Renal Function In Dogs Research Articles

Effects of bile and bile salt infusions on renal function in dogs.

A previous study in dogs indicated that 4 h of acute biliary obstruction was associated with an increment in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal perfusion, and urinary sodium excretion. These effects could also be transmitted to a "recipient" dog following 2 h of cross circulation. In this study we examined the possible role of bile and bile products in reproducing these effects. The i.v. infusion of 15 mL of undiluted gallbladder bile produced a marked diuresis and natriuresis, while arterial pressure and GFR declined. Bile diluted as much as 1/100 in isotonic saline could produce an effect when infused intravenously. When bile diluted to 1/250 was infused into th left renal artery at 0.5 mL/min, a diuretic and natriuretic response was obtained. GFR and renal blood flow declined with more concentrated solutions, though blood pressure remained normal. Dialysis of bile, or prior incubation with cholestyramine or plasma, failed to uncover a renal vasodilator effect. Following the first two procedures, the diuretic properties of infused bile were lost. The infusion of small amounts of synthetic bile salts (taurocholate or glycocholate) into the left renal artery caused marked increments in urinary sodium excretion without any change in renal hemodynamics. The infusion of bilirubin was without effect on renal function. Taurine and glycine, the amino acids present in the conjugated bile acids, were injected i.v. Both caused marked diuresis and natriuresis, but only glycine increased GFR and renal perfusion. The plasma levels of these substances, however, were unchanged following 4 h of acute biliary obstruction. We conclude that while bile salts probably cause the diuresis of biliary obstruction, the mechanism for the increase in GFR has not yet been identified.

Mechanism of the blood pressure and renal hemodynamic effects of captopril

This study was designed to investigate the mechanisms of captopril's chronic effect on arterial pressure and renal function. In dogs maintained on high sodium intake (250 mEq/day), 6 days of captopril infusion caused no change in arterial pressure, renal hemodynamics, sodium excretion or plasma aldosterone concentration. Infusion of captopril for 7 days also caused no significant changes in arterial pressure or renal function in dogs made hypertensive by chronic infusion of angiotensin II and high sodium intake, a model of hypertension in which plasma renin activity is undetectable and prostaglandin and bradykinin formation may be elevated. In dogs maintained on low sodium intake, chronic infusion of captopril decreased arterial pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration markedly while increasing effective renal plasma flow. Infusion of aldosterone (200 μg/day) for 8 days during captopril infusion restored plasma aldosterone concentration but did not significantly change arterial pressure or renal function, indicating that decreased plasma aldosterone concentration did not play a major role in the hypotensive and renal effects of captopril. However, angiotensin II infusion (10 ng/kg/min) for 8 days during captopril infusion restored arterial pressure, plasma aldosterone concentration and renal function toward control levels. These data suggest that the effects of captopril on arterial pressure, renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretion are mediated primarily by decreased angiotensin II formation.

Effect of bradykinin on renal function in dogs treated with indomethacin or propranolol.

The effect of bradykinin (BK) on renal function was examined in anesthetized dogs with or without treatment with either indomethacin or propranolol. Renal arterial infusion of BK (3 micrograms/min) in control dogs produced a sustained increase in urine flow rate (V), sodium excretion (UNaV), potassium excretion (UKV), and renal plasma flow (RPF) without a consistent change in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or renin secretion rate (RSR). This increase in salt and water excretion and in RPF could not be blocked with indomethacin (5 mg/kg, followed by 2.1-3.2 mg/kg/h, i.v.). UNaV was 20.8 +/- 7.4 and 123.3 +/- 22.3 muEq/min (mean +/- SEM values) before and after 140 min of infusion of BK (p less than 0.005), respectively. Beta-receptor blockade with propranolol (5 mg/kg, followed by 2.8-3.4 mg/kg/h, i.v.) did not prevent the BK-induced rise in salt and water excretion, or in RPF. UNaV was 26.0 +/- 9.7 and 96.4 +/- 21.5 muEq/min before and after 140 min of infusion of BK (p less than 0.005), respectively. The data suggest that the effects of BK on renal handling of salt and water and on RPF are not mediated by either prostaglandins or beta receptors.

