Removal Of Pb Research Articles

Removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) from water using silver nanoparticles prepared using extract plant (Albizia odoratissima)

Removal of Pb(II) and Cu(II) from water using silver nanoparticles prepared using extract plant (Albizia odoratissima)

A study on a fixed-bed for Pb(ii) removal by modified alkaline lignin-sodium alginate composite hydrogel.

In this work, alkaline lignin (AL) co-modified with trimercapto-s-triazine trisodium salt (TMT) and sodium alginate (SA) as a matrix were used to create a composite hydrogel for removing heavy metals, specifically divalent lead (Pb) from water. The obtained hydrogel beads were packed into a fixed bed, and then various operating conditions were explored to assess their impact on the efficiency of Pb(ii) removal. The findings indicated that the optimal removal efficiency for Pb(ii) was attained using an inflow rate of 0.159 L min-1, a hydrogel-II filling height of 40 cm, an initial Pb(ii) concentration of 10 mg L-1, and a bottom inflow direction. In the third adsorption-desorption cycle experiment, the breakthrough curve reached equilibrium after 650 min, in which equilibrium time for the initial breakthrough curve was 855 min, indicating that hydrogel-II exhibit good regeneration capability. This work serves as a foundation for practical applications in removing heavy metals from wastewater.

Novel plant waste-based cost-effective adsorbent to remove contaminants from sewage wastewater

Discharge of untreated or partially treated sewage wastewater into waterbodies contaminates soil and groundwater. Reducing heavily-laden contaminants from wastewater is an utmost necessity. Recently, the use of organic adsorbents has become a promising approach for wastewater treatment due to their efficacy and sustainability. Objectives of the present study are (a) to explore novel plant waste material for the synthesis of adsorbents (biochars) with and without modifications to reduce inorganic contaminants and excess nutrients from sewage wastewater (b) to validate the efficacy of novel synthesized biochars on germination of Vigna radiata when grown in sewage wastewater. Plant waste materials (Turmeric leaves, Cyperus roots, Juniper leaves, and berries) were collected after oil extraction and Fe-modified and pristine biochars were further synthesized at 500 °C. The highest heavy metals efficiency and maximum seedling germination was observed in biochars derived from turmeric leaf followed by Cyperus root > Juniper leaf > Juniper berry. Fe-modified Turmeric leaf biochar showed 83.9, 96.7, and 94.8% removal for Ni, As, and Pb, respectively. The highest removal for PO43−, NO3−, NO2−, Cl−, and SO42− were observed in Fe-modified Cyperus root biochar as 96, 88, 84, 70, and 70%, respectively. Fe-modification enhance the higher surface area of biochars in the order of CRMBC (143.21 m2 g−1) > TLMBC (93.317 m2 g−1) > JBMBC (79.561 m2 g−1) > JLMBC (77.764 m2 g−1) that amplified the adsorption capacity. Fe-modification developed mesoporous structures that made biochar more thermally stable which was confirmed by thermo-gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Fe-modified biochars offer a sustainable and easily recoverable option for wastewater treatment to efficiently reduce inorganic contaminants and to make treated wastewater suitable for irrigation and other purposes.

Evaluation of Type III Adhesive Mortar (ACIII) and Gypsum as Precipitating Agents of Copper and Lead

