Removal Of Toxic Dyes Research Articles

Innovative applications of MXenes in dialysis: enhancing filtration efficiency.

MXenes, a family of two-dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides, exhibit exceptional properties such as high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and chemical versatility, making them ideal candidates for various dialysis applications. One prominent application of MXenes lies in the efficient removal of toxic metals and harmful dyes from wastewater. Their unique structure allows for rapid adsorption and selective separation, significantly improving purification processes. MXenes show great promise in the therapeutic management of acute kidney injury, where their biocompatibility and ability to facilitate toxin removal can mitigate damage to renal tissues. In hemodialysis, MXenes can enhance membrane performance through improved permeability and selectivity, leading to more effective clearance of waste products. Despite the potential of MXene-based composites in dialysis applications, several challenges loom large on the horizon. The stability of MXenes in physiological environments is a critical concern, as they can undergo oxidation or degradation, which may compromise their functionality over time. The scalability of synthesis processes remains a significant barrier; producing high-quality MXene materials in sufficient quantities for clinical use is not yet fully realized. Moreover, ensuring biocompatibility is paramount, as any adverse reactions could lead to inflammation or other complications in patients. The integration of MXenes into existing dialysis systems requires meticulous engineering to maintain optimal filtration properties while avoiding clogging or fouling. The future of MXenes and their composites in dialysis presents a promising horizon, teeming with potential innovations. The development of hybrid materials that utilize MXenes alongside other nanomaterials can lead to multifunctional systems, capable of addressing multiple challenges faced in dialysis treatments. Advancements in fabrication techniques may allow for tailored porosity, enabling customized dialysis solutions for individual patients. Research into surface modifications and composites can enhance their stability and functionality, potentially overcoming current limitations. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current landscape of MXenes in dialysis, highlighting their applications, challenges, and future directions. This review explores the diverse applications of MXenes in the field of dialysis, focusing on their roles in the removal of toxic metals and dyes, therapy for acute kidney injury, and hemodialysis enhancement.

A comparison of freeze- and air-dried chitosan salicylaldehyde/calcium oxide biocomposites for optimized removal of acid red 88 dye.

Chitosan salicylaldehyde/calcium oxide nanoparticle (CS-SL/CaO) was synthesized by hydrothermal process and isolated via different drying processes, namely, air-drying (AD) and freeze-drying (FD). The physicochemical properties of freeze-dried CS-SL/CaO nanoparticle (CS-SL/CaO-FD) and air-dried CS-SL/CaO nanoparticle (CS-SL/CaO-AD) were compared. In particular, the adsorption properties reveal that the specific surface area of CS-SL/CaO-FD increased by ca. 6 times (BET SA = 7.28 m2/g) greater than CS-SL/CaO-FD (BET SA = 1.26 m2/g). Also, the adsorptive removal of acid red 88 dye (AR88) from aqueous media was optimized by employing the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimal adsorption conditions obtained from desirability functions test for the removal of AR88 dye employed a dosage of 0.09 g/100 mL of adsorbent dosage at a solution pH of 5.6 and 25 °C. The best AR88 dye removal was found for the adsorbents CS-SL/CaO-AD (38.2 %) and CS-SL/CaO-FD (86.1 %), which concur with differences in the adsorbent surface areas. Moreover, the adsorption kinetics and isotherm profiles for CS-SL/CaO-FD were described by the pseudo second order (PSO) and Temkin models, where the maximum adsorption capacity of AR88 by CS-SL/CaO-FD 175.4 mg/g. Thus, this finding shows the potential application of the CS-SL/CaO-FD towards removal of toxic cationic dye from an aqueous environment.

