Remote Power Research Articles

VITI: A Tiny Self-Calibrating Sensor for Power-Variation Measurement in FPGAs

On-chip sensors, built using reconfigurable logic resources in field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), have been shown to sense variations in signalpropagation delay, supply voltage and power consumption. These sensors have been successfully used to deploy security attacks called Remote Power Analysis (RPA) Attacks on FPGAs. The sensors proposed thus far consume significant logic resources and some of them could be used to deploy power viruses. In this paper, a sensor (named VITI) occupying a far smaller footprint than existing sensors is presented. VITI is a self-calibrating on-chip sensor design, constructed using adjustable delay elements, flip-flops and LUT elements instead of combinational loops, bulky carry chains or latches. Self-calibration enables VITI the autonomous adaptation to differing situations (such as increased power consumption, temperature changes or placement of the sensor in faraway locations from the circuit under attack). The efficacy of VITI for power consumption measurement was evaluated using Remote Power Analysis (RPA) attacks and results demonstrate recovery of a full 128-bit Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) key with only 20,000 power traces. Experiments demonstrate that VITI consumes 1/4th and 1/16th of the area compared to state-of-the-art sensors such as time to digital converters and ring oscillators for similar effectiveness.

Light-Driven Linear Inchworm Motor Based on Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators Fabricated with Rubbing Overwriting.

Linear displacement is used for positioning and scanning, e.g., in robotics at different scales or in scientific instrumentation. Most linear motors are either powered by rotary drives or are driven directly by pressure, electromagnetic forces or a shape change in a medium, such as piezoelectrics or shape-memory materials. Here, we present a centimeter-scale light-powered linear inchworm motor, driven by two liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) accordion-like actuators. The rubbing overwriting technique was used to fabricate the LCE actuators, made of elastomer film with patterned alignment. In the linear motor, a scanned green laser beam induces a sequence of travelling deformations in a pair of actuators that move a gripper, which couples to a shaft via friction moving it with an average speed in the order of millimeters per second. The prototype linear motor demonstrates how LCE light-driven actuators with a limited stroke can be used to drive more complex mechanisms, where large displacements can be achieved, defined only by the technical constrains (the shaft length in our case), and not by the limited strain of the material. Inchworm motors driven by LCE actuators may be scaled down to sub-millimeter size and can be used in applications where remote control and power supply with light, either delivered in free space beams or via fibers, is an advantage.

Fault diagnosis of the constant current remote power supply system in CUINs based on the improved water cycle algorithm

Cabled Underwater Information Networks (CUINs) is an important platform for ocean observation where the Constant Current Remote Power Supply System (CCRPSS) guarantees the safe and normal operation of CUINs. The CCRPSS is mainly composed of the main node and underwater cables which require frequent fault diagnosis but how to improve the fault diagnosis rate is a difficult problem. This paper proposed a fault diagnosis method for the CCRPSS based on the Improved Water Cycle Algorithm (IWCA) and the multi-classifier group based on the Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM). Firstly, the multi-feature extraction method is used to obtain the characteristic information in the time and frequency domain; secondly, IWCA is established by combining the traditional Water Cycle Algorithm (WCA) with the chaotic mutation strategy, the elite memory strategy and the population reconstruction strategy. By applying 13 typical test functions to performance test, it can be found that the IWCA can effectively improve the global search ability and balance of the WCA algorithm. At last, IWCA is used to optimize the parameters of the LSSVM classifier and improve the classification efficiency. The comparisons of simulated results with traditional methods show that the proposed diagnostic model can not only obtain complete fault feature information, but also obtain the optimal classification parameters of LSSVM faster. Therefore, the proposed diagnostic method is verified to be suitable for the fault diagnosis of the constant current remote power supply system in CUINs.

Target Localization and Power Allocation Using Wireless Energy Harvesting Sensors

As radio-frequency (RF) based wireless energy harvesting technology can provide remote and continuous power to low-power devices, e.g., wireless sensors, it may be a substitute for batteries and extend the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a wireless energy harvesting localization system (WEHLoc), which contains batteryless wireless sensors as anchors and an energy access point (E-AP) to transfer power to the anchors. We consider a passive target localization scenario, in which the anchors monitor the target and send the sensed ranging data back to the E-AP. Additionally, we formulate the optimal estimation accuracy problem which is a 0–1 mixed-integer programming problem and relates to the energy beam, target transmitted power, and deployed anchor density. Then, we develop the power allocation scheme of the E-AP to solve the objective. In order to reduce the complexity, we propose a heuristic method that converts the maximum estimation accuracy problem into the energy efficiency problem and use linear programming to solve them. The simulations demonstrate that WEHLoc can be massively deployed in a wide area, and the estimation error and the power consumption are relatively low.

