algorithm has more robustness and faster convergence in providing the optimal global best values. Furthermore, three different approaches of MCDA and weights methods were used. The inputs and the results for the optimization process in addition to the sustainable development goal (SDGs) from the united nation (UN) were used as criteria for MCDA. The PV-Li-ION at 50 % depth of discharge (DOD) was the best option among all cases based on the six configurations and nine optimization algorithms.

Operational Planning and Design of Market-Based Virtual Power Plant with High Penetration of Renewable Energy Sources

Renewable energy sources (RESs) are becoming more prevalent as a source of clean energy, and their integration into the power market is speeding up. The fundamental reason for this is the growing global concern about climate change. However, their weather-dependent and uncertain nature raise questions about grid reliability particularly, when photovoltaics (PVs) and wind turbines (WTs) technologies are used. As a result, rationally managing Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) under the virtual power plant (VPP) setting is being encouraged as a way of minimizing the impact of the uncertain nature of renewable energies. A VPP is comparatively a new concept that aggregates the capacities of dispatchable and non-dispatchable energy sources, electrical loads, and energy storage systems for the purpose of improving energy supply and demand imbalance. It enables individual consumers and producers to participate in the power markets. In this study, a new market-based (MB)-VPP operational planning model is designed and developed with the aim to evaluate the optimal active power dispatched by (WT, PV, and ESS) operating in the day-ahead power market to maximize the social welfare (SW) of the market. SW can be described as the maximization of the consumer’s benefit function minus the cost of energy generation. The optimization process was carried out by using a scenario-based approach to model the uncertainties of renewable energy sources (i.e, WTs & PVs) and load demand. The proposed model and method performance is validated by simulation studies on a 16-bus UK generic distribution system (UKGDS). The simulation results reveal that the proposed approach maximizes overall system social welfare. The capacity of total active power dispatched by (WT, PV, and ESS) has a positive impact on the VPP profit maximization. This empirical study could be used as a reference baseline model for other energy services providers interested in conducting similar research in the future.

Energy-efficient system and charge balancing topology for electric vehicle application

Demand for electric vehicles (EVs) are increased because of flexible, easy to handle, and more powerful energy storage (ES) systems. In electric vehicles, the driving motor would run by energy storage systems. It is necessary to recognize energy storage technologies' battery lifetime, power density, temperature tolerance, and flexible electrochemical behavior. Supercapacitor’s have increased attention due to their exclusive structures such as high capacitance, working efficiency, temperature tolerance, and eco-friendly nature. Additionally, hybrid energy storage systems significantly influence advanced electric vehicles applicable power utilization. A battery management system (BMS) requires a reliable and highly efficient power source from the storage technology for electric vehicles applications. Electrochemical energy storage systems are affected by overcharge/over-discharge, temperature or cell unbalancing. The key factor in a battery management system is cell balancing between cells in a string that prolongs the energy storage device’s lifecycle and performance. This paper highlights a comprehensive study and evaluations focusing on different types of batteries, Supercapacitor’s, and balancing circuits applicable in BMS on electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. This rigorous study presents different electrochemical batteries chemistry, anode, cathodes, electrolyte, charging and discharging lifecycle, advantages, and disadvantages. For the Supercapacitor, different types of electrode materials, electrolyte interface, energy storage function, and available Supercapacitor’s capacitance in the market, cell, and module voltage are presented. Also, this study shows the different types of cell balancing circuit’s components number, control complicity, voltage and current stress, overall balancing circuit efficiency, power loss, circuit size and cost, advantages and disadvantages. This manuscript highlights all the insights that will lead to choosing the required and appropriate battery, Supercapacitor or blanching circuit for future applications on electric vehicles systems.