Catalytic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles by gram-negative Aeromonas sobria and their application for removal of toxic dyes

Catalytic synthesis of selenium nanoparticles by gram-negative Aeromonas sobria and their application for removal of toxic dyes

Fabrication of Mesoporous SiO<sub>2</sub> Shells for Dye Adsorption Studies

The present work focuses on the fabrication of novel hybrid materials for toxic dye removal from an aqueous environment. Nanocarbon template (20-30 nm) was coated with tri-ethyl-orthosilicate (TEOS). The core-shell structure developed was further air pyrolyzed at 600 °C to produce mesoporous silica shells. The pore structures and characteristics of the material were evaluated using XRD, nitrogen adsorption studies, SEM, and TEM. Owing to the hierarchical porosity in range of 1-4 nm and 10-20 nm their adsorption studies were investigated for Phenol-Red. Dye adsorption studies performed revealed 98% removal efficiency with only 20 mg of adsorbent dose within 15 minutes.

Kinetics, mechanism, isotherms, and design analysis on the removal of toxic dye from water using surface-modified agro-waste biomass

Kinetics, mechanism, isotherms, and design analysis on the removal of toxic dye from water using surface-modified agro-waste biomass

Developing a novel polysulfone/chitosan membrane incorporated with green synthesized CuO from aloe vera extract for toxic dye removal

AbstractThe environment and public health have been protected by the simple, non‐destructive, and ecologically benign process used for fabricating membranes. In this study, a low‐cost wastewater treatment membrane is made from raw materials followed by phase inversion approach. A typical organic pollutant that has earned a poor track record for gradually harming aquatic life. Thus, the membrane technology is used to minimize the water contaminated by dyes. To treat wastewater, a membrane was developed by combining green synthesized CuO nanoparticles with polysulfone (PS) and chitosan (CS). The developed membranes were analyzed using x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, contact angle, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscope, and x‐ray diffraction techniques. The developed membrane, along with the nanoparticles and additives, confirmed its crystalline confirmation, hydrophilicity, arrangement of structures, and morphological modifications. CuO nanoparticles were prepared using aloe vera extract, and incorporated into a mixed matrix membrane was utilized for the congo red (CR) and methylene blue (MB) adsorption processes. The absorption capacity was analyzed via UV spectroscopy makes it potentially important for membrane performance. Therefore, the resulting membrane could be used as a substrate for dye removal applications.

Polymeric Adsorbent for the Effective Removal of Toxic Dyes from Aqueous Solutions: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Modeling

AbstractThis study investigates the adsorption behavior of anionic (Congo red, Eosin yellow) and cationic (Malachite green) dyes on synthesized TD polymer particles, highlighting the material's potential as an effective adsorbent for industrial wastewater treatment. Key operational parameters, including initial solution's pH, contact time, initial dye concentration, and temperature, were systematically evaluated to determine their influence on adsorption efficiency. The experimental data demonstrated that the Langmuir isotherm provided the best fit for all three dyes, indicating monolayer adsorption with maximum adsorption capacities of 153.8 mg/g for Malachite green, 49.36 mg/g for Congo red, and 227.9 mg/g for Eosin yellow. Kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption of Malachite green and Congo red followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetics, while Eosin yellow adsorption was better described by the intra‐particle diffusion model. Thermodynamic assessments, including Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°), and entropy (ΔS°), confirmed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption processes for Malachite green and Eosin yellow, contrasting with the exothermic behavior observed for Congo red. These findings underscore the versatility and effectiveness of TD polymer particles in removing both anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solutions. Further research could explore material optimization and real‐world applications to broaden their utility in sustainable water treatment strategies.

Green-synthesized BiFeO3 nanoparticles for efficient photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes, antibiotic and catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol

Green-synthesized nanoparticles have recently emerged as promising catalysts for the removal of toxic dyes from water bodies. In this article, Bismuth ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by a simple and low-cost method using Couroupita guianensis plant leaf extract. The particles were used as photocatalysts for degrading RhB, MO dyes, and TC antibiotics, as well as for reducing toxic 4-NP to useful 4-AP. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using several state-of-the-art tools. The formation of perovskite structure and the presence of biomolecules on the surface of BiFeO3 nanoparticles were confirmed by FTIR analysis. Raman spectrum revealed a rhombohedral structure of BiFeO3 nanoparticles, corroborating the XRD findings. FESEM micrograph demonstrated irregularly shaped agglomerated nanoparticles. The average hydrodynamic diameter was estimated to be 51 nm using the DLS technique. The optical energy bandgap of the bismuth ferrite was estimated using Tauc’s relation for direct bandgap semiconductors. SQUID measurements revealed that these nanoparticles exhibit a weak ferromagnetic ordering. Furthermore, these nanomaterials degraded the cationic and anionic dyes effectively because of the formation of hydroxyl radicals, confirmed by the scavenger test. The photocatalytic degradation pathway of RhB dye was investigated through LC-MS analysis, and the intermediate degradation products were identified. The prepared material also exhibited excellent catalytic reduction efficiency in a short duration of time. This study proclaims that these nanoparticles can be used as potential catalysts for the purification of water bodies.

