Removal Of Methyl Orange Research Articles

Polyaniline-modified 3D-spongy SnS composites for the enhanced visible-light photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange

In this study, a polyaniline-modified 3D-spongy SnS photocatalyst (PANI/SnS) has been prepared using an in-situ oxidative polymerization technique for the enhanced photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange. PANI/SnS reached to a rate constant of 4.040 × 10−2 min-1 > 2 times of that pure SnS and maintained a good stability after four cycling runs for methyl orange degradation. The better photocatalytic activity and stability of PANI/SnS catalyst were ascribed to the π-conjugated structure characteristic of PANI and the interaction between PANI and SnS. On the one hand, induced π-conjugated electrons transferred from PANI to SnS could effectually inhibite the electrons and holes recombination. On the other hand, the presence of C–S and Sn-N bonds between PANI and SnS could protect the S and/or Sn element from direct exposure to the corrosive environment, then restraining photocorrosion behavior. This study implies that conductive conjugated polymer (PANI) modified tin sulfide will be a potential reusable and stable photocatalyst for methyl orange removal from waste-water by photocatalysis.

Batch Studies for the Removal of a Hazardous Azo Dye Methyl Orange from Water through Adsorption on Regenerated Activated Carbons

Batch Studies for the Removal of a Hazardous Azo Dye Methyl Orange from Water through Adsorption on Regenerated Activated Carbons

Adsorption Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Methyl Orange onto Sugar Scum Powder as a Low-Cost Inorganic Adsorbent

In the present study, batch adsorption experiments were carried out to investigate the removal of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous solution using sugar scum powder as an effective inorganic adsorbent which is a cheap precursor and abundant. The characteristics of this material were determined using XRD, SEM/EDX, and FTIR. The adsorption performance of sugar scum powder was evaluated using MO as the model adsorbate. Effects of various parameters such as initial dye concentration, contact time, and adsorbent dose were studied. The adsorption process can be best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir adsorption isotherm models. Maximum monolayer adsorption capacity for MO removal was found to be 15.24 mg/g at temperature 22°C and pH 7.2. Moreover, thermodynamic parameters suggested that the adsorption of MO onto sugar scum powder was a spontaneous and exothermic process. The results demonstrated that sugar scum is a suitable precursor for the preparation of efficient adsorbent for dye removal from wastewater.

Development of recoverable magnetic mesoporous carbon adsorbent for removal of methyl blue and methyl orange from wastewater

Abstract The novel magnetic mesoporous activated carbon (MMAC) was prepared from activated carbon (AC), produced from rice husk through ZnCl2 chemical activation. Meso-structure was induced via Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology-6 (KIT-6) silica formation and magnetic behavior was incorporated by magnetite by wetness impregnation method. KIT-6 silica enhances the porosity and provides a 3D structure to improve the adsorption process. The adsorption of methyl blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO) dyes on MMAC, mesoporous activated carbon (MAC) and AC was investigated and compared. The adsorbents were characterized by SEM, XRD, BET and FTIR analysis techniques. The effect of different process parameters on the adsorption efficiency such as pH of the dye solution, initial dye concentration and dosing of adsorbents were studied. The adsorption efficiency was evaluated by testing aliquot in UV–vis spectroscopy. The experimental data for the MMAC shows that MB followed the Freundlich isotherm while MO was well suited with the Langmuir model. The MMAC removed 82 % MB and 98.5 % MO dye solution in 30 min. The adsorbent was regenerated and reused for MB and MO for 4 cycles without a significant decrease in the adsorption efficiency. The MMAC was found to be the most efficient adsorbent than MAC and AC because of its high surface area and high pore volume. The magnetic behavior of MMAC separates the adsorbent after the adsorption process, making it potential adsorbent for water treatment.

