Removal Of Aboveground Biomass Research Articles

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate soil N dynamics, mitigating N2O emissions and N-leaching while promoting crop N uptake in green manure systems

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), as symbionts of the plant root system, play a pivotal ecological role in soil nutrient dynamics. However, the mechanisms by which AMF mediates nitrogen (N) transformation at the soil-crop interface, particularly under green manure management, remain insufficiently understood. This study investigates these mechanisms through a long-term field experiment, employing four green manure management practices during the flowering stage of common vetch: tillage with total green manure incorporation (TG), no-tillage with total green manure mulching (NTG), aboveground biomass removal with root incorporation (T), and aboveground biomass removal with no-tillage (NT), alongside a conventional tillage control without green manure (CT). Results indicate that NTG notably enhanced AMF abundance and dominant species, attributed largely to increases in soil available N, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and soil pH. AMF colonization rates in maize roots peaked at 69.7 % under NTG. Additionally, soil mineral N was 17.7 % higher under NTG than TG, with aggregate N concentration increasing by 72.4 %. A strong positive correlation emerged between aggregate N and AMF colonization rates. NTG also significantly elevated nos Z gene abundance and nitrous oxide (N2O) reductase activity while lowering the (nir K +nir S) / nos Z ratio. Optimized root architecture under NTG was similarly correlated with AMF colonization, supporting N retention and uptake. Structural equation modeling further confirmed that aggregate N and root structure were primary contributors to reduced N leaching, while root architecture enhanced maize N uptake and N2O reductase activity. The increase in nos Z and N2O reductase reductase significantly reduced N2O emissions. In summary, no-tillage with green manure mulching effectively mitigated N loss and improved crop N uptake by enhancing AMF abundance and colonization.

Influence of Crop Residue Management on Maize Production Potential

Residue management at the farm level is essential for ensuring sustainable agricultural productivity. This field experiment, initiated in 2005, provides maize data from 2016 to 2018. This study evaluates the impact of crop residue management and fertilization on maize yield and yield components. Maize was grown in a crop rotation sequence consisting of field pea (Pisum sativum L.), durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.), milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.), and maize (Zea mays L.). The measures studied include aboveground biomass removal (K), aboveground biomass incorporation (R), mineral fertilizer application (F), and their combination (RF). The results indicate that R and RF significantly improve yield parameters, such as kernel number per ear (KNE), thousand seed weight (TSW), stalk yield, and harvest index (HI), compared to control (K) or aboveground biomass incorporation alone (R). Grain yield varied across the years, with significant increases being observed for the fertilizer treatments, particularly when combined with straw or stalk incorporation. A nominal increase in grain yield of 1.43 t ha−1 for the F treatment and 1.86 t ha−1 for the RF treatment represents an increase of 39% to 51% compared to K and R. Strong positive correlations were observed between grain yield and several factors, including ears per hectare (0.61), KNE (0.94), TSW (0.61), and HI (0.85). These findings underscore the role of crop residue management and promoting sustainable crop production.

Soil wetting triggered by selective logging in Bornean lowland tropical rainforests

Aboveground biomass removal and canopy opening by selective logging modifies soil moisture in the main root zone, impacting soil aeration and various biogeochemical processes in tropical production forests. This study investigated the relationship between canopy damage and topsoil (10 cm) moisture in two logged forests in Malaysian Borneo, while simultaneously controlling for logging intensity, time elapsed since historical logging, and spatial autocorrelation. Volumetric soil water content (VSWC), canopy height model (CHM), leaf area index (LAI), and historical logging data were collected from 84 transects placed subjectively in 15 sites exhibiting varying canopies. We generated an index (PC1) quantifying the magnitude of canopy structural degradation from canopy structure metrics (CSM) combining CHM and LAI data within a 20-meter buffer for each transect. PC1 was analyzed for its impact on VSWC across logging periods, and contrasted with topography. Spatial autocorrelation of VSWC was examined regarding to canopy conditions. VSWC was significantly higher in all logged forests (over 0.4 m3 m−3) comparing to non-disturbed forests (0.27 m3 m−3). The immediate wetting could be a result of extracting mature individuals of late-successional species holding large biomass, while the persistent wet condition may be due to retarded canopy and biomass recovery. In the study area, canopy structure was a stronger predictor of soil moisture than topography. The high soil moisture underneath the most degraded canopies presented the largest spatial extent of autocorrelation. This study revealed soil wetting after selective logging in humid tropical forests, driven by reduced transpiration from biomass loss rather than increased evaporative demand resulting from canopy opening. The elevation in soil moisture could have disrupted biogeochemical processes in the below-ground system, which in turn impede forest succession and put stress on the overall vulnerability of disturbed tropical rainforests.