A Yearly Based Multiobjective Park-and-Ride Control Approach Simulation Using Photovoltaic and Battery Energy Storage Systems: Fuxin, China Case Study

This paper presents a modern yearly based park-and-ride management scheme. The electric vehicles’ owners are encouraged to keep their cars away from the crowded areas in cities and use the public facilities such as bus, train, and metro. This action will help the owners to reach their work on time inside these crowded cities. Electric vehicle charging stations are designed to charge 1000 electric vehicles using the proposed park-and-ride control approach. A case study of Fuxin, China is considered. The electric vehicle charging stations demand is met using renewable energy sources, namely photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems. Meeting the load demand and minimizing the total life cycle cost are considered two objective functions to formulate a multiobjective approach. The optimal sizes of the photovoltaic and battery energy storage systems are obtained using a multiobjective genetic algorithm and ε-MOGA. The robustness and effectiveness of the proposed control methodology are verified by detailed analysis and comparison using MATLAB®.

Elucidating the Reaction Pathways Responsible for Carbon Monoxide Production in Solid Oxide Co-Electrolysis Cells: A Theoretical Framework

The continuous emission of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, in tandem with the demand for renewable and intermittent energy storage systems, has given rise to the development of technologies which can convert carbon dioxide into useful chemicals and feedstocks. Solid oxide co-electrolysis cells have the potential to help address these demands, as they can efficiently convert carbon dioxide and steam into synthesis gas (carbon monoxide and hydrogen) utilizing clean electricity, which can then be supplied downstream to Fischer-Tropsch reactors in order to produce synthetic liquid fuels. Advantages of solid oxide co-electrolysis cells are mainly attributed to their capacity to operate at high temperatures, which in turn enhances the catalytic performance of electrode materials and reduces the amount of energy required to facilitate the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and steam. The development of these devices has consequently drawn significant attention from designers and researchers, and have emerged as a promising alternative for renewable energy storage and synthesis gas production. One important challenge that has arisen in the analysis of solid oxide co-electrolysis cells is determining the reaction pathways responsible for carbon monoxide production. Studies have suggested that the reverse water gas shift reaction is the primary mechanism [1,2], since the co-electrolysis polarization curves have been shown to be identical to those obtained in pure steam electrolysis, while others have found that such curves lie between the results produced by pure steam and pure carbon dioxide electrolysis, thus indicating the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and reverse water gas shift reaction are both contributors [3,4]. Given the varying operating conditions and cell designs that have been implemented in these studies, it is difficult to draw meaningful comparisons between these results and to deduce the reaction pathways by which carbon monoxide is generated. The objective of the current work is to, therefore, develop a theoretical framework to elucidate the reaction pathways which govern carbon monoxide production for a broad range of operating conditions and design specifications. An in-house 1-Plus-1D transport model is developed to quantify how each transport mechanism affects the rate of production and consumption of carbon monoxide, as well as the operating potential of a solid oxide co-electrolysis cell. This analysis is intended to cultivate an improved understanding of the reaction pathways responsible for carbon monoxide production and to reveal how they can be exploited in order to enhance the performance of solid oxide co-electrolysis cells.[1] P. Kim-Lohsoontorn and J. Bae, J. Power Sources, 196, 7161 (2011).[2] C. Stoots, J. O’Brien and J. Hartvigsen, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 34, 4208 (2009).[3] C. Graves, S. D. Ebbesen and M. Mogensen, Solid State Ion., 192, 398 (2011).[4] W. Li, H. Wang, Y. Shi and N. Cai, Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 38, 11104 (2013).

Comparing the economic performance of ice storage and batteries for buildings with on-site PV through model predictive control and optimal sizing

ABSTRACT Integrating renewable energy and energy storage systems provides a way of operating the electrical grid system more energy efficiently and stably. Thermal storage and batteries are the most common devices for integration. However, it is not clear which integrated storage system performs better in terms of overall economics. Ice storage has low initial and maintenance costs, but there is an efficiency penalty for charging of storage and it can only shift electrical loads associated with building cooling requirements. A battery's round-trip efficiency, on the contrary, is quite consistent and batteries can be used to shift both HVAC and non-HVAC loads. However, batteries have greater initial costs and a shorter life. This research presents a tool, using model predictive control and optimal sizing, and provides a case study for comparing life-cycle economics of battery and ice storage systems for commercial buildings that have chillers for cooling and an on-site photovoltaic system.

