Removal Of Copper Research Articles

Cyclic biomachining of copper: Maximum metal removal rate with minimum depleted solution

Bacterially assisted leaching has been proposed for many innovative applications, such as urban mining or micromachining, but many technical challenges including substrate toxicity and downstream processing of the leach liquor must be solved before its industrial implementation. This study was conducted with the final goal of improving the average specific metal removal rate (SMRR) and reducing the amount of depleted solution generated in the leaching process of copper workpieces, with special attention paid to the detection of microbial activity inhibition.The copper leaching rate is almost entirely dependent upon the Fe3+ concentration with Fe3+/Fe2+ ratios higher than 0.3, after which A. ferrooxidans oxidation action becomes relevant. In both biotic and abiotic experiments, the SMRR peaked after the first hour of treatment, and it decreased sharply after three hours. A consecutive process alternating bioleaching and oxidant regeneration stages was proposed to improve performance, which considerably reduced both the time needed to dissolve a certain amount of metal and waste generation. The decrease in copper removal (25 %) and the increase in the time required for oxidant regeneration after five leaching cycles (longer than 90 h) were attributed to bacterial inhibition in the presence of 10.7 g Cu2+ L−1, which was established as the limiting metal concentration for reusing the biologically active solution.

Removal of copper and cobalt ions from aqueous solutions using starch‐xanthate based novel smart hydrogel via adsorption technique: Swelling, adsorption isotherm, and kinetic study

AbstractThe concentration of harmful metal ions is growing globally, which raises the risk to both human and ecological health. The use of “adsorption” technique has been found to be very effective, for the removal of toxic metal ions. Among other things, hydrogels as an adsorbent work effectively for the removal of toxic metal ions and other aquatic pollutants. The newly designed potato starch‐xanthate (SX) based hydrogel (SX‐modified hydrogel) has been synthesized using a mixture of acrylamide (AAm) and acrylic acid (AA) monomers, with the help of free‐radical graft copolymerization technique. The synthesized SX‐modified hydrogel has been characterized by several analytical techniques, namely, UV–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, point of zero charge (ΔpHPZC) analysis, x‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. The main objective of the current work is to remove the Cu2+ and Co2+ ions from wastewater using SX‐modified hydrogel as well as to study the swelling and water retention properties of the SX‐modified hydrogel. The swelling ratio of SX‐modified hydrogel has been found to be 312.31, 374.01, and 410.20 g/g at optimum pH 10, temperature 35°C, time 675 min in gray wastewater, tap water, and distilled water, respectively. The maximum percentage removal of Cu2+ and Co2+ ions by SX‐modified hydrogel has been found as 97.7% and 94.2%, respectively, at optimum conditions. The Langmuir isotherm model fits best with the experimental data, with maximum adsorption capacity of 515.46 mg/g for Cu2+ and 483.09 mg/g for Co2+ ions, respectively. The kinetic studies suggest that the adsorption process is governed by the second order kinetic model with rate constant of 2.06 × 10−4 g/(mg min) for Cu2+ and 1.79 × 10−4 g/(mg min) for Co2+ ions, respectively. The negative ΔG values suggest the adsorption process is spontaneous in nature. In addition, the positive ΔH values support the adsorption process is endothermic in nature. The SX‐modified hydrogel showed a remarkable desorption efficiency with 96.7% for Cu2+ and 92.5% for Co2+ ions and reusability for four consecutive adsorption–desorption cycles. It can be concluded that the SX‐modified hydrogel has showed an effective, economical, easy, low energy consuming, and significant potential in the treatment of wastewater containing heavy metal ions.

Sodium alginate/banana peels/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite beads for effective removal of copper and nickel from aqueous solutions

The use of naturally derived nanocomposite beads to remove nickel and copper is gaining more attention due to its relative abundance, low toxicity, and strong affinity toward heavy metals. Most previous studies focus on removing single heavy metals using developed nanocomposite beads. This work prepared sodium alginate/banana peels/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite beads through simple precipitation using banana peels, reduced graphene oxide, and sodium alginate. The formed nanocomposite beads were characterized and evaluated for the adsorption of nickel and copper from the aqueous phase at neutral pH. The Langmuir isotherm suggests the homogenous adsorption of metals on the surface of the bead. The maximum removal capacity is 85.32 mg/g and 95.79 mg/g for nickel and copper, respectively. This study provides new insight into utilizing banana peels, reduced graphene oxide, and sodium alginate for toxic metal remediation to overcome pollution problems.