Interactive effects of climate warming and management on grassland soil respiration partitioning

AbstractGrassland ecosystems are important for the provision of food, fuel and fibre. They represent globally important carbon (C) reservoirs that are under pressure from intensive management and ongoing climate change. How these drivers of change will interact to affect grassland soil C and nitrogen (N) cycling and heterotrophic and autotrophic respiration remains uncertain. Roots and mycelia in grassland soil are important regulators of ecosystem functioning and likely to be an influential determinant of CO2 fluxes responses to global change. The aim of this study was to investigate the interactive effect of climate warming and grassland management on soil respiration originating from roots rhizosphere, mycelia and free‐living microbes. The experiment used a block design to measure the interactive effects of warming, nitrogen addition, aboveground biomass (AGB) removal on belowground respiration in a temperate grassland ecosystem. An in‐growth core method using cores with different mesh sizes was used to partition belowground respiration due to its simplicity of design and efficacy. We found that basal respiration (free‐living microorganisms) was the highest (58.5% of the total emissions), followed by that from roots (22.8%) and mycelia (18.7%) across all treatments. Warming reduced basal respiration whilst AGB removal increased it. An antagonistic interaction between warming and nitrogen addition reduced root respiration, and a three‐way interaction between warming, nitrogen addition and AGB removal affected mycelial respiration. The results show different contributions of belowground biota to soil respiration, and how interactions between climate change and grassland management may influence effects on soil respiration.

Disturbance intensity shapes the soil micro-food web compositions and energy fluxes during seven-year land use changes

Soil micro-food webs play an important role in ecosystem functions through energy flow; they are strongly influenced by land use types. Previous studies have typically utilized the space-for-time substitution or single-time sampling method to reflect the land-use change effects by comparing differences among existing land-use types. These methods would increase random error. Research on how synchronized land-use change (starting at the same time and place) influences soil ecological processes and functions is urgently needed. Based on a controlled field experiment and seven years of observations, this study explored the effects of land-use change from natural shrubland to cropland (maize), forage land (tall-grass forage), and economic forest land (walnut plantation) on the community structure and energy dynamics of the soil micro-food webs. Cropland simplified the complexity of the soil food webs compared to the other three land-uses. Forage grassland maintained the highest biomasses of soil total microbes, fungi, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In addition, economic forest land improved the flow uniformity of the micro-food web by increasing energy transfer from resources to bacterivores, fungivores, and herbivores while decreasing herbivore energy flow to omnivores-predators. Omnivore abundance and nematode diversity were important predictors of total energy flux and flow uniformity of the soil micro-food webs, respectively. In addition, omnivores maintained the complexity of soil micro-food webs by promoting interactions among trophic groups through top-down control. Soil organisms are sensitive to the response of agricultural management and planting time, and it may take several years or more to reach a dynamic equilibrium. Different types and levels of ecosystem disturbance (e.g., tillage and no-tillage, fertilizer rates, aboveground biomass removal intensity) may be the major drivers of soil community during land use change. Our findings highlight the importance of conservation agriculture in maintaining soil food web structure and energy flow for future sustainable land uses, and that promoting omnivore abundance is essential for food web complexity and stability.