Renal function in dogs with chronic moderate unilateral ureteral obstruction

Renal function in dogs with chronic moderate unilateral ureteral obstruction

Renal function in dogs with chronic moderate unilateral ureteral obstruction

Partial obstruction of the left ureter was created in seven dogs. Renal function was studied 3 weeks later. Total renal blood flow (RBF) and intrarenal blood flow distribution were studied using the microsphere technique. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (CPAH) and the excretion of sodium and osmolar substances were determined using the clearance technique. RBF, GFR and CPAH in the hydronephrotic kidney were reduced to approximately 30% of the same parameters in the contralateral kidney. Urinary sodium excretion was consistently lower in the hydronephrotic than in the contralateral kidney. Volume expansion with isotonic saline solution revealed that this reduction of sodium excretion from the hydronephrotic kidney was out of proportion to the extent of GFR reduction. The contralateral unobstructed kidney did not compensate for this salt retention by increasing its sodium excretion.

Effect of arachidonic acid and indomethacin on renal function of dogs with pericardial tamponade.

Previous studies revealed persistent sodium retention in dogs with chronic pericardial tamponade (induced by injection of Freund adjuvant into pericardial sacs) and pericardiocentesis, revealed in increased sodium excretion. Three groups of dogs were studied. Group 1 was treated with indomethacin (2.5 mg/kg, iv) prior to pericardiocentesis. Compared with experiments without indomethacin, sodium excretion did not increase flowing pericardiocentesis in animals treated with indomethacin despite similar changes in arterial pressure, venous pressure, hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, and renin activity. This effect of indomethacin was presumably mediated through prostaglandin (PG) synthesis inhibition. Group 2 dogs received an infusion of arachidonic acid (AA) (to increase PG synthesis) into the left renal artery (20 micrograms.kg-1. min-1). Sodium excretion increased after AA infusion during tamponade (11.2 to 30.9 mequiv.min-1) with a further increase occurring after pericardiocentesis (84.4 mequiv.min-1). Animals in group 3 were infused with both 20 and 80 micrograms. kg-1. min-1 doses of AA. Although sodium excretion following 80 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 AA(21 mequiv.min-1) was higher than that seen during 20 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 (14.2 mequiv.min-1), a further increase in sodium excretion to 45.6 mequiv.min-1 followed pericardiocentesis. During tamponade, AA did not change any of the measured parameters other than sodium excretion, a result compatible with the proposed distal tubular site of action of PG. Absolute but not fractional cortical blood flow distribution increased during the time sodium excretion increased following pericardiocentesis in all experiments. It is proposed that increased PG synthesis may be one possible mechanism involved in the natriuresis seen following pericardiocentesis. One cannot exclude the possibility that increased absolute blood flow to the superficial cortex also contributes to the observed natriuresis. Changes in arterial pressure, venous pressure, hematocrit, plasma protein concentration, and renin activity appear to contribute to the observed natriuresis but only when PG synthesis is not blocked.

1395 THE INFLUENCE OF AGE ON URANYL NITRATE (UN) NEPHROTOXICITY

The newborn is more resistant to the nephrotoxic effects of aminoglycosides. To determine if this resistance extends to other nephrotoxins, we studied the effects of UN (10 mg/kg IV) on renal function in dogs 1-2 wks (I) and 3-5 wks (II) of age during initiation (2 hrs) and in the maintenance phase (24 hrs after UN). Age matched controls received saline(S). The results are: 2 hrs post UN, there was extensive vacuolation only of the pars convoluta and greater in II than in I. 24 hrs post UN there were no distinct morphological changes (light & electron microscopy). Conclusion: very young puppies are more resistant to some nephrotoxins than older puppies and adult dogs.