An insight into N,S-codoped activated carbon for the catalytic persulfate oxidation of organic pollutions in water: Effect of surface functionalization

To reveal the surface active groups on N,S co-doped activated carbon (AC) for persulfate (PS) activation, control experiments on different modified ACs treated by oxidation, single-S and single-N doping were performed. The modified ACs were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption, Raman spectra, Boehm titration and XPS. It was found that the N,S co-doped AC presented higher catalytic performance than that of single-element doped ACs. The corresponding methyl orange (MO) removal and COD removal in 30 min reached 99 % and 69 % under mild conditions. The significant enhancement on N,S co-doped AC can ascribe to the presence of basic groups of quinone-like O, thiophene-like S, graphitic N and pyridinic N. S dopants were more active than O-containing groups and N dopants. Quenching experiment indicated that surface bound radical oxidation process was the dominant process for MO removal. These findings provided new insights into PS activation by N,S co-doped AC with functionalized surfaces.

Synthesis of carbazole-based polymer derived N-enriched porous carbon for dyes sorption

A (N-vinyl carbazole)-based polymer, namely PPVK, was subsequently synthesized by free radical polymerization and oxidative polymerization. This material exhibits permanent porosity, good physicochemical stability, and plenty of nitrogen units. All these features make PPVK promising precursor for constructing N-enriched porous carbon. Using KOH as the activating agent, porous carbon material was prepared and its adsorption performance was also evaluated. Due to the high Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area (1832 m2 g−1) and abundant nitrogen atoms, the porous carbon, CPVK-800, displays adsorption capacity of 1074 mg g−1 for Rhodamine B, which is far higher than that reported for commercial activated carbon (0.36 mmol g−1). Kinetic investigations indicate that the adsorption behaviour follows the Langmuir isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. Besides the cationic dye rhodamine B, CPVK-800 also can be used to adsorption removal of anionic dye methyl orange, with uptake of 739 mg g−1. Findings in this study highlight the potential of using carbonaceous polymer as an effective adsorbent for organic dyes.

Creation of oxygen vacancies to activate lanthanum-doped bismuth titanate nanosheets for efficient synchronous photocatalytic removal of Cr(VI) and methyl orange

Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLTO) nanosheets were synthesized via a simple hydrothermal process, followed by an economically facile vacuum-deoxidized treatment to fabricate Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12-x (BLTO12-x) nanosheets with abundant surface oxygen vacancies. Relative ratio of surface and bulk oxygen vacancy, as evidenced with positron annihilation lifetime and X-ray photoelectron spectra, was controllable via adjusting vacuum-deoxidized temperature and time. Photocatalytic performance of the pristine and deoxidized nanosheets for synchronous photocatalytic removal of Cr(VI) and methyl orange (MO) were thoroughly investigated. Control experimental results show that the photocatalytic activities of the BLTO12-x nanosheets significantly relied on vacuum-deoxidized temperature and time. The optimal deoxidized nanosheets as activated at 330 °C for 3 h, which has the largest relative concentration of surface oxygen vacancy, shows highest activity under visible light irradiation. Moreover, the synergetic effect for synchronous enhanced photocatalytic degradation of Cr(VI) and MO were observed over all BLTO12-x nanosheets. The detailed synergistic reduction−oxidation removal mechanism is proposed. The surface oxygen vacancy led to rise of valence band maximum, which is responsible for both widening of valence band and decreasing of band gap. The former enhances separation efficiency of photoinduced e−/h + pairs, and the latter extends photoresponse range into visible light region. As a result, compared with pristine BLTO, the visible-light catalytic activity of deoxidization-activated BLTO12-x was significantly enhanced. The vacuum-deoxidized strategy proposed in this work can introduce oxygen vacancy into the matrix of catalyst, which provides an effective way to design and prepare high-efficiency oxides based photocatalyst.

Adsorption of Methyl Orange Dye onto Raw Maize Cob and Maize Cob Activated Carbon: Isotherms and Thermodynamic Studies

