Removal Of Copper Research Articles

Chemical modification of keratin using Schiff bases to prepare cation exchangers and study their adsorption activity

In this research, keratin was chemically modified by Grafting keratin with 4-nitro-aniline, and then a reducing reaction was carried out to reduce the nitro group in order to generate an aromatic amino group on keratin structure to be used in the preparation of Schiff bases. Four exchangers of Schiff bases then were synthesized by reacting five derivatives of benzaldehyde with the crafted keratin. The FTIR, DSC spectra of the prepared exchanges were recorded. The effectiveness of the compounds was tested in the adsorption of some heavy metal ions (copper and lead), as the compounds gave promising results by removing ions from their aqueous solutions in pH (6.5–7), the percentage of removal of copper and lead ions reached about 40%.

Economical Wastewater Treatment for Removal of Copper (II) Ions From Wastewater

Abstract: Water pollution is one of the major problems faced by the entire world. The industrial and urban development leads to the water pollution due to accumulation of heavy metals in the wastewater. Several techniques have been used such as chemical precipitation, electrolysis, ion exchange etc. to treat such water contaminated with heavy metals. One of the best option is adsorption, which is easier environment friendly method to treat wastewater. By using various natural and agro-based wastes as an adsorbent is useful in reducing cost in adsorption process. An attempt to use natural material like soil with activation and banana peel has made to treat water contaminated with heavy metals. In this study, the copper ions are removed with adsorption by using banana peels and activated soil. The performance of adsorbent is observed by varying different parameters such as pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time. It is found that the sufficient removal of Cu ions at optimum parameters like pH, adsorbent dose, initial concentration and contact time is at 5, 2 gm, 5 mg/l and 150 minute respectively for banana peels and 6, 2gm, 5mg/l and 150 minute respectively for activated soil. For all optimum parameters the maximum reduction in metal ions is observed in the range of 70% to 80% for banana peels whereas for activated soil it is 65 % to 75%. The R2 value in the present analysis is less than one, representing that the adsorption of copper ions onto both the adsorbents is favorable and the equilibrium data also fit well with Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm

Electrocoagulation for the Treatment of Metals Machining Plants Effluents: Experimental and Modeling Study

AbstractTreatment of effluents discharged from mechanical machining of copper and copper alloys for removal of cutting oils and toxic copper ions by electrocoagulation was studied using a cell containing two steel electrodes and a built‐in heat transfer facility. Current density, initial pH of the solution, temperature, starting pollutants' concentrations, amount of NaCl supportive electrolyte, and the impact of gas sparging were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to correlate % oil removal, % copper removal, and electrical energy consumption to the affecting variables. The results imply that the cubic model fits well with the experimental results. The electrocoagulation of oil and copper from waste solutions was optimized using the response optimizer. The simultaneous removal of oil and Cu2+ in the same cell could lower the operational and capital expenses of wastewater treatment.

Adsorption of Indigo Carmine Dye and Copper Ion by Kaolin from Bangka Island

Indigo Carmine (IC) is a synthetic dye that might promote irritations, vomiting, and diarrhea when orally consumed in high concentrations. Copper is a dangerous heavy metal that tends to accumulate in organisms' cells as a pollutant. Hyperproduction of IC and accumulation of copper in water could cause an environmental problem that must be adequately addressed. Kaolin is found abundant on Bangka Island. Based on XRD analysis, Kaolin Island from Bangka Island consists of two important minerals, Kaolinite and Rectorite. Kaolin has chemical and physical properties, which make it useful in several applications, including as an adsorbent. This study aims to evaluate how Kaolin can adsorb copper ion from acid wastewater (pH < 0.5) and determine natural Kaolin's ability to adsorb IC dye from an aqueous solution. Many factors, including mixing time and number of doses of Kaolin, influence Kaolin's ability to absorb IC. The longer the stirring time, the more IC is absorbed. The optimal temperature for IC adsorption is 25˚C. The optimal kaolin dose for IC adsorption is 20% (m/v). Copper concentration after application of Kaolin tends to decrease, with optimal at 25.09% (m/v) dosage for 19.23% copper removal.