Co-Deposition of Bimetallic Au-Pt with L-Cysteine on Electrodes and Removal of Copper by Iron Powder for Trace Aqueous Arsenic Detection

Much progress has been made in the determination of As (III), while numerous electrochemical sensors based on metal nanomaterials with significant sensitivity and precision have been developed. However, further research is still required to achieve rapid detection and avoid interference from other metal ions (especially copper ions). In this study, bimetallic AuPt nanoparticles are electrochemically modified with screen printing electrodes. What’s more, L-cysteine also self-assembles with AuNPs through Au-S bond to enhance the electrochemical performance. To overcome the interference of Cu (II) in the sensing process, the reduced iron powder was chosen to remove Cu (II) and other oxidizing organics in aqueous solutions. The lowest detectable amount is 0.139 ppb, a linear range of 1~50 ppb with superlative stability by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. Fortunately, the reduced iron powder could eliminate the Cu (II) with no effect on the As (III) signal.

Development of cellulose-based biosorbents from the residue of the peach palm agribusiness and simulation of industrial scale-up for copper removal from Brazilian spirit.

Cachaça (Brazilian spirit) is an alcoholic beverage of cultural and economic importance in Brazil. Its artisanal production is usually conducted in copper alembics, which results in contamination. The development of effective biosorbents from cheap matrices is an alternative to minimize both solid waste generation and copper levels in cachaça. The present work evaluates the obtention of nanocellulose-based materials from the major residue generated during the processing of palm heart from the Brazilian peach palm, through different processing techniques. Materials were characterized by physicochemical composition and their sorbent capacities for copper removal from aqueous solutions, and a simulation was conducted to evaluate potential application in the adequacy of cachaça to meet Brazilian legislation requirements. The different processing methods resulted in different cellulose concentrations, with the highest concentration in the bleached material (B3, 694 g kg-1 of cellulose), and different specific surface areas (1.02-12.4 m2 g-1). Copper adsorption onto nanocellulose obtained from peach palm external sheath is fast, with a predominance of a chemisorption mechanism. Isotherms were best represented by Langmuir's model, suggesting a monolayer adsorption. Simulations indicate that B3 is a suitable material for the removal of copper from cachaça, and small amounts of biosorbent (733.5 g) are required for the reduction of copper concentrations (10 to 3 mg L-1) in 1000 L of cachaça. This study demonstrated that the obtention of biosorbents from peach palm solid residues is promising and this nanocellulose-based material can be used for copper removal from contaminated cachaça. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

A Study of Copper and Lead Removal from Synthetic Leachate by Photocatalysis

A Study of Copper and Lead Removal from Synthetic Leachate by Photocatalysis

Electrochemical Cell Design and Operation for Copper Recovery from Chemical Mechanical Polishing Slurries

Copper (Cu) removal from chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) waste is critical to maintaining discharge compliance with local municipalities and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Typical treatment of this waste stream has followed two conventions: either coagulant-based precipitation or ion exchange (IX).1 Many industries use iron-based coagulants for metal removal from wastewater to meet discharge compliance. However, the process is often cumbersome, requires long settling times and significant chemical utilization, and results in a sludge stream that must be shipped and disposed of properly, eliminating the possibility for metal recovery. Since the concentrations for Cu removal from CMP waste streams is normally low (<100 ppm), IX has generally been the preferred treatment method. Nevertheless, IX also has some negatives associated with the process. Hydrogen peroxide can and will damage the IX media, resulting in premature replacement. The industry has dealt with this impact by employing one-time use media, but this adjustment means that media is only used once before being shipped offsite for regeneration. This results in operational impacts due to the need for oversight of media replacement and also eliminates the ability for Cu to be recovered at the originating process site.In this talk, electrochemical methods to recover Cu from CMP wastewaters will be described. Electrochemical cell design and operation will be shown to provide Cu removal across wide ranges of concentration, and the depth of Cu separation (<2 ppm) and efficiency of the process will be discussed. The presence of hydrogen peroxide and its influence on the process will be evaluated. The removal and recovery of Cu will be shown in a complete cycle, demonstrating the ability to recover and reuse Cu directly at a process site. The impact of (1) pH, (2) chelator type, and (3) abrasive (SiO2) will also all be reviewed. Changes to the slurry, as analyzed pre- and post-electrochemical separation, will be characterized to determine possibilities for the reuse of the CMP slurry itself. Ultimately, the ability to design process systems using electrical input and minimal chemical additives to treat wastewater to municipal and EPA specifications while maximizing recycling efforts will be evaluated and presented.