This study was aimed to evaluate the adsorption of Methyl orange (MO) onto raw maize cob (RMC) and maize cob activated carbon (MCAC) from aqueous solution using batch adsorption studies. The produced adsorbents were characterized by Scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The influence of contact time, dosage, concentration, temperature, and pH were investigated as well as Isotherm and Thermodynamic studies. Effect of contact time showed that Methyl orange adsorption were found to reach equilibrium within 125 and 110 minutes with optimum percentage removal of about 86.98% and 94.57% for raw maize cob and maize cob activated carbon respectively. The dye removal efficiency was found to increase with increasing initial dye concentration from 10 mg/L to 100 mg/L, and adsorption efficiency was found to be high at lower pH. However, increase in the dosage of the adsorbents lead to the increase in the adsorption process. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed using four adsorption models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and D-R. The results revealed that MO with raw maize cob and maize cob activated carbon fit well to Freundlich with R2 value 0.977 and Temkin with R2 value 0.990 respectively and mean adsorption energy calculated from D-R shows it is physical adsorption and also values of enthalpy and Gibbs free energy proves that. Values of activation parameters such as free energy changes (∆G), enthalpy change (∆H) and entropy change (∆S) were calculated using Van't Hoff equation. All ∆G values were negative indicating that the adsorption was feasible and spontaneous. The result indicated that RMC and MCAC can be used for removal of MO from aqueous solution. The maize cob waste which is discarded as waste material was found to be effective adsorbent for the removal of Methyl orange dye from aqueous solution. Â

Facile preparation of chitosan modified magnetic kaolin by one-pot coprecipitation method for efficient removal of methyl orange

Chitosan modified magnetic kaolin (CS/kaolin/Fe3O4) composite was prepared by a facile one-pot coprecipitation method and used for the removal of methyl orange (MO) from aqueous medium. Under alkaline condition, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were deposited on the kaolin layer by in-situ growth method and chitosan was deposited on the kaolin layer by pH-precipitation method. With the modification of CS, adsorption sites for anionic species were introduced onto the adsorbent. The prepared CS/kaolin/Fe3O4 could remove more than 94 % of MO and showed a high saturated adsorption capacity of 349.7 mg/g. The adsorption process was controlled by film diffusion and well described by Langmuir model. The thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption process was exothermic in nature. Furthermore, the adsorbent exhibited satisfactory recycle ability. The results suggested that the modification with CS broadened the application scope of kaolin in anionic species removal and the CS/kaolin/Fe3O4 composite could be a promising adsorbent for wastewater treatment.

Electro-catalytic microfiltration membranes electrochemically degrade azo dyes in solution

Azo dyes and Chlorinated Organic Compounds (COCs) like trichloroethylene (TCE) are environmental contaminants found in textile industry effluents and groundwater sites respectively. Both compounds are carcinogenic to humans and hazardous to the environments they contaminate and are difficult to treat by conventional wastewater processes. In this study, electrocatalytically active nanocomposite membranes were fabricated and evaluated for their ability to remove azo dyes. Nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles were grown and stabilized within a network of dispersed single and double-walled carbon nanotubes (SW/DWCNTs), and this mixture was filtered onto the surface of a microfiltration polyethersulfone (PES) support membrane to form a porous, conductive, reactive surface nanocomposite. These catalytic surface nanocomposites were tested as a cathode alongside a graphite anode with -2 V applied for their ability to remove methyl orange (MO) dye in both a batch system and a continuous dead-end filtration system. In a well-mixed batch, it was found that complete removal of 0.25 mM MO (7.5 mMoles in 30 mL) by the charged membranes occurred within 2–3 h of operation. The performance of these nZVI-SW/DWCNT cathodes alongside controls suggests that the application of an applied current regenerates the spent reactivity of the embedded iron nanoparticles. Systems using nZVI-SW/DWCNT membranes achieved ~87 mol % removal of methyl orange and demonstrated a 2.7 times greater removal rate than batch tests of analogous parameters, and 1.6 times greater than other continuous tests using membrane surface composites that lacked nZVI. Furthermore, the application of voltage to the membrane thin film surface composite increases the transmembrane flux through system, allowing for increased throughput at a given feed pressure. The results of these experiments show promise in the continuous removal of contaminants from wastewaters through reductive degradation, such as azo dyes and chlorinated organic compounds. Continuous regeneration of nZVI reactivity on a membrane surface offers substantial advantages over single-use approaches for the treatment of azo dyes and COCs in solution.