Ammoniated straw returning: A win-win strategy for increasing crop production and soil carbon sequestration

Increasing crop production and soil carbon sequestration is critical for sustainable agricultural development. Straw returning, a common agricultural practice, positively affects grain yield and soil organic carbon. Nevertheless, the slow decomposition rate and high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of straw are significant obstacles to its effectiveness. Ammonifying straw using urea and calcium hydroxide may be a promising solution, whereas limited information is available on the impacts of ammoniated straw returning on crop production and soil carbon sequestration. Therefore, in a winter wheat-summer maize rotation system, we conducted an experiment with three straw returning treatments (T1, straw removal; T2, traditional straw returning; T3, ammoniated straw returning) to investigate their impacts on crop growth, grain yield and yield components, carbon inputs and outputs, and net ecosystem carbon budget (NECB). The results showed that T3 outperformed T2 regarding increasing leaf area index and aboveground biomass. Ear density and thousand kernel weight of winter wheat and hundred kernel weight of summer maize were ranked T1 < T2 < T3, with no significant differences between treatments for other grain yield components. Consequently, winter wheat, summer maize, and annual grain yields were the highest under T3, followed by T2 and T1. In comparison with T1, T2 and T3 increased annual total carbon inputs by 5463 and 7271 kg C ha–1, respectively, due to the increased carbon inputs from returned straw and net primary productivity. Annual carbon total outputs, primarily from aboveground biomass removal at harvest and carbon respiration, increased by 3305 kg C ha–1 under T2 and 4264 kg C ha–1 under T3, compared with T1. Balancing annual total carbon inputs and outputs, T1, T2, and T3 had annual NECB values of –1215, 944, and 1793 kg C ha–1, respectively. Therefore, the T1 agroecosystem acted as a carbon source, whereas the T2 and T3 agroecosystems, particularly T3, acted as a carbon sink on an annual scale. These results suggest that ammoniated straw returning may be a superior straw application practice for increasing crop production and soil carbon sequestration simultaneously.

Atmospheric effects are stronger than soil moisture in restricting net CO2 uptake of managed grasslands in New Zealand

Climate change is exposing agricultural systems to more frequent weather extremes, threatening production and challenging the sustainability of current management practices. However, isolating the climatic drivers of CO2 exchange in managed systems can be complicated by the periodic removal of aboveground biomass through grazing or harvesting, abruptly shifting the potential for plant uptake and associated ecosystem biogeochemistry. We used eddy covariance datasets from managed grasslands across New Zealand to determine the relative effects of temperature, vapour pressure deficit, and soil moisture on net CO2 uptake. Using time since grazing or harvest as a proxy for above-ground biomass, we accounted for the shifting potential CO2 exchange associated with these management actions. We then fit light response curves to the outer envelope of data to estimate maximal potential NEE, and subsequently calculate NEE deficit for every measured half hour. Using this analytical framework, we combined data from seven locations making up sixteen individual flux datasets comprising >600 site months and found that high air temperature and vapour pressure deficit were stronger controls over NEE deficit than soil moisture. These results were also consistent with a controlled leaf-level experiment demonstrating increasing photosynthesis deficit as VPD increased under constant temperature. The dominance of atmospheric effects over soil moisture in determining grassland response to dry conditions has important implications because it may be more difficult to mitigate these responses with typical management approaches (e.g., irrigation). We found these patterns were consistent across a diverse range of managed grassland operations, but subtle differences suggest that expanding the approach to a wider array of climatic regions and soil types could provide additional insights into how we might avoid the worst effects of future drying on managed systems.

Quantifying aboveground biomass dynamics from charcoal degradation in Mozambique using GEDI Lidar and Landsat

Understanding changes to aboveground biomass (AGB) in forests undergoing degradation is crucial for accurately and completely quantifying carbon emissions from forest loss and for environmental monitoring in the context of climate change. Monitoring forest degradation as compared to deforestation presents technical challenges because degradation involves widespread, low-intensity AGB removal under varying temporal dynamics. Charcoal production is a key driver for forest degradation in Africa and is projected to increase in the future years. In Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where charcoal production drives widespread ABG removal, the utility of optical remote sensing for degradation quantification is challenged by the large inter-seasonal variation and high complexities in ecosystem structure. Limited field measurements on tree structure and aboveground biomass density (AGBD) in many parts of the SSA also impose constraints. In this study, we present a novel data fusion approach combining 3D forest structure from NASA's GEDI Lidar with optical time-series data from Landsat to quantify biomass losses associated with charcoal-related forest degradation over a 10-year time period. We used machine learning models with Landsat spectral indices from the time period of limited hydric stress (LHS) as predictor variables. By applying the best performing Random Forest (RF) model to LandTrendr-stabilized annual LHS Landsat composites, we produced annual forest AGBD maps from 2007 to 2019 over the Mabalane district in southern Mozambique where the dry forest ecosystem was under active charcoal-related degradation since 2008. The RF model achieved an RMSE value of 7.05 Mg/ha (RMSE% = 42%) and R2 value of 0.64 using a 10-fold cross-validation dataset. We quantified a total AGB loss of 2.12 ± 0.06 Megatons (Mt) over the 10-year period, which is only 6.35 ± 2.56% less than the total loss estimated using field-based data as previously published for the same area and time. In addition to quantifying biomass loss, we constructed annual AGBD maps that enabled the characterization of disturbance and recovery. Our framework demonstrates that fusing GEDI and Landsat data through predictive modeling can be used to quantify past forest AGBD dynamics in low biomass forests. This approach provides a satellite-based method to support REDD+ monitoring and evaluation activities in areas where field data is limited and has the potential to be extended to investigate a variety of different disturbance events.