Response surface modelling and optimization for copper removal from acid mine drainage using oxidized Himalayan pine needle biochar

ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate and compare the adsorption behaviour of pine needle biochar (PNB) and H2O2-oxidized PNB (OPNB) in eliminating Cu(II) from acid mine drainage. The PNB and OPNB adsorbents undergo comprehensive characterization through various techniques (BET, FTIR, SEM, and pHPZC). A central composite design was employed for designing experiments and optimizing the impact of process factors (metal concentration, adsorbent doses, contact time, and pH) on adsorption capacity. Pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intra-particle diffusion kinetics models as well as Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models were used to analyze the experimental data. Langmuir isotherm best fit (R2 &amp;gt; 0.99) the experimental data and adsorption capacities of 29.49 and 102.04 mg/g, were determined for PNB and OPNB, respectively. Under optimized experimental conditions, desorption studies revealed the reusability of OPNB about 80% even after four cycles. Fixed-bed column experiments were conducted at ambient temperature with an initial Cu(II) concentration of 125 mg/L and 5.0 g of adsorbent, utilizing a flow rate of 1 mL/min for both PNB and OPNB. These results indicate that oxidized biochar, synthesized for Cu(II) remediation, not only addresses Himalayan pine needle concerns sustainably but also exhibits potential applicability for removing other metal ions from aqueous environments.

Micro-Milli Scale for the Removal of Iron and Copper by a Positively Charged Foam before Nickel Colorimetric Detection using Handy Spectrometer

Introduction: Simple alternative detection of nickel with iron and copper as interferences was proposed. The procedure was based on sampling a milligram sample and a micro-milliliter operation. Methods: The method has been applied to jewelry items. A 50 mg sample was digested by 5 mL of nitric acid with heating. The obtained solution was added with KSCN before passing through polyurethane foam (PUF) (1 cm i.d. × 8 cm length). Some metal ions-SCN complexed (e.g., Fe(III) and Cu(II)) were retained in the column while Ni(II) ions were in the eluate. A 200-500 µL aliquot was added with 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) as the color reagent. At least 30 µL of a portion was measured for the absorbance of the color product using a handy spectrometer. Results: The positively charged foam could remove iron and copper altogether before determining nickel. A standard calibration was a plot of absorbance versus Ni(II) concentration for 1-30 mg/L: absorbance = 0.0123[Ni(II), mg/L] + 0.0435 (R2=0.9945) with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.24 mg/L and 0.81 mg/L, respectively. Two bracelet samples showed the presence of nickel at 0.97 ± 0.25 and 0.27 ± 0.04 mg/g, respectively, and agreed with the reference FlameAAS method. Conclusion: The proposed method could be used to assay nickel in samples containing high levels of iron and copper, such as jewelry. This will benefit general wearers with health concerns associated with nickel, particularly in case of inexpensive accessories. The handy spectrometer used in the study might make be helpful to carry out these studies with a limited tight budget.

Selective removal of copper from complex biological media with an agarose-immobilized high-affinity PSP ligand.

The elucidation of metal-dependent biological processes requires selective reagents for manipulating metal ion levels within biological solutions such as growth media or cell lysates. To this end, we immobilized a phosphine sulfide-stabilized phosphine (PSP) ligand on agarose to create a resin for the selective removal of copper from chemically complex biological media through simple filtration or centrifugation. Comprised of a conformationally preorganized phenylene-bridged backbone, the PSP-ligand binds Cu(I) with a 1:1 stoichiometry and exhibits a pH-independent Cu(I) dissociation constant in the low zeptomolar range. Neither Zn(II), Fe(II), nor Mn(II) interact with the ligand at millimolar concentrations, thus offering a much-improved selectivity towards copper over other commonly employed solid-supported chelators such as Chelex 100. As revealed by X-ray fluorescence elemental analysis, the immobilized chelator effectively removes copper from cell culture growth media and cell lysate isolated from mouse fibroblasts. In addition to preparing copper-depleted media or celllysates for biological studies, PSP-immobilized ligands might prove equally useful for applications in radiochemistry, materialsscience, and environmental science.