Engineered FeVO4/CeO2 nanocomposite as a two-way superior electro-Fenton catalyst for model and real wastewater treatment

FeVO4/CeO2 was applied in the electro-Fenton (EF) degradation of Methyl Orange (MO) as a model of wastewater pollution. The results of the characterization techniques indicate that FeVO4 with triclinic structure and face-centered cubic fluorite CeO2 maintained their structures during the nanocomposite synthesis. The effect of applied current intensity, initial pollutant concentration, initial pH, and catalyst weight was investigated. The MO removal reached 96.31% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal 70% for 60 min of the reaction. The presence of CeO2 in the nanocomposite plays a key role in H2O2 electro-generation as a significant factor in the electro-Fenton (EF) system. The metal leaching from FeVO4/CeO2 was negligible (cerium 4.1%, iron 4.3%, and vanadium 1.7%), which indicates that the active species in the nanocomposite are strongly interacting with each other and are stable. The performance of the nanocatalyst in real wastewaters, salty, and binary systems was acceptable and the pollutions were removed efficiently. The synergistic effect between V, Fe, and Ce could be account as the reason for the respectable function of FeVO4/CeO2. The electron transfer proceeds via Haber-Weiss mechanism. A degradation pathway was proposed through by-products analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) technique. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model described the obtained experimental results (R2 = 0.9906). The electro-Fenton system efficiency was improved by adding persulfate. The nanocomposite preserved almost its efficiency after six cycles. The obtained results demonstrate that the synergistic catalyst (FeVO4/CeO2) has the capability to introduce as a promising replacement of conventional catalysts in the electro-Fenton processes with brilliant proficiency.

Statistical Optimization for Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution by Cross-linked Chitosan Composite

Response surface methodology-Box–Behnken design (RSM-BBD) was employed to optimize the methyl orange (MO) dye removal efficiency from aqueous solution by cross-linked chitosan-tripolyphosphate/nano-titania composite (Chi-TPP/NTC). The influence of pertinent parameters, i.e. A: TiO2 loading (0- 50 %), B: dose (0.04-0.14 g), C: pH (4-10), and D: temperature (30-50 oC) on the MO removal efficiency were tested and optimized using RSM-BBD. The F-values of BBD model for MO removal efficiency was 93.4 (corresponding p-value < 0.0001). The results illustrated that the highest MO removal efficiency (87.27 %) was observed at the following conditions: TiO2 loading (50% TiO2), dose (0.09 g), pH 4.0, and temperature of 40 oC.

Comparison of positively charged polymer species and cationic surfactants for methyl orange removal via polyelectrolyte and micellar enhanced ultrafiltration

Cationic charged polymer species were synthesized via emulsion polymerization and used as polyelectrolytes in polyelectrolyte enhanced ultrafiltration (PEUF) for the removal of the anionic dye methyl orange (MO). A cellulose membrane with a 30 kDa molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) was used for the separation process showing almost complete MO removal for a polymer concentration of 1 g L−1 and a dye concentration up to 50 mg L−1. Four cationic surfactants from the CTAB family (DeTAB, DTAB, TTAB, and CTAB) have been investigated in a comparable micellar enhanced ultrafiltration (MEUF) process. The MO removal efficiency was lower, and only TTAB and CTAB showed removal efficiencies above 90 %. The flux for the polymer species is slightly lower as for the surfactants, but the removal efficiency is higher, and carbon leaching into the purified stream is much lower.

A review of advances in engineered composite materials popular for wastewater treatment

Abstract Water is the need of every individual and plays a vital role in the world’s economy. Almost 70% of freshwater is used by humans for agriculture. Agriculture and industries introduce many pollutants and contaminants into water bodies. This not only affects the quality of water but also pose serious threats to the number of aquatic species. Several techniques are known to remove the contaminants from wastewater. Composites have gained significant attention of researchers to remove the contaminants through adsorption, flocculation, coagulation, ion exchange, electrostatic interactions, and membrane filtration methods. Composites are blend of two or more different constituents that impart unique characteristics to the final product. Composites can be fabricated through grafting, functionalization, and crosslinking to improve the properties of composite materials. This review comparatively highlights several composites that shows amazing power of removing contaminants from wastewater and could change the future of wastewater treatment processes. The present review critically describes the recent advancements in manufacturing/fabrication, introduction of functional groups and functioning of constructing tailored layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based nanocomposites and 3-dimensional (3D) hierarchical nanostructure with many functional groups. Among several discussed composites, those that showed maximum efficiency includes graphene composite (CdSe-G) that gave 100 % removal efficiency for Methylene Blue (MB) from wastewater through photo-catalytic degradation. ZnFe2O4/G composite could remove Methyl Orange (MO) and Methylene Blue (MB) with 100 % efficiency.