Why is root sprouting not more common among plants? Phytohormonal clues and ecological correlates

Root sprouting (RS) species can regenerate from even small root fragments. The root buds are usually well protected against disturbance because they are deep in the soil, and injury oftentimes boosts root sprouting. Despite these obvious advantages, only 10% of plants exhibit RS ability. Are there specific ecophysiological barriers to RS ability? We set up a controlled experiment with ten congeneric pairs of herbs differing in RS ability and exposed them to severe aboveground biomass removal and assessed how RS and non-RS species differ in biomass production, root nitrogen and phosphorus content, and root tissue carbohydrate concentrations and whether phytohormone profiles explain variation in RS ability. No differences were observed in regenerated biomass three months after biomass removal, although RS species had lower root dry matter content, lower root nitrogen content, higher soluble sugar content, and a lower auxin-to-cytokinin ratio than non-RS species. RS and non-RS herbs differed in root tissue carbohydrate concentrations, which suggests that RS species, apart from having RS ability, might be better prepared for disturbance due to the availability of stored energy and carbon. Presumably, the key barrier to the more frequent occurrence of RS ability in the herbaceous plants studied here is a low auxin-to-cytokinin ratio, which is necessary to induce RS but is likely non-existent in most plants in order to avoid the risk of developmental deformities.

Is informal charcoal production necessarily unsustainable? A comparison of three oak management systems in the central Mexican Sierras.

A steady increase in charcoal production as an energy source is expected (FAO, 2017). Its negative effects due to above-ground biomass removal (BSS) suggest favoring conservation (Lee and Lautenbach, 2016; Monárrez- González, et.al., 2018). However, sustainable forest management [SFM] allows considering charcoal as a renewable source of energy (Antinori and Rausser, 2010; Camou-Guerrero, et.al., 2014; Sist, et.al., 2014; Aguirre-Calderón, 2015; FAO, 2017; Ramírez, 2017). Mexican regulations focus SFM on functionality, industrialization and large scale (Antinori and Rausser, 2010; Deschamps and Madrid, 2018; Cravioto, 2019); informality is considered unsustainable due to irregular and poor management practices (Sist, et.al., 2014; Monárrez- González, et.al., 2018). We analyzed impacts of three oak management systems on tons of BSS: [1] conservation, [2] formal production, and [3] informal production; influenced by [1] advantageous (nursery), and [2] disadvantageous (drying shed) biophysical conditions. We focused on verifying the existence of differences in BSS and structure between systems and conditions. With such analysis, we reconsider the bias towards conserving and the dismissal of informality as unsustainable.

Removal of nitrogen and phosphorus by aboveground biomass of Phragmites australis in Constructed Wetland System under the conditions of temperate continental climate

In this paper, aboveground biomass and basic nutrients removal, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), was analyzed by the use of reed as the main component of Constructed Wetland System (CWS) “Gložan”. In almost ideal conditions of temperate continental climate, with favorable substrate humidity, due to the constant inflow of municipal wastewater, reed populations reach a high density, on average 217 ind/m2. The reed produces significant aboveground biomass, fresh weight (FW) of 144.21 g/plant and dry weight (DW) of 77.04 g/plant, with the largest share being per tree (87.49 g FW/plant, 48.17 g DW/plant), then leaf (49.45 g FW/plant, 24.89 g DW/plant) and the smallest inflorescence (7.27 g FW/plant, 3.99 g DW/plant). The results obtained in this way indicate that the largest amount of nitrogen was removed by leaves, then by stems and, the smallest by inflorescences, 181.07 g/m2, 97.73 g/m2, 23.41 g/m2, respectively. Thus, an average of 302.21 g/m2 of nitrogen was removed by the entire aboveground part of the reed. Also, the largest amount of phosphorus was removed by leaves, then by stems, and the smallest by inflorescences, 5.72 g/m2, 4.82 g/m2 and 2.57 g/m2, respectively, while the entire aboveground part of the reed is on average about 13.11 g/m2.