Heavy metals exhibit characteristics such as nonbiodegradable nature, toxic character, bioaccumulation capability, and ability to transit over long distances. The widespread application of these metal ions in various industrial sectors has led to an increase in their release into the environment. Chemical precipitation has been one of the technologies used to remove heavy metals from wastewater, involving a process in which chemical agents are added to wastewater with dissolved toxic metal ions, which react with the metals, forming insoluble precipitates. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the potential of gypsum and adhesive mortar type III (ACIII) as precipitating agents for lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) ions, as well as to evaluate the toxicity of precipitation products on Drosophila melanogaster. Experiments using ACIII mortar waste as a precipitating agent for Cu ions were obtained using a glass filter composed of 04 chambers and 04 antechambers, while the potential of gypsum as a Pb ion precipitant was evaluated by adding gypsum powder to a beaker containing a Pb ions solution. The toxicity of the precipitation products was evaluated by observing the mortality and negative geotaxis parameters on D. melanogaster. In the tests using ACIII mortar as a precipitating agent for Cu, retention percentages progressively varied, obtaining 98.82% at a concentration of 30 mg/L. Meanwhile, gypsum obtained retention percentages that varied from 32.83 to 98.61% for Pb. It was found that the precipitates of Cu and Pb resulted in alterations in the survival and locomotion rates of D. melanogaster only at the highest evaluated concentrations. In conclusion, the results obtained indicated that geomaterials such as ACIII mortar and gypsum have potential for the removal of Cu and Pb from aqueous solutions. Moreover, the precipitation stages by these materials also impact in decreasing the toxicity of metal ions to the evaluated model organism.

Remediation of Pb- and Cd-contaminated clayey soil via magnetic-enhanced washing

The mass transfer efficiency between the contaminant and the washing eluent is the fundamental factor that limits the efficiency of chemical washing. In this study, the magnetization technique was employed to improve the physicochemical properties of eluent and cross-tests were conducted on clayey soils samples contaminated with lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Furthermore, eluent concentration, magnetization strength, and magnetization time were varied as parameters for enhancing mass transfer efficiency. Results showed that after magnetization, the viscosity, surface tension, and contact angle of ethylene diamine tetraacetie acid (EDTA) decreased, whereas conductivity and pH increased. In particular, the viscosity of high-concentration EDTA increased with higher magnetic field strength and longer magnetization time. The maximum removal of Cd and Pb increased by 64.46% and 35.49%, respectively, compared with the unmagnetized lysate. This result highlighted the efficient mass transfer and synergistic mechanism of the magnetization technique, facilitating better contact between the eluent and the contaminants. Magnetization eluent has been proven to be an efficient, cost-effective, and easily implementable method for enhancing mass transfer efficiency, providing a valuable reference for improving the efficiency of chemical washing for heavy metal-contaminated clayey soil.

Remediation of Lead-Contaminated Water Using Green Synthesized Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles: Performance and Mechanism

Lead (Pb(II)) ions in water pose a significant threat to both human health and aquatic ecosystems. Various approaches have been employed for wastewater treatment, but adsorption is often preferred due to its effectiveness. However, its practical application is limited by the large quantities of adsorbent required, which consequently increases operational costs. In this study, orange-modified iron-oxide nanoparticles (O-Fe3O4) are synthesized from agro-waste mass (orange peel), and adsorption experiments were conducted for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution. Characterization studies confirm that O-Fe3O4 nanoparticles possess a mesoporous hexagonal nanocrystalline structure, with diameters measuring less than 100 nm. The adsorption process was optimized using a central composite design framework combined with response surface methodology. The analysis of interaction effects demonstrated that they significantly influenced the effectiveness of adsorption removal. The study revealed that an initial concentration of 25 mg/L, a dosage of 0.2 g/L, a contact period of 90 min, and a pH of 5.5 were the optimum conditions to achieve above 95% of Pb(II) removal. The green synthesized O-Fe3O4 nanoparticles, which presented high efficacy, makes it a promising option for implementing the sustainable water purification.