Highly selective and sensitive colorimetric chemosensor using PVA/chitosan ion-imprinted nanofibers for copper ion detection and removal

Herein, a highly efficient colorimetric chemosensor incorporating ion-imprinted electrospun nanofiber was developed for the removal and detection of Cu2+ ions. In this regard, PVA/chitosan composites were used as the polymeric matrix, and 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol was employed for complex formation. The prepared naked-eye sensor was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction analysis, revealing the morphological, structural, and molecular properties of the sensor.The results showed that the colorimetric chemosensor based on copper-imprinted nanofiber (Cu–INF) possesses higher selectivity for Cu2+ compared to interference ions. The selectivity coefficient (k) and relative selectivity coefficient (K′) indicated the selective behavior of Cu–INF in the adsorption of Cu2+ in binary systems including Cu2+/Co2+, Cu2+/Ni2+, and Cu2+/Zn2+.Furthermore, the ion-imprinted nanofiber was used for the preconcentration of copper ions, demonstrating a high adsorption capacity of 128.205 mg g−1 for Cu2+. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm and adsorption kinetics of Cu2+ on Cu–INF followed the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and a pseudo-second-order model, respectively. The developed sensor exhibited a linear detection range of 5 × 10−8 - 2 × 10−7 M with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.07 × 10−8 M for copper ions. The results indicated satisfactory adsorption and successful detection of Cu2+ at trace concentrations.

Efficacy of anthocyanin, kaolinite and cabbage leaves-derived biochar for simultaneous removal of lead, copper and metoprolol from water

Simultaneous removal of toxic elements and pharmaceutical compounds at environmentally relevant concentrations in aqueous solution is challenging. Modification of biochar using environmental materials has attracted significant attention in wastewater treatment, while pristine biochar has several limitations in the simultaneous removal of Lead (Pb2+), Copper (Cu2+), and metoprolol. We investigated the efficacy of biochar composites using waste cabbage leaves-derived biochar with kaolinite, and anthocyanin for simultaneous removal of Pb2+, Cu2+, and metoprolol from water. Using ball milling, the surface area and functional groups of adsorbents were improved via breaking the biochar grains into ultrafine particles. Ball-milled biochar derived from waste cabbage leaves significantly increased Pb2+, Cu2+, and metoprolol adsorption by 105, 71, and 213%, respectively. Results of Brunauer Emmett Teller surface area, Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies showed that surface area of non-milled biochar improved nearly ten-fold following ball-milling, while several oxygen containing acidic functional groups also increased. The adsorbents resulted in high removal efficiency for Pb2+ (162.9 mg/g) and Cu2+ (48.5 mg/g) in ball milled-kaolinite composite biochar (BMKB) and 76.3 mg/g (metoprolol), respectively in ball milled-anthocyanin composite biochar (BMAB). The simultaneous sorption of Pb2+, Cu2+, and metoprolol in an aqueous solution to BMAB and BMKB, showed that the adsorption capacity followed the order of Pb2+ >Cu2+ > metoprolol in both types of ball-milled biochars. BMKB achieved a high adsorption capacity for Pb2+ and Cu2+ (59 mg/g and 50 mg/g), respectively, while BMAB exhibited an adsorption capacity 22.3 mg/g for metoprolol. It was postulated that sorption of Pb2+, Cu2+ and metoprolol involved multiple adsorption mechanisms namely surface complexation, π-π interaction, H−bond, pore filling, and ion bridging. The findings of this study revealed that ball milling is a potential technology in producing a highlyefficient adsorbent to remediate multi-contaminants in aqueous solution.