Mixed Transition Metal Carbonate Hydroxide‐Based Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Oxygen Evolution: Status and Perspectives

Hydrogen is regarded as the cleanest and highest energy‐density fuel as an alternative energy resource. Water electrolysis is useful for producing ultrapure hydrogen (>99.9%), and alkaline water electrolysis is industrially adopted for large‐scale hydrogen production. However, the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains as the bottleneck for achieving efficient hydrogen generation because of its multielectron pathways and sluggish kinetics. Additionally, the OER is crucial for other renewable energy conversion and storage systems, such as CO2 reduction and metal–air batteries. In this regard, high‐performing, durable, and cost‐effective electrocatalysts are essential for achieving the desired hydrogen production efficiency. Recently, transition metal carbonate hydroxides (TMCHs) have been investigated as electrocatalysts for alkaline water splitting because of their layered structure, rich redox properties, and high accessibility to electrolytes. Furthermore, the electronic, morphological, and structural modulations in mixed TMCHs, due to the presence of multiple metal centers, offer more accessible active sites for the OER. Considering these aspects, the present review focuses on the application of mixed transition metal carbonate hydroxide (MTMCH)‐based nanostructured electrocatalysts to OER in alkaline media. This review will benefit the understanding and evaluation of OER activity and the development of MTMCH‐based electrocatalysts for practical application to the OER.

Modeling and Stability Analysis of Single-Phase Microgrids Controlled in Stationary Frame

Modern microgrids are transitioning toward having an increasing portion of grid-forming (GFM) converters to support nontraditional sources, such as renewable energy and energy storage systems, while aiming to improve system stability, reliability, power rating, and flexibility. Understanding the interaction among parallel GFM converters to guarantee the microgrid stability within various operating conditions is necessary. For single-phase systems, when the controllers are implemented in the rotating frame to facilitate the stability analysis and design, the required orthogonal signal generation (OSG) units degrade the system stability. On the other hand, when the controllers are implemented in the stationary frame to avoid OSG-related problems, the stability analysis becomes particularly challenging due to nonlinearities and mixed dc and ac state variables. In this article, an approach is proposed to systematically model and perform stability analysis for a single-phase microgrid with stationary frame controllers. The approach is based on defining a complementary system that allows transformation to the synchronous rotating frame without introducing time-varying (double-frequency) terms and without altering the stability properties. The accuracy of the proposed modeling approach is verified using simulations and experimental results.

A Novel Stochastic Model for Hourly Electricity Load Profile Analysis of Rural Districts in Fujian, China

Renewable energy is important for achieving carbon neutralization. However, power generation from renewable energy sources can be uncertain and uncontrollable. Therefore, understanding the features of energy demand is pivotal for integrating renewable energy sources and storage systems within the entire energy network. Traditional load profiles are depicted by fixed typical load curves, which cannot support detailed dynamic simulations of annual hourly electricity consumption. Here, a novel stochastic model for hourly electricity load profile analysis is proposed. A clustering-based model of hourly load was constructed to depict load profiles of typical days, while a non-linear regression method determined the temperature-related factors within annual daily load consumptions, based on which a stochastic simulation model was established for hourly electricity load profiles. The model’s performance was tested with electricity data of rural districts in Fujian Province, China. The proposed model achieved a coefficient of variation of the mean absolute error of 15.7%, which was significantly lower than that of the traditional model. Further, a simplified case was employed to analyze the application of the proposed stochastic model in the design of energy storage systems. The proposed method enables the optimal design of integrated energy networks with renewable energy sources and energy storage systems.