Studies during rapid defibrinogenation followed by intra-arterial infusion of plasma on the pulmonary and renal function in dogs

Mongrel dogs were rapidly defibrinogenated with Defibrase R. During defibrinogenation, changes in the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic systems were followed and the circulatory, pulmonary and renal functions were studied. Besides the expected decrease in the fibrinogen concentration and an increase in fibrin(ogen) degradation products, there was a decreased cardiac output and right ventricular systolic pressure. The dogs were then given plasma intraarterially during one hour in a volume corresponding to 0.08 g fibrinogen/kg b.w. and the same recordings were repeated. The fibrinogen degradation products increased and there were measurable fibrin monomers in the plasma. While the pulmonary and renal functions remained unaffected, the cardiac output, right ventricular pressure, renal artery flow and central venous pressure were increased. It is concluded that plasma can be infused intra-arterially without disturbances in the renal and pulmonary function.

A Comparison of the Effects of Prostaglandin E2 (Pge2) and Prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) on Renal Function in Dogs

A Comparison of the Effects of Prostaglandin E₂ (Pge₂) and Prostaglandin I₂ (PGI₂) on Renal Function in Dogs

Effects of different doses of acetylsalicylic acid on renal function in the dog.

This study was carried out in order to examine the effect of increasing doses of intravenously administered lysine-acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) on renal function in dogs. The first purpose was to examine the acute effects on renal water and solute output. The second purpose was to correlate the para-aminohippuric (PAH) clearance measurements with measurement of renal PAH extraction and renal blood flow (RBF). After 7 mg/kg ASA (20-80 microgram SA/ml plasma) a decrease in sodium excretion was observed in all dogs. With increasing ASA doses, the urine sodium excretion declined to 23% of the control period excretion. Tubular reabsorption of free water increased 10%. A significant and dose-related decrease in PAH clearance was observed in all dogs, from 108.7 ml/kg ASA to 58.8 ml/min after 200 mg/kg ASA. The creatine clearance was unchanged. PAH extraction fell in all dogs, RBF (measured by flowmeter decreased 21% at the highest plasma SA levels, as compared with 46% decrease in PAH clearance. ASA seems to inhibit tubular transport of PAH. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis by ASA offers one explanation of the effects of RBF and sodium excretion.

The effect of glucagon on glomerular filtration rate in dogs during reduction of renal blood flow.

Glucagon in small intravenous (i.v.) doses markedly increases glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in normal anesthetized dogs. In this study, the effects of glucagon 5 mug/min (i.v.) on renal hemodynamics was tested in four canine models of acute pre-renal failure (hemorrhage, barbiturate overdose; renal arterial clamping and renal arterial infusions of noradrenaline) and in a model of unilateral acute tubular necrosis at 4 h and 6-7 days following completion of the ischemic insult. Following hemorrhage and barbiturate excess, with arterial blood pressure maintained at 65-70 mm Hg, whole-kidney GFR and clearance rate of p-aminohippurate decreased by 50-70%. During this reduction of perfusion pressure, the subsequent infusion of glucagon increased GFR by 90-130%. In models where arterial pressure was normal during the period of ischemia (clamping and noradrenaline infusion), not only did glucagon significantly increase renal perfusion, but the ischemic kidney proved to be far more sensitive to the hemodynamic effects of glucagon (delta GFR - 120-160%) than the contralateral control (deltaGFR = 30-40%). In three dogs completely anuric following renal arterial clamping, glucagon was able to improve blood flow and restart urine formation. Glucagon, but not dopamine, was able to simulate the beneficial effects of hypertonic mannitol on renal function in dogs with hemorrhagic hypotension. Glucagon was without effect in established acute tubular necrosis. This study, therefore, indicates that, during renal ischemia, glucagon may be quite effective in preserving urine output and perfusion of the kidneys.

Renal function in dogs with acute selective hepatic venous outflow block.