Adsorption Efficiency of Pb(II) and Cu(II) by Polyurethane Foam with the Fillers of Activated Tofu Waste

This research aims to develop a polyurethane foam (PUF) adsorbent with solid tofu waste (TW) filler. TW was activated using NaOH at concentrations ranging from 0.2 M to 0.6 M. The PUF was synthesized by combining polyol with isocyanate. The TW PUF adsorbent was employed for removing Pb(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solutions. The results revealed that the adsorption efficiency of TW PUF-0.2 M for Pb(II) removal was 60.36%, while TW PUF-0.4 M and TW PUF-0.6 M showed the adsorption efficiencies of 63.26% and 61.39%, respectively. Similarly, the adsorption efficiency for Cu(II) removal was 62.45%, 65.93%, and 63.34% for TW PUF-0.2 M, TW PUF-0.4 M, and TW PUF-0.6 M, respectively. Despite the insignificance in the change of adsorption efficiency with NaOH concentration, the optimal activation concentration for TW was found to be 0.4 M. In conclusion, TW PUF adsorbent exhibits potential for adsorbing Pb(II) and Cu(II), and its production can contribute to minimizing the environmental impact of tofu waste.

Ultrasound activated clay: preliminary study of Pb and As removal in aqueous media

Heavy metals in water represent a risk to health and ecosystems, their removal through new materials is a challenge for the industry. Research aimed to evaluate the removal of Pb and As by activated clay (AC). Clay was activated with sodium chloride, and phosphoric acid and then sonicated. A Pb and As synthetic solution was prepared at different pHs for removal with AC and natural clay (NC). AC reported 7.10 of PPC and NC 8.02, ? potential between - 41.15 and - 45.43 mV in pH range 4 to 12, FTIR allowed identify groups with chelating capacity, XRD test allowed to establish 97.24% crystallinity degree with 2.85 nm crystal size. Removal was observed in batches of 75.51% for As and 98.35% for Pb, with an adsorption capacity of 103.73 mg As/g and 107.21 mg Pb/g, showing a significant effect with pH medium. Clay activated by sonication improves metal ion removal in an aqueous medium.

Nitrogen-Riched Functional Cellulose Enhanced the Removal of Pb(II) from Water

Nitrogen-Riched Functional Cellulose Enhanced the Removal of Pb(II) from Water

K-Co-Mo-Sx Chalcogel ─ High Capacity Removal of Pb2+ and Ag+ and their Underlying Mechanisms

Chalcogenide-based aerogels, known as chalcogels, represent a novel class of nanoparticle-based porous amorphous materials characterized by high surface polarizability, substantial surface area, and Lewis base properties, exhibiting promising applications in...

Removal of lead from aqueous solution using modified dewatered sewage sludge as adsorbent

The increasing demand for clean water also increases sewage and its sludge by-products. Current challenges of disposing and treating sewage sludge necessitates the development and modification of the material into valuables. The composition and structure of sewage sludge give it the potential to be used as an adsorbent for heavy metal ions removal. This study investigated the performance of three different types of dewatered sludge-based adsorbents prepared with varying methods of activation, consisting of CS (carbonized sludge at 600 oC), CS-NaOH (CS activated with NaOH), and CS-KOH (CS activated with KOH) to remove lead (Pb) from aqueous solution. Adsorption experiments were carried out using synthetic Pb wastewater in a batch system. Several experimental parameters were evaluated, including adsorbent types, contact time, adsorbent dose, pollutant concentration, pH, and competing adsorbates. Adsorption data were analysed using isotherms and kinetics model equations and were found to fit Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models, which suggests that the adsorptive behaviour of CS-NaOH is monolayer chemical sorption and depends on the active surface sites. The study revealed that the highest Pb removal, achieving a 100% removal efficiency, was observed with CS-NaOH adsorbent dose of 1 g/L, initial Pb (II) concentration of 10 mg/L, and a contact time of 120 minutes at pH 6. The presence of cadmium (Cd) and methyl orange (MO) in synthetic wastewater inhibited Pb(II) adsorption efficiency using CS-NaOH, which indicates potential competition between adsorbates. In conclusion, CS-NaOH was revealed as a promising adsorbent for lead removal from water.