Synthesis and adsorption capacity of biochar derived from Tamarindus indica shell for the removal of heavy metal

<p>Tamarindus indica shell biochar is employed as an alternate adsorbent precursor for the removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. It investigated the Tamarindus indica shell biochar's capacity to absorb chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and Lead (Pb). This study showed the extensive explored how biosorption experimental limitations counting primary metal attentiveness, adsorbent dosage, temperature, and contact time affect the process. The complete analysis of the Tamarindus indica shell's adsorption capability with respect to chromium, copper, and nickel removal was conducted using a batch adsorption procedure. Determining the amount of heavy metal removal in the aqueous solution proceeded by Gas Chromatography (GC). The experimental data analyzed using the Yoon Nelson and Thomson models to regulate the equilibrium isotherms. The optimal parameters for the overall adsorption model were determined by using ANOVA. Investigate the adsorbent's surface area to determine the presence of heavy metal presents using SEM, XRD, and FTIR techniques. Each researched heavy metal's adsorption capability is listed below: Cr = 6.07 mg/L, Cu = 5.53 mg/L and Pb = 5.497mg/L with a removal percentage of 64%, 92% and 78%, respectively. The results showed that biochar generated from Tamarindus indica shells is an effective adsorbent for removing copper from aqueous solutions but not a viable biosorbent for removing chromium. Also, the regenerated column's adsorption capability was examined. The outcomes of the research demonstrated that bio-char, which produced from Tamarindus indica shell can be employed as an efficient and reasonably priced adsorbent to remove heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions.</p>

Potential of using jackfruit peel (Artocarpus heterophyllus) as green solution for removal of copper (II) and zinc (II) from aqueous solution: Adsorption kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamic studies

Adsorbent from agricultural waste has become a popular alternative method for heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions. The purpose of this study was to look into the feasibility of employing jackfruit peel (JP) (Artocarpus heterophyllus), a solid waste that is abundant in Malaysia, for the adsorption of Cu (II) and Zn (II) from an aqueous solution. In this work, jackfruit peels were investigated as an adsorbent with no chemical modification (JP), acidified (HJP), and base modified (NaJP) for Cu(II) and Zn(II) removal from aqueous solution by using batch-adsorption modes. Spectroscopic and electron microscopic methods were used to analyze the presence of surface functional groups such as -COOH and -OH and the morphologies of the adsorbent. Adsorption investigations were carried out by adjusting adsorbent dosage (0.10–0.50 g), solution pH (3−8), initial metal ion concentrations (20–250 mg/L), temperature (298–328 K), and contact time (0–360 min). Sorption equilibrium is quickly reached within 60 min, with a higher percentage of Cu(II) and Zn(II) removal for NaJP. Regarding the effect of initial concentration on JP, the maximum adsorption for Cu(II) and Zn(II) is at 50 mg/L and 30 mg/L, respectively. Meanwhile, for HJP, the maximum adsorption for Cu(II) and Zn(II) is at 230 mg/L and 30 mg/L, respectively. For NaJP, the maximum adsorption for Cu(II) and Zn(II) is at 20 mg/L. The pseudo-second-order model best characterized the kinetic data for both metal ions using JP, HJP, and NaJP. The experimental findings fit well with the Langmuir model in explaining the adsorption process, dominated by electrostatic interaction between the adsorbent and adsorbates, showing monolayer adsorption at the binding sites on the adsorbent's surface. It was proven that with the increase of adsorbent dosage, the percent of heavy metals removal was increased due to the increasing adsorption capability of the adsorbent. In conclusion, our findings show that jackfruit peel has the potential to remove Cu(II) and Zn(II) from an aqueous solution. The adsorption process for Cu(II) and Zn(II) was favourable in acidic conditions. Under the experimental conditions, the adsorption of Cu(II) and Zn(II) onto the surface of JP, HJP, and NaJP was exothermic and non-spontaneous. The results showed that the jackfruit peel, a waste material, has a high potential as an adsorbent for removing harmful metals such as copper and zinc from water.