Optimal Planning of Secondary Power Distribution Systems Considering Renewable and Storage Sources: An Energy Management Approach

This study focuses on the optimal planning of secondary power distribution systems considering distributed renewable generators (DG) and energy storage systems (ESS) to minimize expansion costs. The methodology solves a mixed integer non-linear mathematical model that describes the planning problem, including the operating and technical aspects of the secondary power distribution system. Such methodology uses an iterated local search algorithm and a two-stage load flow decomposition method to solve said problem. The two-stage load flow decomposition method finds the optimal operation of the storage devices and the low-voltage distribution system for each solution proposed by the iterated local search algorithm; thus, optimal energy management is achieved for the best solution. The proposed methodology was tested on a real medium-sized secondary power distribution system to establish its effectiveness. The results obtained show a reduction of 51.97 % in the total energy purchase cost of the system and a decrease of 3.02 % in the installation costs of the secondary circuits and distribution transformers when DG and ESS are considered. In conclusion, the results show that the integration of these distributed energy resources into the distribution system planning problem increases the profits of distribution companies from energy purchase and sale and reduces their fixed costs.

Epitaxial Electrocrystallization of Magnesium via Synergy of Magnesiophilic Interface, Lattice Matching, and Electrostatic Confinement.

Rechargeable magnesium batteries are particularly advantageous for renewable energy storage systems. However, the inhomogeneous Mg electrodeposits greatly shorten their cycle life under practical conditions. Herein, the epitaxial electrocrystallization of Mg on a three-dimensional magnesiophilic host is implemented via the synergy of a magnesiophilic interface, lattice matching, and electrostatic confinement effects. The vertically aligned nickel hydroxide nanosheet arrays grown on carbon cloth (abbreviated as "Ni(OH)2@CC") have been delicately designed, which satisfy the essential prerequisite of a low lattice geometrical misfit with Mg (about 2.8%) to realize epitaxial electrocrystallization. Simultaneously, the ionic crystal nature of Ni(OH)2 displays a periodic and hillock-like electrostatic potential field over its exposed facets, which can precisely capture and confine the reduced Mg0 species onto the local electron-enriched sites at the atomic level. The Ni(OH)2@CC substrate undergoes sequential Mg-ion intercalation, underpotential deposition, and electrocrystallization processes, during which the uniform, lamellar Mg electrodeposits with a locked crystallographic orientation are formed. Under practical conditions (10 mA cm-2 and 10 mAh cm-2), the Ni(OH)2@CC substrate exhibits stable Mg stripping/plating cycle performances over 600 h, 2 orders of magnitude longer than those of the pristine copper foil and carbon cloth substrates.

Modified Master–Slave Controller for Stable Power Supply of Energy Storage Based Microgrid

This paper presents a method for supplying stable electricity using renewable energy sources and energy storage systems (ESSs) in a small-scale microgrid (MG) such as an island. Traditional control methods, such as master–slave control and droop control, have focused on equalizing power sharing among a small number of generators and do not deal well with emergencies such as unplanned generator failures. This paper proposes a control method that can stably maintain the frequency of the MG in various situations by combining the advantages of master–slave control and droop control and complementing the disadvantages. Simulations were performed under various conditions to verify the proposed control method.

Defect-Engineered Co3 O4 @Nitrogen-Deficient Graphitic Carbon Nitride as an Efficient Bifunctional Electrocatalyst for High-Performance Metal-Air Batteries.

The ability to craft high-efficiency and non-precious bifunctional oxygen catalysts opens an enticing avenue for the real-world implementation of metal-air batteries (MABs). Herein, Co3 O4 encapsulated within nitrogen defect-rich g-C3 N4 (denoted Co3 O4 @ND-CN) as a bifunctional oxygen catalyst for MABs is prepared by graphitizing the zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)-67@ND-CN. Co3 O4 @ND-CN possesses superb bifunctional catalytic performance, which facilitates the construction of high-performance MABs. Concretely, the rechargeable zinc-air battery based on Co3 O4 @ND-CN shows a superior round-trip efficiency of ≈60% with long-term durability (over 340 cycles), exceeding the battery with the state-of-the-art noble metals. The corresponding lithium-oxygen battery using Co3 O4 @ND-CN exhibits an excellent maximum discharge/charge capacity (9838.8/9657.6 mAh g-1 ), an impressive discharge/charge overpotential (1.14V/0.18V), and outstanding cycling stability. Such compelling electrocatalytic processes and device performances of Co3 O4 @ND-CN originate from concurrent compositional (i.e., defect-engineering) and structural (i.e., wrinkled morphology with abundant porosity) elaboration as well as the well-defined synergy between Co3 O4 and ND-CN, which produce an advantageous surface electronic environment corroborated by theoretical modeling. By extension, a rich diversity of other metal oxides@ND-CN with adjustable defects, architecture, and enhanced activities may be rationally designed and crafted for both scientific research on catalytic properties and technological development in renewable energy conversion and storage systems.