Polymeric Matrix of Modified Chitosan with Algae and Coal Fly Ash for a Toxic Cationic Dye Removal: Multivariable Optimization by Box-Behnken Design

Polymeric Matrix of Modified Chitosan with Algae and Coal Fly Ash for a Toxic Cationic Dye Removal: Multivariable Optimization by Box-Behnken Design

Adsorptive removal of toxic crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions using buckwheat/Fe3O4 composites

Adsorptive removal of toxic crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions using buckwheat/Fe3O4 composites

Elucidating antibiofilm as well as photocatalytic disinfection potential of green synthesized nanosilver against multi-drug-resistant bacteria and its photodegradation ability of cationic dyes

BackgroundBioinspired nanomaterials have widely been employed as suitable alternatives for controlling biofilm and pathogens due to their distinctive physico-chemical properties.MethodologyThis study explored the antibiofilm as well as photocatalytic potential of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized using the cell-free supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus for the disinfection of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), Salmonella Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) on exposure to LED light. In addition, the removal of toxic cationic dyes i.e., methylene blue (MB), rhodamine B (RhB) and crystal violet (CV) was explored on exposure to sunlight, LED and UV lights.ResultsInitially, the synthesis of AgNPs was verified using UV- Vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The synthesized AgNPs exhibited MIC and MBC values of 7.80 and 15.625 µg/mL, respectively. The AgNPs exhibited significant inhibition (P < 0.001) in the biofilm-forming ability of all the tested MDR isolates. On exposure to LED light, the AgNPs could effectively eliminate all the tested MDR isolates in a dose-dependent manner. While performing photocatalytic assays, the degradation of RhB was observed to be quite slower than MB and CV irrespective of the tested light sources. Moreover, the sunlight as well as UV light exhibited better photodegradation capacity than LED light. Notwithstanding the light sources, RhB followed zero-order kinetics; however, MB and CV followed primarily second-order kinetics.ConclusionThe green synthesized AgNPs were found to be an effective photocatalytic as well as antifouling candidate that could be applied in therapeutics and wastewater treatment.

Effective removal of toxic dye [Malachite green] by aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata and Najas minor as low cost adsorbent

Effective removal of toxic dye [Malachite green] by aquatic plant Hydrilla verticillata and Najas minor as low cost adsorbent

Cholesterol Based Organogelators in Environmental Remediation: Applications in Removal of Toxic Textile Dyes and Oil Spill Recovery.

Oil spills in the ocean and textile dyes have a catastrophic impact on the environment, economy, and ecosystem. Phase-selective organic gelator dye sorption and oil separation for oil adsorption should meet certain criteria such as facile synthesis, low cost, effective gelation, and recyclability. This study has discovered that an aliphatic chain synthetic amphiphile based on cholesterol can produce organogels in a variety of organic solvents. Numerous methods, such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, and rheology, have been used extensively to examine and describe these organogels. An environmentally acceptable technique for achieving hazardous dye separation is presented here. For the sustainable filtration of dye-contaminated water, a new, straightforward, one-step method driven by gravitational force has been employed by using a gel column. This approach has shown excellent stability and reusability with repeated use, and it is easily scalable for the effective removal of a wide range of hazardous dyes. Furthermore, because the oil fraction was absorbed in the gel, the study showed how well it might be used to apply phase selectivity to separate the oil-water mixture from marine accidents. Furthermore, a straightforward distillation method can be used to quantitatively recover the oils contained in the gel and gelator molecules in phase-selective gelation. This low-tech, ecofriendly, and highly effective method also offers valuable insights into the development of advanced materials for separating toxic dyes and oil from water.