High specific surface area γ-Al2O3 nanoparticles synthesized by facile and low-cost co-precipitation method

Alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) are particularly adsorbent NPs with a high specific surface area (SSA) that may well be utilized to clean water. In this study, pure γ-alumina NPs are successfully synthesized by the co-precipitation method, and the effect of ammonium bicarbonate concentration on the synthesized NPs is studied to find the optimum concentration to provide the highest capacity of copper ions removal from water. The results declare that spherical alumina NPs with average diameters in the range of 19–23 nm are formed with different concentrations of precipitation agent, and the concentration has no significant effect on the morphology of NPs. Furthermore, the precipitating agent concentration influences the optical characteristics of the produced alumina NPs, and the bandgap energies of the samples vary between 4.24 and 5.05 eV. The most important impact of precipitating agent concentrations reflects in their SSA and capacity for copper ion removal Ultra-high SSA = 317 m2/g, and the highest copper removal at the adsorbate concentration of 184 mg/L is achieved in an alkalis solution followed by a neutral solution. However, admirable copper removal of 98.2% is even achieved in acidic solutions with 0.9 g/L of the alumina NPs synthesized at a given concentration of ammonium bicarbonate, so this sample can be a good candidate for Cu ions removal from acidic wastewater.

G-C3N4 based Chitosan Schiff base bio Nanocomposite for water purification

A novel adsorbent material for the removal of Copper and chromium metal ions from aqueous solution was prepared by modifying chitosan. Cross linked chitosan material was prepared using vanillin as a crosslinking agent and further it was incorporated with graphitic-C3N4 to obtain the polymeric matrix. The composite material thus obtained was characterized using various characterization techniques such as FTIR, TGA, SEM and XRD. A peak at 1658 cm−1 indicates the formation of Schiff base and the peaks at 2θ = 9°, 15°, 21° and 24° indicates the incorporation of g-C3N4 and the increased crytallinity of the composite material. Adsorption studies were done in order to obtain the maximum capacity of the adsorbent for the Copper and Chromium ions which were found to be 166.66 and 250 mgg−1 respectively. The adsorption isotherm best fitted a Langmuir model and the adsorptive process was found to have pseudo second-order kinetics showing the chemical sorption type. Thermodynamic studies indicated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic in nature.

Industrial wastewater treatment: Case study on copper removal from colloidal liquid using coagulation

In this study, two coagulants based on aluminum and ferric, as well as three poly-acrylamide flocculants with different charges were used to compare the intensity and how each parameter affects. Using the Plackett-Burman method, aluminum sulfate coagulant and anionic flocculant showed the greatest effect. Among the operational influencing factors, the speed of the mixer in the fast mode had the greatest effect. In the optimal conditions, the amount of coagulant (17.5 ppm), flocculant (1 ppm), and the speed of the mixer in fast mode (75 rpm) were reported, and the optimal sedimentation velocity was equal to 0.95 cm/min. The percentage of turbidity, total suspended solids, Total Dissolved Solid, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and Biological Oxygen Demand are respectively equal to 100 (with an approximation of 0.01), 100 (with an approximation of 0.01), 53, 92 and 86 % was obtained. All these results were obtained at a confidence level of 0.95 % with a confidence factor of 0.99 %, which means that the experimental data are in very good agreement with the modeling. In general, the combination of the screening method (Plackett-Burman) and response surface method (Box-Benkhen) is applicable to optimize the chemical coagulation process for the management and treatment of wastewater for reuse.

Regeneration of copper-loaded pine bark biochar using simultaneous bio-sulfide precipitation of copper