ARTICLESRenal function in dogs with acute selective hepatic venous outflow blockM LevyM LevyPublished Online:01 Nov 1974https://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1974.227.5.1074MoreSectionsPDF (2 MB)Download PDF ToolsExport citationAdd to favoritesGet permissionsTrack citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInWeChat Previous Back to Top Next Download PDF FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation Cited ByAfferent mechanisms of sodium retention in cirrhosis and hepatorenal syndromeKidney International, Vol. 77, No. 8Systemic hemodynamics, vasoactive systems, and plasma volume in patients with severe Budd-Chiari syndrome1 January 2005 | Hepatology, Vol. 43, No. 1Pathophysiology of Na and water retention in liver cirrhosis and its correction with vasoconstrictors and aquaretics22 December 2005 | Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, Vol. 16, No. 1Ventilation and the KidneyThe Pathogenesis of Renal Sodium Retention and Ascites Formation in Laennec’s CirrhosisRenal water and sodium handling in compensated liver cirrhosis: mechanism of the impaired natriuresis after saline loadingEuropean Journal of Clinical Investigation, Vol. 15, No. 6Sympathetic nervous activity in cirrhosisJournal of Hepatology, Vol. 1, No. 1Salt and Water Balance in Liver Disease17 May 2016 | Hospital Practice, Vol. 19, No. 7SODIUM AND FLUID RETENTION IN HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS: A ROLE FOR CIRCULATING HORMONES?25 March 2008 | Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine, Vol. 14, No. 3Renal neural activity in hepatorenal syndromeKidney International, Vol. 25, No. 5Renal Handling of Sodium in Hepatic Diseases Other than CirrhosisDie Pathogenese des kardialen ÖdemsHepatic nephropathy, related to haemodynamics10 December 2008 | Liver, Vol. 3, No. 5Disturbed volume homeostasis in patients with cirrhosis of the liverKidney International, Vol. 23, No. 2Afferent and efferent neural roles in liver functionProgress in Neurobiology, Vol. 21, No. 4Body fluid homeostasis in congestive heart failure and cirrhosis with ascitesThe American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 72, No. 2A Comparison of Acute Reversible Pre- and Postsinusoidal Portal Hypertension on Salt and Water Retention in the Dog21 September 2007 | Hepatology, Vol. 2, No. 1Noradrenaline and adrenaline concentrations in various vascular beds in patients with cirrhosis Relation to haemodynamics.Clinical Physiology, Vol. 1, No. 3Hepatorenales SyndromKlinische Wochenschrift, Vol. 59, No. 9Effects of renal and hepatic venous congestion on renal function in the presence of low and normal cardiac output in dogs.Circulation Research, Vol. 47, No. 6Renal and Intrarenal Blood Flow in Patients with Cirrhosis before and after Portal-Systemic Shunt23 February 2010 | Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, Vol. 15, No. 4Hepatic hemodynamics and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in cirrhosisGastroenterology, Vol. 78, No. 1Plasma levels and hepatic extraction of renin and aldosterone in alcoholic liver diseaseThe American Journal of Medicine, Vol. 66, No. 5Deranged Sodium Homeostasis in CirrhosisGastroenterology, Vol. 76, No. 3Renal blood flow in cirrhosis: relation to systemic and portal haemodynamics and liver function8 July 2009 | Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, Vol. 37, No. 7Effect of portal-systemic anastomosis on renal haemodynamics in cirrhosis.Gut, Vol. 17, No. 11 More from this issue > Volume 227Issue 5November 1974Pages 1074-1083 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1974 by American Physiological Societyhttps://doi.org/10.1152/ajplegacy.1974.227.5.1074PubMed4374089History Published online 1 November 1974 Published in print 1 November 1974 Metrics

Renal function in dogs with hypertension induced by immunologic nephritis.

Renal function in dogs with hypertension induced by immunologic nephritis.

Effects of intravenous veratridine on plasma antidiuretic hormone concentration and renal function in dogs.

SummaryThese experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that veratridine given intravenously causes a diuresis which is mediated by a decrease in plasma ADH. The results demonstrate that plasma ADH is not reduced, but rather is temporarily increased following veratridine administration. It is difficult to say which of the diverse pharmacological effects of veratridine produces the increase in ADH.Urine flow decreases immediately after veratridine is given and then tends to increase, but the increase was not significant statistically in the present experiments.We are indebted to Mrs. Pamela Geer, Mrs. Mary Ann Hill, and Dr. George Saba for technical assistance.

Effects of Transcranial Electric Currents on Renal Function of Dogs

Effects of Transcranial Electric Currents on Renal Function of Dogs

A simple clearance test for the assessment of renal function in dogs.