Novel Carbon Nanomaterial Synthesized from Banana Leaf Decorated with Metal Nanoparticles for Remediation of Toxic Metal Ions

Abstract: In the present work, a novel carbon nanomaterial decorated with metal nanoparticles was prepared from banana leaf. An eco-friendly, carbon neutral with a high-cost efficiency quotient substance. The precursor, banana leaf was pyrolyzed in an inert atmosphere and activated by using alkali solution. It was then decorated with copper nanoparticles to obtain the final product. BET analysis revealed its significant specific surface area. The synergic effect of high surface area and nanometal decoration makes this carbon nanomaterial suitable for removal of Pb, Co and Cr toxic metal ions. It is very effective even when the concentration of metal ions is very low. Characterization of nanomaterials was carried out by SEM, HRTEM and XRD. The effect of pH on removal of toxic metal ions was also studied.

“Comparative study of Graphene Oxide sand Composite (GOSC) and Graphene Coated iron Oxide (GCIO), for Pb2+ ion removal”

Lead is a heavy metal that affects all systems of the human body. An adsorption method was used for removal of lead from wastewater. For this purpose, two adsorbents, graphene oxide coated sand particles (GOSC) and graphene coated iron oxide (GCIO) were prepared by coating of graphene sheets on the surfaces of sand particles and iron oxide using sucrose solution under controlled heating program. Both adsorbents offered very fast removal of Pb+2 ions with small amount of GOSC and GCIO, respectively. Characterization of GOSC was done using several advanced techniques like FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDX and TEM before and after adsorption of lead ions (Pb2+). Various parameters such as the effect of time, pH, adsorbent, dose effect, concentration and temperature were studied for both adsorbents. Various adsorption and kinetic models were also examined using adsorption data for both the adsorbents and results showed that removal of lead (Pb2+) ions through GOSC follow Langmuir isotherm (R2 = 99%), second order kinetics (R2 = 98%) and higher intraparticle diffusion (R2 = 98%), respectively while in case of GCIO adsorbent, the removal of lead (Pb2+) ions follows Freundlich model (R2 = 99%), second order kinetics (R2 = 98%) and higher intraparticle diffusion (R2 = 98%).

Synthesis of Plant-Mediated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Optimization of Chemically Modified Activated Carbon Adsorbents for Removal of As, Pb, and Cd Ions from Wastewater.

This research study was designed with the aim to prepare plant extract-mediated iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and different chemically modified carbon adsorbents from the Parthenium hysterophorus plant and then optimize the carbon adsorbents by evaluating their adsorption applications in wastewater for the selected metal ions like arsenic (As3+), lead (Pb2+), and cadmium (Cd2+). The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique was used to highlight functional groups in plant-mediated IONPs and chemically modified carbon adsorbents. A scanning electron microscopy study was conducted to explain the surface morphology of the adsorbents. Energy-dispersive X-rays was used for elemental analysis and X-ray diffraction for particle size and crystallinity of the adsorbents. From the study, it was found that the best optimum conditions were pH = 5-6, initial concentration of adsorbate of 10 mg/L, dose of adsorbent of 0.01 g, contact time of 90-120 min of adsorbent and adsorbate, and temperature of 25 °C. At optimum conditions, the adsorption capacities of IONPs for arsenic (As) 144.7 mg/g, lead (Pb) 128.01 mg/g, and cadmium (Cd) ions 122.1 mg/g were recorded. The activated carbon at optimum conditions showed adsorption capacities of 46.35 mg/g for As, 121.95 mg/g for Pb, and 113.25 mg/g for Cd ion. At equilibrium, Langmuir, Freundlich Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms were applied on the experimental adsorption data having the best R2 values (0.973-0.999) by the Langmuir isotherm. High-correlation coefficient R2 values (0.996-0.999) were obtained from the pseudo-second-order for all cases, showing that the adsorption process proceeds through pseudo second-order kinetics. The apparent adsorption energy E value was in the range of 0.24-2.36 kJ/mol. The adsorption capacity of regenerated IONPs for As gradually decreased from 144.8 to 45.67 mg/g, for lead 128.15 to 41.65 mg/g, and cadmium from 122.10 to 31.20 mg/g in 5 consecutive cycles. The study showed that the synthesized IONPs and acid-activated carbon adsorbent were successfully used to remove selected metal ions from wastewater.