Abstract This research investigated adsorption of copper from aqueous solution onto the pine bark biochar, removal of adsorbed copper by bio-sulfide precipitation, and simultaneous regeneration of pine bark biochar adsorbent. A sulfidogenic reactor was established and operated under anaerobic conditions. During the sulfidogenic phase, COD:SO42− was gradually increased from 24:1 to 4:1. Use of sulfide-rich effluent from bio-sulfide reactor at neutral pH yielded above 99% copper removal from the aqueous solution. In the experiment's second stage, pine bark biochar was prepared through slow pyrolysis at 650 °C from pine bark residue that had a carbon content of 81% and a surface area of 368 m2/g. This biochar was then used in subsequent experiments. Initially, copper was adsorbed onto the biochar under neutral pH at contact time of 6 h. Maximum biochar adsorption capacity of 106 mg/g of copper was obtained. Finally, biochar was regenerated by precipitating the adsorbed copper as copper sulfide using sulfide-rich effluent from the sulfidogenic reactor. Complete recovery of adsorbed copper from biochar as copper sulfide precipitates were obtained was also confirmed by EDX-SEM analysis of biochar and precipitates. Regenerated biochar could be reused as an adsorbent in the subsequent adsorption cycle.

Continuous single-stage elemental sulfur reduction and copper sulfide precipitation under thermoacidophilic conditions

Metal sulfide precipitation is a viable technology for high-yield metal recovery from hydrometallurgical streams, with the potential to streamline the process design. A single-stage elemental sulfur (S0)-reducing and metal sulfide precipitating process can optimize the operational and capital costs associated with this technology, boosting the competitiveness of this technology for wider industrial application. However, limited research is available on biological sulfur reduction at high temperature and low pH, frequent conditions of hydrometallurgical process waters. Here we assessed the sulfidogenic activity of an industrial granular sludge previously shown to reduce S0 under hot (60–80 °C) and acidic conditions (pH 3.6). A 4 L gas-lift reactor was operated for 206 days and fed continuously with culture medium and copper. During the reactor operation, we explored the effect of the hydraulic retention time, copper loading rates, temperature, and H2 and CO2 flow rates on the volumetric sulfide production rates (VSPR). A maximum VSPR of 274 ± 6 mg·L−1·d−1 was reached, a 3.9-fold increase of the VSPR previously reported with this inoculum in batch operation. Interestingly, the maximum VSPR was achieved at the highest copper loading rates. At the maximum copper loading rate (509 mg·L−1·d−1), a 99.96% copper removal efficiency was observed. 16 s rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed an increased abundance of reads assigned to Desulfurella and Thermoanaerobacterium in periods of higher sulfidogenic activity.

Removal of copper and iron from ethanolic solutions by an anion exchange resin and its implication to rare-earth magnet recycling

In the recycling of end-of-life rare-earth magnets, the recovery of non-rare earth constituents is often neglected. In the present study, strong cation and anion exchange resins were tested batchwise for the recovery of the non-rare-earth constituents of permanent magnets (copper, cobalt, manganese, nickel and iron) from synthetic aqueous and ethanolic solutions. The cation exchange resin recovered most of metal ions from aqueous and ethanolic feeds, whereas the anion exchange resin could selectively recover copper and iron from ethanolic feeds. The highest uptake of iron and copper was found for 80 vol% and 95 vol% multi-element ethanolic feeds, respectively. A similar trend in selectivity of the anion resin was observed in breakthrough curve studies. Batch experiments, UV–Vis, FT-IR and XPS studies were performed to elucidate the ion exchange mechanism. The studies indicate that the formation of chloro complexes of copper and their exchange by the (hydrogen) sulfate counter ions of the resin have an important role in the selective uptake of copper from the 95 vol% ethanolic feed. Iron(II) was largely oxidized to iron(III) in ethanolic solutions and was expected to be recovered by the resin in the form of iron(II) and iron(III) complexes. The moisture content of the resin did not have a significant role on the selectivity for copper and iron.

Suspended matter and heavy metals (Cu and Zn) removal from water by coagulation/flocculation process using a new Bio-flocculant: Lepidium sativum