Effect of Defoliation Frequency on Rytidosperma Virescens Plants and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization

Rangelands provide different ecosystem services to satisfy human needs. Although grazing management in southern Patagonia is mostly characterized by extensive continuous grazing, rotational grazing management may improve plant productivity and its associated microbiome. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbioses play an important role in the functioning of arid rangelands. However, in most arid and semiarid grasslands, little is known about the environment-plant-symbiont interaction under different defoliation frequencies and contrasting growth conditions. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the response of Rytidosperma virescens native grass and the associated AM fungi under different defoliation frequency treatments (plants undefoliated, two clippings with 50-d intervals between defoliations, four clippings with 30-d intervals, and six clippings with 21-d intervals) and two growth conditions (field and greenhouse) in a 150-d experiment. Defoliation frequency with 21-d clipping intervals negatively affected plants and AM colonization. We found a negative linear relationship between AM colonization and removal of aboveground biomass and a positive relationship with root biomass and leaf area of R. virescens plants. We determined that the appropriate recovery period for rotational grazing systems should be at least 50 d (threshold) to optimize forage production and AM symbiosis during spring-summer seasons. Sustainable grazing management practices should be designed to improve or restore AM communities to maintain positive feedback with plant development.

Moderate grazing increases newly assimilated carbon allocation belowground

Newly assimilated carbon (C) allocated to soil is the main source of C and energy for microorganisms and has a high impact on long-term C sequestration. The removal of aboveground plant biomass by grazing may increase, decrease or have no effects on belowground C allocation. Therefore, it is important to understand how grazing modifies the allocation of assimilates between above- and belowground. An in situ13C labeling experiment was carried out in a temperate grassland with three grazing intensities: no grazing, moderate grazing (6 sheep·ha−1) and heavy grazing (9 sheep·ha−1). Eighty-one days after 13C labeling, plants under moderate grazing allocated more recently assimilated C (8.2% of assimilated 13C) to shoots than plants under no grazing and heavy grazing (5.5% each). Substantially more 13C was allocated belowground under moderate grazing, and was mainly stored in roots (11%) and soil (15%), than under no grazing (3.2% in roots and 7.5% in soil) and heavy grazing (4.1% in roots and 6.9% in soil). Moderate and heavy grazing release less 13CO2 (15%) through root and rhizomicrobial respiration than no grazing (19%). Without grazing, the decomposition rate of rhizodeposits and their utilization for root and rhizomicrobial respiration (0.22 ± 0.07 day−1) was much faster than that under grazing (moderate grazing: 0.050 ± 0.01 day−1, heavy grazing: 0.065 ± 0.01 day−1). In summary, moderate grazing increases the stock and stability of newly assimilated C of soil by increasing belowground allocation of photosynthates and decreasing CO2 efflux from soil. Therefore, compared to without and heavy grazing (9 sheep·ha−1), moderate grazing (6 sheep·ha−1) may be more suitable for soil C sequestration in temperate grasslands.

The invasive annual grass Ventenata dubia is insensitive to experimental removal of above-ground resident biomass across a productivity gradient

The invasive annual grass Ventenata dubia is insensitive to experimental removal of above-ground resident biomass across a productivity gradient

Switchgrass cropping systems affect soil carbon and nitrogen and microbial diversity and activity on marginal lands

AbstractSwitchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), as a dedicated bioenergy crop, can provide cellulosic feedstock for biofuel production while improving or maintaining soil quality. However, comprehensive evaluations of how switchgrass cultivation and nitrogen (N) management impact soil and plant parameters remain incomplete. We conducted field trials in three years (2016–2018) at six locations in the North Central Great Lakes Region to evaluate the effects of cropping systems (switchgrass, restored prairie, undisturbed control) and N rates (0, 56 kg N ha−1 year−1) on biomass yield and soil physicochemical, microbial, and enzymatic parameters. Switchgrass cropping system yielded an aboveground biomass 2.9–3.3 times higher than the other two systems (Jayawardena et al., unpublished data) but our study found that this biomass accumulation did not reduce soil dissolved organic C, total dissolved N (TDN), or bacterial diversity. The annual aboveground biomass removal for bioenergy feedstock, however, reduced soil microbial biomass C (MBC) and microbial biomass N (MBN) and bacterial richness in the second and third years; despite this, continuous monocropping of switchgrass improved soil TDN, inorganic N, bacterial diversity, and shoot biomass in the second and/or third years compared with the first year. N fertilization increased aboveground biomass yield by 1.2 times and significantly increased soil TDN, MBN, and the shoot biomass of switchgrass compared with the unfertilized control. Locations with higher C and N contents and lower C:N ratio had higher aboveground biomass, MBC, MBN, and the activity of BG, CBH, and UREA enzymes; by contrast, locations with higher pH had higher soil TDN and activity of NAG and LAP enzymes. Our research demonstrates that switchgrass cultivation could improve or maintain soil N content and N fertilization can increase plant biomass yield. The comprehensive data also can inform future biogeochemical models to successfully implement switchgrass for bioenergy production.

Interactions between climate warming and land management regulate greenhouse gas fluxes in a temperate grassland ecosystem

Greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from grasslands are affected by climate warming and agricultural management practices including nitrogen (N) fertiliser application and grazing. However, the interactive effects of these factors are poorly resolved in field studies. We used a factorial in situ experiment - combining warming, N-fertiliser and above-ground cutting treatments - to explore their individual and interactive effects on plant-soil properties and GHG fluxes in a temperate UK grassland over two years. Our results showed no interactive treatment effects on plant productivity despite individual effects of N-fertiliser and warming on above- and below-ground biomass. There were, however, interactive treatment effects on GHG fluxes that varied across the two years. In year 1, warming and N-fertiliser increased CO2 and reduced N2O fluxes. N-fertilised also interacted with above-ground biomass (AGB) removal increasing N2O fluxes in year one and reducing CO2 fluxes in year two. The grassland was consistently a sink of CH4; N-fertilised increased the sink by 45% (year 1), AGB removal and warming reduced CH4 consumption by 44% and 43%, respectively (year 2). The majority of the variance in CO2 fluxes was explained by above-ground metrics (grassland productivity and leaf dry matter content), with microclimate (air and soil temperature and soil moisture) and below-ground (root N content) metrics also significant. Soil chemistry (soil mineral N and net mineralisation rate), below-ground (specific root length) and microclimate (soil moisture) metrics explained 49% and 24% of the variance in N2O and CH4 fluxes, respectively. Overall, our work demonstrates the importance of interactions between climate and management as determinants of short-term grassland GHG fluxes. These results show that reduced cutting combined with lower inorganic N-fertilisers would constrain grassland C and N cycling and GHG fluxes in warmer climatic conditions. This has implications for strategic grassland management decisions to mitigate GHG fluxes in a warming world.

Effects of nitrogen addition and above-ground biomass removal on the growth and interactions between species of xerothermic grasses

Effects of nitrogen addition and above-ground biomass removal on the growth and interactions between species of xerothermic grasses