Research on thermo-electrochemical behaviors and energy conversion in discharge process of vanadium-manganese flow battery associated with MnO2 precipitation

• 2-D isothermal model describing thermo-electrochemical behaviors is established. • Temperature has great impact on the property of vanadium-manganese flow battery. • Power consumption and Joule heating loss are analyzed and compared. • Battery presents better performance at applicable operating conditions. Vanadium-manganese flow battery is a promising renewable energy storage system due to higher energy density as well as lower cost of Mn(II)/Mn(III) redox couple in the cathode than V(II)/V(III). The non-isothermal 2-D model describing the thermo-electrochemical behaviors in the main reactions of V(II)/V(III) and Mn(II)/Mn(III) along with the side reaction of Mn(II)/MnO 2 is established to investigate the energy loss including power consumption and Joule heating loss associated with parameter researches, and the simulations agree with the experimental data. The amount of MnO 2 precipitation in the side reaction is inverse proportional to the discharge current density and electrode porosity. While the temperature rises from T = 5 to 45 °C, more power consumption deriving from deposition reaction than dissolution reaction occurs in the discharge, and the Joule heating loss acts as a main factor to influence energy loss as well as it increases with the rise of current density at lower temperatures. The maximum energy density of 32.17Wh/L and voltage efficiency of 93.07% arise respectively with electrode porosities of ε = 0.8 and ε = 0.7 under the current density of i = 50 mA/cm 2 , and the larger voltage efficiency and less power consumption accounting for total energy loss can be obtained with the electrode porosity of ε = 0.8, thus, the better performances can be obtained in the vanadium-manganese flow battery with optimized electrode porosity under the applicable operating conditions proposed in this work.

Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling in the Circular Economy: A Review

Lithium-ion batteries have become a crucial part of the energy supply chain for transportation (in electric vehicles) and renewable energy storage systems. Recycling is considered one of the most effective ways for recovering the materials for spent LIB streams and circulating the material in the critical supply chain. However, few review articles have been published in the research domain of recycling and the circular economy, with most mainly focusing on either recycling methods or the challenges and opportunities in the circular economy for spent LIBs. This paper reviewed 93 articles (66 original research articles and 27 review articles) identified in the Web of Science core collection database. The study showed that publications in the area are increasing exponentially, with many focusing on recycling and recovery-related issues; policy and regulatory affairs received less attention than recycling. Most of the studies were experiments followed by evaluation and planning (as per the categorization made). Pre-treatment processes were widely discussed, which is a critical part of hydrometallurgy and direct physical recycling (DPR). DPR is a promising recycling technique that requires further attention. Some of the issues that require further consideration include a techno-economic assessment of the recycling process, safe reverse logistics, a global EV assessment revealing material recovery potential, and a lifecycle assessment of experiments processes (both in the hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processes). Furthermore, the application of the circular business model and associated stakeholders’ engagement, clear and definitive policy guidelines, extended producer responsibility implications, and material tracking, and identification deserve further focus. This study presents several future research directions that would be useful for academics and policymakers taking necessary steps such as product design, integrated recycling techniques, intra-industry stakeholder cooperation, business model development, techno-economic analysis, and others towards achieving a circular economy in the LIB value chain.