BackgroundThe pollution of surface waters, due to the demographic and economic growth, requires very complex ways of treatment, where the world concern is focused on the substitution of synthetic products commonly used for the depollution of waters, by other natural elements, to ensure sustainable development. Moreover the main object of our study is to exploit natural supports, as bio polymers able to substitute the synthetic polymers used as aids of flocculation in the treatment of waters loaded with suspended solids (SS), and heavy metals, notably copper and zinc. For this purpose we used a new organic bio-flocculant, which we extracted from natural Lepidium sativum (LS) seeds, used for the first time as a flocculation aid to reduce the coagulant salt, improve the conglomerates of generated flocs, and ensure the removal of Copper and Zinc. Namely that the LS extract is known for its performance in various fields such as cosmetology, pharmacology and food products. Moreover, it does not present any danger for human health. MethodsOur preliminary flocculation tests were carried out on samples prepared at the laboratory level, and various operating parameters were studied such as: pH, nature and concentration of coagulant and bioflocculent content. After treatment, turbidity is monitored by nephelometric method, trace elements are analyzed by AAF and other spectroscopic methods are used (UV–Visible, SEM/EDS, XRD). Significant findsMucilage efficiency is studied in comparison with other products usually used in water treatment and depollution. The comparative study with a synthetic flocculant, anionic (Polyacrylamide: PAM), offers a good competitiveness with an important flocculation power. The association of the two stages of coagulation by the neutralizing salt, followed by flocculation using a new bioflocculent extracted from LS, gave significant results, in the abatement of SS in particular that based on marly limestone, where the turbidity passes from an average of 600 NTU to values close to 1NTU, as well as with the major elements in heavy metals (Copper and Zinc) of which a notable rate of elimination. The sludge generated after treatment using bioflocculent was found compact with less volume and it's same to the one generated from PAM synthesis flocculent. The first one was subjected to (SEM/EDS) and XRD analyses, all the chemical elements retained are detected after confirming that this sludge has less danger on the environment.

Yeast-As Bioremediator of Silver-Containing Synthetic Effluents.

Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae may be regarded as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly biosorbent for complex effluent treatment. The effect of pH, contact time, temperature, and silver concentration on metal removal from silver-containing synthetic effluents using Saccharomyces cerevisiae was examined. The biosorbent before and after biosorption process was analysed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and neutron activation analysis. Maximum removal of silver ions, which constituted 94-99%, was attained at the pH 3.0, contact time 60 min, and temperature 20 °C. High removal of copper, zinc, and nickel ions (63-100%) was obtained at pH 3.0-6.0. The equilibrium results were described using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm, while pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were applied to explain the kinetics of the biosorption. The Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order model fitted better experimental data with maximum adsorption capacity in the range of 43.6-108 mg/g. The negative Gibbs energy values pointed at the feasibility and spontaneous character of the biosorption process. The possible mechanisms of metal ions removal were discussed. Saccharomyces cerevisiae have all necessary characteristics to be applied to the development of the technology of silver-containing effluents treatment.

A Carbonized Zeolite/Chitosan Composite as an Adsorbent for Copper (II) and Chromium (VI) Removal from Water.

To address Cu(II) and Cr(VI) water pollution, a carbonized zeolite/chitosan (C-ZLCH) composite adsorbent was produced via pyrolysis at 500 °C for two hours. C-ZLCH was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential measurements. The batch experiments were performed by varying the initial pH, concentration, and contact time. The optimal pH values for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) were 8.1 and 9.6, respectively. The highest adsorption capacities for Cu(II) and Cr(VI) were 111.35 mg/g at 60 min and 104.75 mg/g at 90 min, respectively. The effects of chemicals such as sodium (Na+), glucose, ammonium (NH4+), and acid red 88 (AR88) were also studied. Statistical analysis showed that sodium had no significant effect on Cu(II) removal, in contrast to Cr(VI) removal. However, there was a significant effect of the presence of glucose, ammonium, and AR88 on both Cu(II) and Cr(VI) removal. The adsorption isotherm and kinetic models were fitted using Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models for Cu(II) and Cr(VI), respectively.