Clover increases N2O emissions in boreal leys during winter

Inclusion of clover in grasslands increases functional diversity, N yield and forage quality and has been advocated for mitigating nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. However, boreal grass-clover leys often show poor winter survival with considerable aboveground losses of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). Little is known about how these losses affect off-season N2O emissions. Here we report field experiments over two winters, conducted at two coastal locations in Western and Northern Norway. N2O emissions were measured in plots with 0, 30 and 100% red (T. pretense) and white clover (T. repens) in a timothy - meadow fescue mixture. Overwinter N loss from the sward was quantified by comparing N contents in roots, stubble and herbage in autumn and spring. Additional treatments were removal of above-ground biomass in autumn and soil compaction. Off-season N2O emissions correlated positively with estimated overwinter N loss from herbage, which in turn depended on the fraction of clover in the ley. Pure grass leys emitted less N2O than leys that contained clover. Corrected for background emissions from pure grass, up to 13% of the above-ground N loss was emitted as N2O–N when clover was grown in pure stand. This fraction was much smaller, however, when clover was grown in mixture with grass (1.9 ± 0.9%), suggesting reassimilation of inorganic N. Indeed, we found significant increases in root and stubble N in mixtures throughout winter. Removal of above-ground biomass in autumn appeared to reduce the sward's ability to retain N throughout winter, and hence had no or a stimulating effect on N2O emissions. Soil compaction increased off-season N2O emissions 1.3–1.6-fold. Our results show that boreal grass-clover leys can be a significant source of N2O during winter, intricately controlled by loss and reassimilation of N. This underscores the importance of off-season plant-soil management for reducing the greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint of animal production in high latitude ecosystems.

Mite density, not diversity, declines with biomass removal in Patagonian woodlands

Belowground biodiversity loss from anthropogenic causes is far less addressed and quantified than aboveground biodiversity loss. Soil fauna supports soil productivity and biogeochemical cycles, and their decline needs further research. We tested the effects of a woodland harvest gradient (0, 30, 50, and 70% biomass removal) on litterfall, mesofauna density, and Oribatida diversity in three sites of northwestern Patagonia (Argentina). Sites contrasted in plant community structure and productivity. Acari from litter and soil were compared. Annual litter production showed a 58% decline at the highest harvest intensity level, which was constant across sites. Litter structural α- diversity decreased with the highest intensity harvest only at the high productivity site. The density of soil-inhabiting Acari did not change with increasing harvest intensity, while the density of Acari inhabiting the litter decreased by 65% at the highest harvest intensity. Within Acari, Oribatida inhabiting the litter had the most significant density decline with increasing harvest intensity. Oribatida richness and α- diversity only differed among sites, suggesting resistance to increasing biomass removal despite shifts in litter production and litter structural diversity. Prostigmata did not respond to increasing biomass removal either in soil or litter. Our study is the first to assess Acari response to an aboveground biomass removal gradient in southern woodlands. Applying high biomass removal to low productivity sites can compromise micro detritivore density and thus, impair its functional role. Site productivity should be considered in management plans entailing conservation of soil fauna in southern woodlands.

Motherly care: How Leymus chinensis ramets support their offspring exposed to saline-alkali and clipping stresses

BackgroundWhile clonal integration can improve the performance of rhizomatous plants, it remains unclear whether their clonal integration strategy changes under contrasting clipping and saline-alkali homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. Leymus chinensis is a clonal grass native to the Songnen grassland where heavy grazing and patchy saline-alkali stress are serious environmental and ecological problems. We hypothesized that L. chinensis overcomes these stresses through clonal integration, in particular the transfer of nitrogen and carbohydrates. MethodsA pot experiment was carried out with 15N isotope soil labeling method to study clonal integration strategy in the connected mother and daughter ramets of L. chinensis. The connected ramet pairs were grown in homogeneous (both connected ramets were treated) and heterogeneous (only daughter ramets were treated) environments with four treatments: control, clipping (60% aboveground biomass removal), saline-alkali (3.45 g of NaCl, NaHCO3, and Na2CO3 per pot), and clipping × saline-alkali. ResultsA significant amount (22.5%) of 15N was transferred from mother to daughter ramets under non-stressed conditions. When homogeneously stressing both mother and daughter ramets, N transfer was significantly reduced to 8.5‐–14.6%, independent of the nature of the stress. When only daughters were stressed (heterogeneous stress), saline-alkali stress led to a division of labor where daughters had enhanced photosynthesis, and mother ramets had increased 15N uptake and growth. Clipping only daughters reduced biomass and 15N uptake of both daughter and mother ramets. ConclusionsOur results demonstrated that clonal integration also occurs in homogeneous favorable environments but is reduced under homogeneous stress. In heterogeneous environments, clonal integration is used to translocate resource after clipping and a division of labor is established to overcome saline-alkali stress. Clonal integration continued even when daughters were severely stressed by the combined treatments. Our findings suggest that these mechanisms are key to the success of L. chinensis in the Songnen grassland.