Development of a novel lightweight brick-activated carbon based BiVO4 photocatalyst and its adsorption-photocatalytic behavior for toxic dye removal in wastewater

The purpose of this research was to develop a novel photocatalyst by loading BiVO4 (BVO) particles on lightweight brick-activated carbon (LWB-AC). The characterizations of as-prepare samples were studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–VIS –NIR spectrophotometer (UV-VIS-NIR) techniques. The adsorption-photocatalytic methylene blue (MB) removal, methyl orange (MO) removal and rhodamine B (RhB) removal of the as-prepared LWB-AC based BVO photocatalyst were tested by irradiating visible light. The results showed that the LWB-AC based BVO photocatalyst exhibited the highest adsorption-photocatalytic efficiency for the removal of MB, MO and RhB dyes under visible light irradiation as compared to the other samples. This might be due to the synergistic effect between AC and BVO on the surface of LWB. Moreover, the presence of both AC and BVO on the surface of LWB helped in preventing the electron-hole recombination, resulting in the enhanced adsorption-photocatalytic activity. For reusability tests, the LWB-AC based BVO photocatalyst did not show the loss of adsorption-photodegradation ability of MB, MO and RhB dyes after five runs. A probable adsorption-photodegradation mechanism of LWB-AC based BVO photocatalyst was also proposed.

New recyclable and functionalized chitosan-based polyurethane foams for effective and incessant removal of Orange II (OII) and Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes from water

The development of new efficient materials for the removal of water-soluble toxic organic dyes has been one of the focused research areas in the recent past. There is a strong demand for the new materials as most of the reported techniques/materials suffer from serious limitations. In this regard, a series of flexible chitosan-based task-specific polyurethane foams (PUCS-GP, PUCS-CA-GP, PUCS-TA-GP, and PUCS-GA-GP) associated with naturally available hydroxycarboxylic acids was developed. The basis for the preparation of these task-specific and functionalized PU foams is to possess amine groups for trapping the anionic dyes (example: Orange II denoted as OII) and carboxylic acid groups for attracting the cationic dyes (example: Rhodamine B denoted as RhB) under specified pH conditions. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to assess and improve various parametric conditions. The experimental results revealed that the adsorption kinetics closely agree with the pseudo-second-order model having a maximum sorption capacity of 38.3 mg/g at pH 3 for OII on PUCS-GP and 48.4 mg/g at pH 6 for RhB on PUCS-CA-GP. Furthermore, the adsorption process was described by isotherms, kinetic equations and thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°). Notably, the regeneration of OII and RhB dyes from the exhausted PUCS-GP and PUCS-CA-GP materials was effectively accomplished. The recovered PUCS-GP shows >90 % OII and PUCS-CA-GP displays >70 % RhB removal efficiency even after twelve adsorption–desorption processes under mild conditions, demonstrating excellent recyclability/durability. The advantages of these functionalized foam materials are facile preparation, high adsorption capacity, good reusability, and very efficient removal of organic dyes from wastewater streams.

Antimicrobial zinc oxide/polymer nanocomposites for the removal of toxic textile dye

Antimicrobial zinc oxide/polymer nanocomposites for the removal of toxic textile dye

Magnetic chitosan-benzoin Schiff’s base/fly ash for reactive blue 19 dye removal: Characterization and parametric optimization

A new composite adsorbent of magnetic chitosan-benzoin/fly ash (Cn-Bn-FSH-Fe3O4) was developed for removal of anionic organic dye (Reactive blue 19: RB19) from aqueous medium. To ascertain the physicochemical characteristics of Cn-Bn-FSH-Fe3O4, BET, SEM-EDX, FTIR, XRD, and pHpzc test were used. The experimental data was simulated via RSM-BBD to pinpoint the influence of adsorption factors precisely. Laboratory results, including the RSM model outcomes evidenced that the highest RB19 elimination value (97.95 %) was achieved when using Cn-Bn-FSH-Fe3O4 of 0.1 g, solution pH of 4, temperature of 45 °C, and a span time of 32.5 min. The adsorption data were well described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models, the monolayer adsorption capacity for RB19 was found to be 309.6 mg/g. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that this adsorption system was endothermic in nature. Thus, this study reaffirms the applicability of the Cn-Bn-FSH-Fe3O4 as promising adsorbent for toxic textile dye removal.