Fabrication of Activated Carbon/Chitosan Hybrid Material for Adsorptive Removal of Pb (II)

In this study, a novel, cost-effective and environmentally friendly activated carbon/chitosan hybrid material (ACCHM) was synthesized by incorporating surface properties of both the activated carbon derived from rice husk and chitosan extracted from “Black Tiger” shrimp shells to generate a highly functionalized porous material with enhanced Pb (II) adsorption capacity for water purification.

The role of alkalinity on metals removal from petroleum produced water by dolomite

Alkalinity is a critical parameter for describing the composition, pH buffer capacity, and precipitation potential of petroleum produced water (PW). Besides salinity, alkalinity and metal concentrations are generally greater in PW than in freshwater (FW) and seawater. This study presents batch reaction experimental and simulation results showing that the removal of Ba, Sr, and Cd from PW by dolomite is mostly due to sorption reactions, with sorption reactions and thus removal levels being higher for Cd than for Ba and Sr. In contrast, we found that the removal of Pb and As from PW by dolomite is largely due to precipitation and coprecipitation reactions of carbonate minerals on dolomite. Analyses of changes in the morphology as well as in the elemental and mineral composition of dolomite surface, along with pH, alkalinity, and Ba, Sr, Cd, Pb, and As removal measurements using synthetic PW and FW containing high concentrations (∼100 mg/L) of single and mixture toxic metals and metalloids (Ba, Sr, Cd, Pb, and As) at different initial alkalinity and pH conditions, indicate that in addition to salinity, alkalinity and pH generated from the dissolution of dolomite controls the removal of Ba, Sr, Cd, Pb, and As from PW by dolomite. However, we found that their impact is different for each metal in PW and FW. Ba, Sr, and Cd removal by dolomite is 10, 2, and 4 times smaller in PW than in freshwater (FW), respectively. Whereas As removal is practically the same regardless of salinity. Moreover, this study reveals the need of thermodynamic data of complex carbonate minerals formed from the precipitation of Ba, Sr, Cd, Pb, and As to capture the effect of alkalinity on their removal from PW by dolomite.

Environmental contamination by heavy metals and assessing the impact of inhabitant microalgae in bioremediation: a case study of urban water of Yamuna River, India

ABSTRACT A study assessed the presence of heavy metals (HMs) in Yamuna River water across different locations, seasons, and years, while also examining the efficacy of resident microalgae in HMs removal. High HM concentrations were found, with peak levels in Faridabad during the summer of 2022: Cr(II) at 132.064 µg/L, Pb(II) at 93.034 µg/L, Cu(II) at 218.6 µg/L, and Ni(II) at 347.1 µg/L. In Kalindi Kunj during the same season and year, As(lII) measured 8.05 µg/L and Cd(II) reached 31.587 µg/L. The study identified microalgae species proficient in HMs removal. Scenedesmus sp. achieved 76.11% Cr(II) and 59.83% Pb(II) removal, while Klebsormidium sp. displayed the highest rates with 78.49% Cd(II) and 64.00% As(lII) removal. Oocystis sp. and Chlorococcum sp. absorbed up to 86.53% Cu(II) and 58.54% Ni(II), respectively. This research highlights the variability of HMs in Yamuna River water and the potential of resident microalgae for HMs remediation.