P-n BiOI/Bi3O4Cl hybrid junction with enhanced photocatalytic performance in removing methyl orange, bisphenol A, tetracycline and Escherichia coli

It is urgent to design highly efficient and broad-spectrum photocatalysts for wastewater treatment. In this work, a new p-n BiOI/Bi3O4Cl hybrid junction was prepared by a simple ultrasonication method. The optimal BiOI/Bi3O4Cl 30% composite could degrade 85.5% methyl orange in 90 min, 92.8% bisphenol A in 120 min and 73.5% antibiotic tetracycline in 180 min and thoroughly disinfect E. coli within 40 min. The results of transmission electron microscopy, photocurrent and electrochemical impedance spectrum confirmed the hybrid structure between BiOI and Bi3O4Cl, which promoted the separation of photoexcited electrons and holes in the semiconductor. Trapping experiments showed that holes (h+), superoxide anion radicals (•O2–) and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were active species for photocatalytic reaction, and h+ played a more important role compared with •O2– and •OH. The mechanism revealed that the Fermi level reached new equilibrium between p-type BiOI and n-Bi3O4Cl, which is favorable for the charge separation and enhancement of photoactivity. The enlarged surface area of BiOI/Bi3O4Cl composite and efficient charge separation contributed to the enhanced photocatalytic performance.

Synthesis of novel Fe3O4@SiO2@Er2TiO5 superparamagnetic core–shell and evaluation of their photocatalytic capacity

Rare earth oxides Er2TiO5 photocatalysts supported on superparamagnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 core–shell nanostructures were prepared through a sol–gel method. The achieved magnetic nanostructures were characterized by a number of procedures such as XRD, FE-SEM, TEM, UV–Vis DRS, VSM and PL spectroscopy and then the activity of the magnetic nanostructures as a photocatalysts for the UV–Vis induced degradation of methyl orange was evaluated. The activity of Fe3O4@SiO2@Er2TiO5 were tested as photodegradation catalysts for removing methyl orange. Moreover, the effect of incorporating different amounts of erbium oxides in the photocatalysts was studied and it was found that the optimal amount of erbium oxide in terms of reaching the highest photocatalytic activity was 25 wt%.

Enhanced selective adsorption ability of Cu2O nanoparticles for anionic dye by sulfur incorporation

Cu2O-based materials are potential adsorbents for the removal of anionic dyes pollutions. Herein, sulfur incorporation is designed to promote adsorption capacity of Cu2O. A series of sulfur-incorporated Cu2O nanomaterials are synthesized by a facile chemical reduction method. Sulfur incorporation favors the formation of small sized S-Cu2O particles in the range of 50–100 nm and their enhanced adsorption performances. The S-Cu2O particles show good adsorption activities for methyl orange solution (75–500 mg L−1) under pH 6–10 at room temperature. A superior adsorption capacity of 1485.24 mg g−1 for the removal of methyl orange is achieved on the S-Cu2O adsorbent. Adsorption behaviors of the S-Cu2O adsorbent fit well with Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Adsorption thermodynamic results indicate the exothermic and spontaneous adsorption process. Anionic dye can be adsorbed selectively on the S-Cu2O adsorbent and separated from cationic dyes. Density functional theory calculations prove a pronounced electron accumulation on sulfur sites, benefiting to the adsorption on S-Cu2O. A nonmetallic element incorporation for improving adsorption capacity of metal oxide adsorbents is provided as a promising strategy for other adsorbents.

Amorphous High-Surface-Area Aluminum Hydroxide-Bicarbonates for Highly Efficient Methyl Orange Removal from Water.