Abstract—A simple renal clearance technique has been investigated. This involves a single intravenous injection of a mixture of inulin and p‐aminohippuric acid (PAH), the withdrawal of two blood samples and subsequent estimation of the concentration of both injected substances. The rates of fall in plasma concentrations of these were related to kidney function as assessed by biochemical, clinical, and when possible, pathological methods. Forty‐four cases were investigated, in five of these the test was repeated in an attempt to assess change in kidney function, seven dogs showed no biochemical abnormality, and twelve were ultimately examined at post mortem. In addition, serial studies over approximately 1 yr were made on three normal dogs in an attempt to derive normal elimination rates. It has been demonstrated that the test has a possible use in prognosis, but appears to be less sensitive than other methods for the detection of mild nephritis.Résumé—Une simple technique de nettoyage rénal a été investiguée. Celle‐ci comporte une seule piqǔre intraveineuse d'un mélange d'inuline et d'acide aminohippurique‐p (PAH), la rétratcion de deux échantillons de sang, et une estimation conséquente de la concentration des deux substances injectées. Le taux de diminution dans les concentrations de plasma de ceux‐ci a été associé au fonctionnement des reins comme établi par les méthodes biochimiques, cliniques et si possible, pathologiques. Quarante quatre cas ont été investigués, dans cinq de ces derniers le test été répété dans le but d'évaluer les changements dans le fonctionnement des reins, sept chiens n'ont démontré aucun anomalie biochimique, et douze ont été en dernier lieu examinés en post mortem. De plus, des séries d'études de plus d'un an ont été faites sur trois chiens normaux dans une tentative de dériver les degrés d'élimination normale.11 a été démontré que le test a une place possible dans la prognose, mais semble étre moins sensitif que d'autres méthodes pour la détection de légères nephrites.Zusammenfassung—Eine einfache Nierenreinigungsmethode wurde untersucht. Es handelte sich dabei um eine einzige intravenöse Injektion mit einer Mischung von inulin and p‐aminohippurischer Säure (PAH), die Entziehung zweier Blutproben und darauffolgende Schätzung der Konzentration dieser beiden injizierten Substanzen. Das Ausmass der Senkung in Plasmakonzentration dieser Substanzen wurde auf Veränderung in der Nierenfunktion bezogen, welche durch biochemische, klinische und, wo durchführbar, durch pathologische Methoden bestimmt worden waren. Man untersuchte vierundvierzig Fälle, wobei bei fünfen der Test wiederholt wurde, um Versuche zur Abschätzung der Nierenfunktionsveränderungen anzustellen. Sieben Hunde zeigten keine biochemis‐chen Abnormalitäten und bei zwölf Hunden wurde letzten Endes eine post mortem Untersuchung angestellt. Ausserdem wurden noch Serienstudien während ungefähr eines Jahres an drei normalen Hunden zum Versuche der Ergründung normaler Eliminierungsgrade gemacht.Es wurde bewiesen, dass dieser Test eine Verwendungsmöglichkeit bei Prognosen bietet, jedoch weniger sensitiv als andere Methoden zur Feststellung von leichter Nepthritis zu sein scheint.

Effects of Whole-Body Irradiation on Renal Function and Renal Hemodynamics in the Dog

Although the kidney was recognized as one of the radioresistant structures early in the twentieth century (1,2), nephritis, hypertension, degeneration, and other morphological changes resulting from masssive doses of local X-irradiation have been reported by several investigators (3-5). Antopol and Glaubach (6) observed kidney glomerular lesions in mice that received 600 R of whole-body X-irradiation. Using fractional irradiation at a rate of 600 R every other day for a total dose of 3.6 kR, Klapproth et al. (7) demonstrated an impaired renal function in uninephrectomized dogs. Similar results were obtained by Mendelsohn and Caceres (8), who exposed the single remaining dog kidney to a total dose of 3.78 kR. Furthermore, Concannon et al. (9) showed that depressed renal functions in the dog were proportional to various dose levels of local X-irradiation up to 3.1 kR. In rats, when the exteriorized kidneys were exposed to a single dose between 2.5 and 4.0 kR, urine flow, glomerular filtration rate, and renal plasma flow were unchanged 7 days postirradiation (10). Clinically, a minimal dose of 2.3 kR applied locally to both kidneys was shown to be necessary to produce renal failure (11). The pathological effects of such renal irradiation in patients were clearly described by Luxton (12). Since the kidney plays a major role in the maintenance of hemeostasis, it was our purpose to investigate renal functional and hemodynamic responses to whole-body X-irradiation in dogs.