Effective removal of toxic mixed azo dyes and Cr (VI) ions from wastewater using an integrated approach

The textile industry generates a significant amount of wastewater, including hazardous dyes, pigments, and heavy metals. The integrated approach of isolated bacterial strain and the bacterially synthesized ZnO nanoparticles was used in the removal of mixed azo dyes and Cr(VI) in a lab-scale bioreactor. It resulted in 77.19 % bromocresol purple (4th day), 50.11 % on bromocresol blue (3rd day), and 50.59 % bromocresol green (4th day) removal. Mixed azo dyes and Cr(VI) were removed using bacterial strain, which showed the maximum removal of Cr(VI) was 73.6 % at 25 ppm (3rd day) and mixed azo dyes removal was a maximum of 49.01 % at 75 ppm. A lab-scale reactor study using bacterial strain resulted in 45.89 % (5th day) of mixed azo dye and Cr(VI) removal. However, when the reactor was employed with synthetic wastewater and bacterially synthesized ZnO nanoparticles, achieved a maximum removal of 53.84 % at 120 min. Also, a phytotoxicity study on the Cicer arietinum plant with different concentrations of mixed azo dyes and chromium concentrations showed a maximum length of 5.5 cm at 100 ppm (3rd day). The bacterial strain and synthesized ZnO nanoparticles integrated technique providing an economically viable and scale-up solution for wastewater treatment techniques.

Exploring the potential of waste biomass-derived pectin and its functionalized derivatives for water treatment

Environmental pollution remains a constant challenge due to the indiscriminate use of fossil fuels, mining activities, chemicals, drugs, aromatic compounds, pesticides, etc. Many emerging pollutants with no fixed standards for monitoring and control are being reported. These have adverse impacts on human life and the environment around us. This alarms the wastewater management towards developing materials that can be used for bulk water treatment and are easily available, low cost, non-toxic and biodegradable.Waste biomass like pectin is extracted from fruit peels which are a discarded material. It is used in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications but its application as a material for water treatment is very limited in literature. The scientific gap in literature review reports are evident with discussion only on pectin based hydrogels or specific pectin derivatives for some applications. This review focuses on the chemistry, extraction, functionalization and production of pectin derivatives and their applications in water treatment processes. Pectin functionalized derivatives can be used as a flocculant, adsorbent, nano biopolymer, biochar, hybrid material, metal-organic frameworks, and scaffold for the removal of heavy metals, ions, toxic dyes, and other contaminants. The huge quantum of pectin biomass may be explored further to strengthen environmental sustainability and circular economy practices.

CNT/TiO2 nanocomposite for environmental remediation

Abstract Nanomaterials and their composites have been proven to be effective materials for various energy and environmental applications. In this way, functionalized polymers and their nanocomposites (NCs) are receiving much attention due to their tunable physico-chemical characteristics, cost and ease of availability. As an environmental application, particularly the removal of toxic dyes, photocatalysis has been reported as an emerging technology. The literature survey shows that functionalized polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) as photocatalysts offer an extensive contribution towards the generation of clean, renewable, and practical forms of energy from light-based pollutant removal as environmental remediation. Here, the present concept provides a brief introduction to the field of photocatalysis and environmental remediation, followed by the application of functionalized PNCs. In this view, TiO2–NCs are reported to be effective photocatalytic materials. In the present study, CNT-doped TiO2 NCs samples have been prepared using the sol–gel method and their photocatalytic activity has been investigated through a dye degradation experiment. Compared to the present studies, here the CNT content taken is very low, and it is found to be effective for the dye degradation part of an environmental cleaning application.