Simultaneous Washing Removal of Copper and Phenanthrene from Contaminated Soil with Sodium N-Lauroyl Ethylenediamine Triacetate

Simultaneous Washing Removal of Copper and Phenanthrene from Contaminated Soil with Sodium N-Lauroyl Ethylenediamine Triacetate

Copper Phytoextraction Using Phyllostachys pubescens

The Phyllostachys pubescens macrophyte, known also as Moso Bamboo, was evaluated in laboratory conditions for its potential to renovate copper-polluted soil. Pot experiments were conducted to determine Phyllostachys pubescens’ growth, tolerance and phytoextraction potential capacity to restore copper-contaminated soil in Mediterranean conditions. Data collected evidenced that the Phyllostachys pubescens evolution rate was 0.47 cm/day on average, with a 1.644 mm/d irrigation flow. Moso Bamboo tolerance was tested over a twelve-week irrigation period, while adding copper-polluted water. Copper removal from soil was 51.4% and the quantity of copper per gram of root/rhizome was equal to 1.18 mg Cu/g, while the amount of copper per gram of stem/leaves was 0.50 mg Cu/g, after 12 weeks. The conducted laboratory experiments show that environmental restoration using the phytoextraction technique, and using Phyllostachys pubescens, should be considered for the restoration of copper-contaminated soils.

Environmentally friendly starch/alginate aerogels for copper adsorption from aqueous media. A microstructural and kinetic study

This work investigated the synthesis and characterization of alginate/starch porous materials and their application as copper ions adsorbents from aqueous media. Initially, pregel aqueous solutions with different biopolymer concentrations (1, 3, and 5% w/w) and alginate contents (25, 50, and 75% w/w) were prepared. Hydrogel formation was performed by internal and external gelation methods. Finally, the drying step was done via CO2 sc leading to aerogels and via freeze-drying leading to cryogels. Process parameters influence on the final properties of materials was evaluated by BET isotherms, SEM, EDS, and TGA. Regardless the gelation method applied, interesting materials with meso- and macro-pore structure were prepared from pregel mixtures with 3% w/w biopolymer concentration and an alginate content of only 25% w/w. Low alginate content reduces the final cost of the materials. Concerning copper removal, the adsorption data were well fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model for aerogels and cryogels, showing aerogels the highest adsorption capacity (40 mg/g) and removal efficiency (∼ 92%). Materials demonstrated excellent reusability throughout five consecutive adsorption/desorption cycles. Hence, environmentally friendly materials with a high practical value as low-cost bioadsorbents were synthesized, having great performance in the removal of copper ions from aqueous solution.

Chitosan-Based Architectures as an Effective Approach for the Removal of Some Toxic Species from Aqueous Media.

Modified uncrosslinked and crosslinked chitosan derivatives were investigated as green sorbents for the removal of copper (Cu2+) and lead (Pb2+) cations from simulated solutions. In this regard, N, O carboxymethyl chitosan (N, O CMC), chitosan beads (Cs-g-GA), chitosan crosslinked with glutaraldehyde/methylene bisacrylamide (Cs/GA/MBA), and chitosan crosslinked with GA/epichlorohydrin (Cs/GA/ECH) were prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. Atomic force microscopy investigation was carried out to compare the surface topography of the prepared samples before and after the metal uptake. The kinetics of the removal process were investigated by pseudo-first-order and -second-order models. Moreover, the adsorption isotherms were carefully studied by applying Langmuir and Freundlich models. The data reveal that upon adsorption of copper(II) metal ions, all chitosan-modified products followed the Langmuir isotherm except for Cs/GA/ECH which followed the Freundlich isotherms, and the highest adsorption capacity (q e) was obtained for Cs/GA/MBA due to the formation of stable chelate structures between the metal cation and the functional groups present on the modified chitosan product. The order of metal uptake at the optimum pH value is as follows: Cs/GA/MBA (Cu: 95.7 mg/g, Pb: 99.15 mg/g), Cs/GA/ECH (Cu: 80.4 mg/g, Pb: 93.14 mg/g), Cs-g-GA (Cu: 77 mg/g, Pb: 88.4 mg/g), and N, O CMCh (Cu: 30.2 mg/g, Pb: 44.8 mg/g). The AFM data confirmed the metal uptake process by comparing the roughness and height measurements of the free sorbents and the metal-loaded sorbents.

Fast fabrication of Janus particles via photo-initiated seeded swelling polymerization and their application in removal of copper(II) ion

Fast fabrication of Janus particles via photo-initiated seeded swelling polymerization and their application in removal of copper(II) ion