RENAL AND PRESSOR ACTION OF ANGIOTENSIN IN THE NORMAL DOG.

The renal and pressor actions of angiotensin in relation to dose were studied in unanesthetized dogs. Low doses caused depression of urine flow, electrolyte excretion, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and Cpah. With higher doses, the initial depression of urine flow, GFR, and Cpah was greater, but subsequently these functions rose toward control values. In fact, diuresis occurred, accompanied by natriuresis, chloruresis, and kaliuresis. The natriuresis occurred at a time when GFR was significantly depressed. In longer experiments at high doses it was found that the natriuresis declined after 50 min despite continued angiotensin infusion; however, potassium excretion gradually increased throughout. These results help clarify the confusing literature regarding the effects of angiotensin on renal function in dogs and also support the hypothesis that angiotensin can block tubular sodium reabsorption. The pressor response was found to be proportional to the logarithm of the dose of angiotensin. It was also inversely related to the control blood pressure of the dog.

HIGH OXYGEN TENSION AND RADIATION EFFECT ON THE KIDNEY.

Tissues that are well oxygenated have long been recognized as being more radiosensitive than those that are anoxic. Early experimental studies of the interaction between the tissue responses to irradiation and to oxygen were described by Crabtree and Cramer (1) and by Mottram (2). Read's (3) investigation with the broad bean root indicated that radio-sensitivity increased sharply with increasing oxygen concentrations when that concentration was low. At higher oxygen concentrations, further increase in the oxygen tension did not further add to radio-sensitivity. The radiosensitivity of a variety of biological tissues has now been shown to depend upon the concentration of oxygen present during the time of irradiation. The manner in which radiosensitivity varied with changes in oxygen pressure was described by Gray et al. (4) and by Gray (5). They showed that the administration of oxygen could greatly enhance the effectiveness of x-radiation in bringing about tumor regression. The tumor regression produced by 1,000 roentgens given while the animal was breathing oxygen approximately matched that due to a dose of between 1,500 and 2,000 roentgens when the animal was breathing air. Scott (4) also stated that, under the same conditions, damage to the skin was increased by only about 20 per cent by oxygen administration. These laboratory studies provided the stimulus for Churchill-Davidson et al. (6) to inaugurate a clinical program of irradiation of tumors in man under conditions of increased oxygen tension. Since then, similar clinical investigations have been initiated in a number of institutions. A review of the literature indicates that little is known of the interactions of radiation therapy and oxygen on well vascularized mammalian organs other than the skin, and a few reports have suggested that the combined use of the two agents might result in increased damage to normal well vascularized tissues (7). Moss (8) reported that with 7 per cent oxygen (atmospheric pressure) in the inhaled gas, 2,000 roentgens single dose, whole-chest irradiation produced barely perceptible epilation, while with the same radiation conditions and 100 per cent oxygen at 40 pounds pressure in the inhaled gas, a severe moist reaction occurred. It was believed, therefore, that an investigation should be undertaken to determine if injury to normal, well vascularized mammalian tissues was greater when they were irradiated under conditions of increased oxygen tension. The kidney was chosen for this study, as it is well vascularized, is moderately vulnerable to radiation injury (9–13), and there are numerous as well as sensitive tests available to quantitatively study alterations in renal function produced by irradiation. Mendelsohn and Caceres (13) studied roentgen-ray effects on renal function in dogs and found that alterations in glomerular filtration rate, renal blood flow, and TmPAH were roughly proportional to the dose of irradiation.

Renal Function in Dogs With Pyometra

Renal Function in Dogs With Pyometra