Effective removal of chromium, copper, and nickel heavy metal ions from industrial electroplating wastewater by in situ oxidative adsorption using sodium hypochlorite as oxidant and sodium trititanate nanorod as adsorbent

Sodium hypochlorite and synthesized sodium trititanate nanorods (Na2Ti3O7, 186 × 1270 nm) were used as the oxidant and adsorbents for in situ oxidative adsorption treatment of actual electroplating wastewaters containing Cr(VI) (2.6‒5.2 mg∙L‒1), Cu2+ (2.7‒5.4 mg∙L‒1), and Ni2+ (0.2705‒0.541 mg∙L‒1) ions at pH of 8.8‒9.1 and 20‒60 °C. The as-synthesized sodium trititanate nanorods were characterized by XRD, HRTEM, N2 adsorption/desorption, SEM, EDX, and Zeta potential techniques. The concentrations of heavy metal ions in wastewaters were analyzed by ICP technique. After in situ oxidative adsorption treatment under the concentrations of 25 g∙L‒1 for sodium hypochlorite and 125 mg∙L‒1 for sodium trititanate nanorods at 60 °C for 5 h, the heavy metal ion concentrations could be reduced from initial value of 2.6 to final value of 1.92 mg∙L‒1 for Cr(VI), 3.6 to 0.17 mg∙L‒1 for Cu2+, and from 0.2705 to 0.097 mg∙L‒1 for Ni2+, respectively. Cr(VI), Cu2+, and Ni2+ ions could be effectively removed by the in situ oxidative adsorption method. The in situ oxidative adsorption processes of Cr(VI), Cu2+, and Ni2+ ions are satisfactorily simulated by the pseudo-second order adsorption kinetics and Langmuir adsorption isotherm, respectively. Adsorption thermodynamics analyses reveal that the oxidative adsorption processes of Cr(VI), Cu2+, and Ni2+ ions are spontaneous and endothermic. The oxidation degree of metal-contained complexes influences the values of thermodynamics functions.

Equilibrium and kinetic modeling studies for copper and cadmium removal from aqueous solutions by ground nut husk

This study investigates the equilibrium and kinetics of copper and cadmium adsorption from aqueous solutions using groundnut husk. Characterization of the groundnut husk reveals various functional groups and a porous morphology. Isothermal studies were conducted, and different models were evaluated to fit the data. The Langmuir model exhibits the best fit for copper adsorption, while the Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich (DR) isotherm models show superior fitting for cadmium adsorption. Results suggest that physisorption significantly influences both cases, with mean sorption adsorption energy lower than 8000 J/mole. Error analysis reveals that the Freundlich and Temkin models demonstrate maximum adsorption capacity, with lower Chi-square (ꭓ2), Sum of Square Errors (SSE), and SAE compared to Langmuir and DR models. Additionally, intra-particle diffusion was analyzed using the Weber and Morris equation. Evaluation of model parameters indicates that cadmium demonstrates better nonlinear fitting of data compared to copper. FTIR and SEM analysis confirm the involvement of various functional groups in adsorption and reveal changes in surface distribution post-adsorption due to copper and cadmium presence.

Research on the mechanism of copper removal during electromagnetic enhanced aerobic fermentation of sludge

The migration and transformation of copper during magneto electric assisted aerobic fermentation were studied by establishing a control group, a magnetic assisted group (1.4 mT), an electric assisted group (10 V), and a magneto electric assisted group. The results showed that during the aerobic fermentation process of magnetic assisted sludge, changes in pH, temperature, and microorganisms in the system promoted the dissolution of Cu2+ and its migration from solid sludge to fermentation broth. Due to the presence of an electric field, Cu2+ deposits on the cathode plate through anisotropic attraction, combined with the Lorentz force generated by the magnetic field, promoting mass transfer of copper ions and reducing the concentration of Cu2+ in the fermentation broth, resulting in a copper removal rate of up to 75 %. In addition, the COMSOL simulation results show a consistent overall trend with actual experiments, indicating that the external electric and magnetic fields have a significant inhibitory effect on the removal of heavy metals in sludge.

Heavy metals removal from industrial wastewater of Biskra (Algeria) by Arundo donax and Phragmites australis.