Amorphous high-surface-area aluminum hydroxide-bicarbonates were synthesized starting from AlCl3, base, and bicarbonate in water. Composites with a chemical formulas of [Al13O4(μ-OH)24(H2O)6.5(OH)5.5](HCO3)1.5 (I-NaOH) and [Al13O4(μ-OH)24(H2O)6(OH)6](HCO3) (I-NH3) were obtained by the use of NaOH/NaHCO3 and NH3/NH4HCO3 as base/bicarbonate, respectively. The surface area of the composites was highly dependent on the pH level of the synthetic solution, and composites with high surface areas (ca. 200 m2 g-1) were obtained around pH 7-8. Pore-size distributions determined from the N2 adsorption isotherms showed that I-NH3 and I-NaOH possess mainly large (pore radius rp > 3 nm) and small (rp < 3 nm) pores, respectively, despite similar surface areas. While SEM images showed that both I-NH3 and I-NaOH were aggregates of nanoparticles, the particles were more fused in I-NaOH, which is in line with the existence of small pores and the use of a stronger base (NaOH), which would facilitate the dehydration condensation reaction. The composites were applied as adsorbents to remove methyl orange (MO) from water. The time course of MO adsorption was readily fitted with a pseudo-second-order model, and over 90% MO removal was attained within 10 min with I-NH3, while I-NaOH showed much less MO removal (26%). The MO adsorption isotherm of I-NH3 was reproduced with a Langmuir model with an adsorption capacity of 154 mg g-1. Notably, the aluminum hydroxide-bicarbonates could not absorb methylene blue, which is a cationic dye, while anions (MO and PO43-) were readily absorbed. Solid-state 27Al MAS NMR spectra showed that the concentration of 5-coordinated aluminum species, which may serve as guest binding sites, was higher for I-NH3. These results show that electrostatic interaction between anionic MO and coordinatively unsaturated 5-coordinated cationic aluminum species and the large external surface area of I-NH3 contribute to the highly efficient MO adsorption.

Combined Adsorption/Photocatalytic dye removal by copper-titania-fly ash composite

Achieving both photocatalytic efficiency and adsorption capacity is essential to produce a highly efficient photocatalyst. This study fabricated a new photocatalyst by combining copper (Cu) doped titanium dioxide (TiO2) with fly ash (FA). The photocatalysts were synthesized using mild acid (acid-FA/Cu/TiO2), base (base-FA/Cu/TiO2), and deionized water (rFA/Cu/TiO2) activated FA. EDX confirmed the inclusion of Cu in both Cu/TiO2 and FA/Cu/TiO2 composites. XRD analysis indicated the presence of the anatase form of TiO2 after Cu doping and incorporation into modified FA. All three FA/Cu/TiO2 composites demonstrated high absorption (UV and visible region) compared to their TiO2 and Cu/TiO2 counterparts based on the diffuse reflectance UV-Vis spectra. Complete removal of methyl orange under UV and 99.1% removal under visible light irradiation were attained using 1.5 g/L base-FA/Cu/TiO2. Both dark and irradiation phases demonstrated the synergistic role of adsorption and photocatalysis by the FA/Cu/TiO2 composites to ensure the removal of dye in water.

Synthesis of an efficient hydroxyapatite–chitosan–montmorillonite thin film for the adsorption of anionic and cationic dyes: adsorption isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic study

Adsorption of indigo carmine (IC), methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue (MB) onto hydroxyapatite–chitosan–montmorillonite (HAP–CTS–Mt) film was studied. The influence of contact time, solution pH, initial dyes concentration, amount of HAP–CTS–Mt film and solution temperature were scrutinized. Characteristic bands and structure of HAP–CTS–Mt film were determined using Fourier infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The optimal concentrations of IC, MO, and MB were 20 mg/L, 50 mg/L, and 20 mg/L, respectively. Optimal dose of HAP–CTS–Mt was 0.2 g/L for IC and MB and 0.5 g/L for MO. The adsorption process of IC, MO, and MB using HAP–CTS–Mt film was verified by Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacities of 243.18 mg/g, 137.5 mg/g and 168.52 mg/g for IC, MO, and MB, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of IC, MO, and MB onto HAP–CTS–Mt film were well fitted by the pseudo-second-order model. The HAP–CTS–Mt thin film can be employed as an efficient adsorbent for removal of IC, MO, and MB dyes from aqueous solutions.