Pb2+ biosorption by Serratia marcescens CCMA 1010 and its relation with zntR gene expression and ZntA efflux pump regulation

Global concerns about the preservation and restoration of aquatic environments are rising and pollution related to heavy metals is one of the main worries. Indeed, this issue has been a challenge for the metallurgical industry and other activities associated with metal contamination. Thus, over time, several physical and chemical methods have been developed and applied to remove metals from water. However, these methods can be associated with high costs, and bioremediation using plants, fungi, and bacteria is considered a viable alternative. This paper reports experiments on lead removal from an aqueous medium using active and inactive Serratia marcescens CCMA 1010 and a study on the effect of lead in this bacterial strain regarding the expression of the zntR gene, which produces the zntR protein known to have a role as a regulator of the ZntA efflux pump of metals (Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+). The amount of removed Pb2+ by active biomass remained below ∼25 mg/L for the initial concentrations tested up to 120 mg/L but increased to removals of ∼70 and ∼167 mg/L for the tested concentrations of 220 and 300 mg/L, respectively. On the other hand, the removal of Pb2+ by inactive biomass increased in direct relation to the initial tested concentration, with removed percentages around 25 %. Interestingly, in cultures with 15 and 60 mg/L Pb2+ the expression of zntR was 27 to 74 and 87 to 177 times lower (respectively) than in cultures without Pb2+, while in cultures with 120 mg/L Pb2+, the zntR expression was just 1.3 to 9.3 times lower than in the absence of Pb2+. The results confirm the potential of S. marcescens CCMA 1010 for Pb2+ biosorption, the presence of Pb2+ resistance mechanisms in this strain, and contribute to a better understanding of the ZntA transmembrane protein regulation.

Efficient removal of aqueous Pb(II) ions by magnetic alginate composite microcapsules containing canola straw‐derived biochar as the reinforcing fillers

AbstractWith the rapid development of industry, water pollution caused by lead has caused great harm to human health. In this study, alginate is used as a base and blended with biochar to form calcium alginate hydrogel beads with high mechanical properties through ionic cross‐linking. Besides, the material (BC/MCAC) is prepared by the material (C‐γ‐Fe2O3) as a magnetizing agent and to remove lead. Then, a series of batch experiments and material characterizations are performed to evaluate the adsorption process of the material. The results show that the maximum adsorption capacity of BC/MCAC to Pb(II) is 211.6 mg g−1 at pH = 7. The adsorption process is well described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. This indicates that the lead adsorbed by BC/MCAC is a monolayer chemisorption that occurs on a uniform surface. After three regeneration cycles, BC/MCAC is found to retain 82.37% of the lead adsorption capacity and has good regeneration ability. Lead is removed by BC/MCAC mainly through the complexation of oxygen‐containing functional groups, electrostatic interaction, and ion exchange. BC/MCAC allows for more sustainable use of the wastes and is expected to be a new type of lead adsorbent for industrial wastewater.

High-efficiency removal of Pb (II) and Cu (II) by amidoxime functionalized silica aerogels: Preparation, adsorption mechanisms and environmental impacts analysis

In this work, a novel adsorbent was evaluated for eliminating heavy metal ions from water. The cyano-functionalized silica aerogels (ANSA-X) were fabricated by functionalizing silica aerogel with 2-cyanoethyltriethoxysilane, and then further by the reaction with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to obtain amidoxime-functionalized silica aerogels (AOSA-X) with a large specific surface area. The FTIR and NMR analysis indicated that cyano was successfully transformed into amidoxime groups. Adsorption experiments showed the adsorption performed well with the Langmuir isotherm, and AOSA3 exhibited the optimum adsorption property with 598.05 mg/g for Pb (II) and 534.10 mg/g for Cu (II). The thermodynamic results indicated that spontaneous endothermic process was the nature of the adsorption. The adsorption rate of AOSA3 was above 86% after five successive adsorption–desorption cycles. XPS analysis and DFT calculations demonstrated that the N and O atoms participated in the chelating adsorption of Pb (II) and Cu (II), and the N atom on the amidoxime groups played a dominant role. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) evaluated the environmental effect of the preparation of 1 kg AOSA3 adsorbent, identified the environmental factors with high environmental impact, proposed alternative solutions, proved the feasibility of preparing a novel high-efficiency amidoxime-based adsorbent, and provided a guideline for the sustainable mass production of AOSA3 adsorbent. In conclusion, AOSA3 demonstrated to have promising application perspectives in heavy metal effluent treatment.