Industrial effluents pose a serious environmental problem, because they contain toxic contaminants mainly heavy metals that are the most dangerous to humans, animals, plants, and the environment in general. Phytoremediation using macrophytes is an adopted technique for the environment decontamination due to its efficiency and cost-effectiveness. The present study aims to highlight the capabilities of macrophytes to remove heavy metals from wastewater of Biskra region (Algeria). The methodology consists of filling out the filters planted with Arundo donax and Phragmites australis with raw industrial wastewater, then recovering decontaminated water after 15 days to assess removal of lead, copper, zinc, and iron. Both plants had shown a good efficiency for the removal of metals loaded in wastewater eliminating about 94 to 98% of initial concentration. In addition, calculated bioaccumulation factor (BAF) had confirmed the accumulation of heavy metals in different parts of experimental plants; recorded values of BAF > 1 allowed the consideration of Arundo donax and Phragmites australis as good hyper-accumulator plants. Obtained results confirm the efficiency of phytoremediation technology using macrophytes for the wastewater treatment in particular and the environment decontamination in general.

Study of Banana Peel Biocoagulant and Hydroxyapatite on the Removal of Copper, Zinc, and Turbidity

Study of Banana Peel Biocoagulant and Hydroxyapatite on the Removal of Copper, Zinc, and Turbidity

Using Iron/Nickel Coated Sand Nanocomposites Prepared by Eucalyptus Leaf Extract for Copper Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Using Iron/Nickel Coated Sand Nanocomposites Prepared by Eucalyptus Leaf Extract for Copper Removal from Aqueous Solutions

Removal of Copper and Zinc Metal Ions from Industrial Effluents in Continuous Mode using Modified Date Pits

Adsorbents based on agricultural biomass have been subjected to several investigations in recent years owing to their low cost and promising adsorption capabilities. This paper aimed to demonstrate the efficiency of utilizing date pits modified with hydrogen peroxide as agricultural biomass in extracting heavy metals from polluted water in a column continuous flow system. The resulting modified adsorbent (MDP) has a surface area of 278.18 m2/g. The derived adsorbent was investigated under changed operating parameters including the flow rate (4-12) ml/min, pH (4-10), initial metal ion concentration (30-60) mg/L, and temperature (20-50) °C to determine their effect on heavy metals adsorption efficiency. The response surface methodology (RSM) experimental design was utilized to study the primary and combined influence of four key parameters, including (A) initial metal ion concentration, (B) pH solution, (C) solution temperature, and (D) flow rates of the influent, on the metal removing efficiency (Re%). optimization in fact, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a high coefficient of regression, or R2 &gt; 0.90. Furthermore, the removal efficiency was positively influenced by reducing the initial ion concentration, flow rate, and temperature. in addition, the pH shows maximum effectiveness at a neutral state. In general, Cu (II) adsorption shows a higher affinity to adsorb over the MDP surface compared to Zn (II). The MDP adsorbents exhibited a promising removal efficiency for metal ions and further investigations are needed.

Molecular dynamics of monocrystal copper nano-scratched with tungsten tip

The utilization of ultra-sharp tungsten tips for nano-scratching has been employed in the fabrication of copper micro/nanostructures. Understanding the material removal mechanisms and the evolution of subsurface defects during this process is crucial for optimizing manufacturing processes. Nevertheless, the mechanisms of material removal and subsurface defect evolution of ultra-sharp tungsten tips nano-scratching monocrystal copper remain elusive. This study utilizes molecular dynamics simulation to investigate the material removal mechanism, subsurface defect, and dislocation evolution of monocrystal copper nano-scratched with tungsten tip. Furthermore, the formation mechanism of stress-induced stacking faults is revealed through spatially distributed hydrostatic pressure analysis. Finally, the effect of scratching parameters on subsurface damage and workpiece machinability is explored. The results indicate that plastic deformation mechanisms of nano-scratching monocrystal copper include amorphization, dislocation slip, and atomic phase transition. During the nano-scratching process, V-shaped dislocation loops and prismatic dislocation loops are formed in the shearing-plowing region, and atomic clusters and stacked fault tetrahedrons are generated in the subsurface region. Scratching along the [100] crystal orientation, coupled with relatively increased scratching distance, velocity, and appropriate depth facilitates the attainment of shallow subsurface deformed layer and excellent machinability.