Research on the Value of Remote Power Consumption Inspection Technology in Power Marketing

Research on the Value of Remote Power Consumption Inspection Technology in Power Marketing

A Versatile High-Temperature Electrochemical Pump for Hydrogen Separations

Hydrogen is an excellent energy carrier and can enable zero or near-zero emissions in transportation, stationary or remote power, and portable power applications. Over 95% of hydrogen is derived from reformed natural gas, steam cracking, and other fossil fuel processes that often cause complex mixtures requiring purification. Further, with an increasing demand for hydrogen delivery, there is a current search going on for converting and using natural gas pipelines to carry a blend of natural gas and hydrogen (up to 15% H2). By blending natural gas and H2, the growing demand for hydrogen delivery could be met, but this requires on-site hydrogen purification and compression. Electrochemical hydrogen pumps (ECHP), as a standalone device, could be a better solution for on-site hydrogen purification and compression, making a cost-effective and direct process.Most ECHP research focuses on membrane development and its relation to ECHP performance. Many of these studies use BASF fuel cell electrodes. The role of electrode ionomer binder on ECHP performance has not been investigated with rigor. This talk presents our work on investigating the influence of ionomer binders on ECHP performance at high temperatures. A newly developed PC-PBI membrane (50:50 QPPSf-PBI H3PO4) was used as HT-PEM in our ECHP. The newly developed PC-PBI HT-PEM overcomes the 180 °C temperature limitation of H3PO4 doped PBI by incorporating tethered cationic moieties into the polymer host that anchors the H3PO4 through ion-pair interactions. Further, this talk will reveal the advantage of employing phosphoric acid tethered polymer electrolyte by comparing it against a liquid phosphoric acid imbibed polymer electrolyte in electrode binders. The final part of this talk will present the high-temperature ECHP performance with new phosphonic acid functionalized polymer electrode binders under industrial relevant mixtures (e.g., syngas, cracking, and reformate mixtures). Our work has shown that the higher temperature operation of ECHP minimizes the impact from CO and performance is governed by H2 concentration in the mixtures.

Dynamic Voltage Stability Assessment in Remote Island Power System with Renewable Energy Resources and Virtual Synchronous Generator

Increasing the proportion of renewable energy generations in remote island power systems is becoming essential for realizing decarbonized society. However, since inverter-connected renewable energies have different generation characteristics from conventional generators, the massive penetration can adversely affect system stability. In particular, fault events in such weak remote systems can cause fast voltage collapse, and there is a need to assess dynamic voltage stability. This study attempts dynamic voltage stability assessment using the critical boundary index (CBI) and investigates the impact of the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) on dynamic voltage stability. A remote island power system and VSG are modeled, and time-domain simulations are conducted with case studies of fault events. The simulation results show the potential of CBI to use for dynamic voltage stability assessment. Furthermore, the VSG can provide suitable power output during fault events and improve dynamic voltage stability.

A secure demand response management authentication scheme for smart grid

The electricity demands are floated through smart grid (SG) devices to a remote power management system and utility center (UC) for utilizing energy-based services, while the UCs manage the distribution of power. Nevertheless, in smart grid systems, the communication messages are susceptible to various threats, since the information related to power consumption is communicated over an unsafe public channel. Therefore, a secure authenticated key agreement scheme is crucial for dispensing energy-based services to legal subscribers. In this regard, Yu et al. designed a secure authentication scheme for smart grid-based demand response management. Nevertheless, we discover that Yu et al.’s protocol is prone to replay attack, denial-of-service attack, and many technical defects in the protocol. Thus, we propose an anonymous and lightweight authenticated key agreement protocol for smart grid-based demand response management countering the limitations in Yu et al.’s scheme. Our scheme may withstand known security attacks, and also supports privacy as well as mutual authentication. We evaluate the security properties of contributed protocol employing informal security analysis and proved the security of session key between the utility center and smart grid using Burrows Abadi Needham (BAN) logic analysis and ProVerif automated simulation. The achieved results sufficiently advocate the practical implementation of the scheme.

Two-stage framework for optimizing the operation of remote off-grid power systems under uncertainties

With the precipitated integration of intermittent renewable sources, operation optimization employed with uncertainty management strategies is imperative to ensure a reliable, cost-effective, and secure energy supply for the remote off-grid power systems. This paper presents a two-stage operation optimization process embedded in a model predictive control framework. The first stage decision variables are derived in a deterministic optimization framework to achieve minimum operational costs and emissions. The second stage uses a stochastic optimization framework to refine the first stage decision variables to achieve a feasible operation considering several candidate scenarios in a computationally inexpensive manner. Several measures are integrated to the proposed framework in order to address the operational requirements pertaining to remote off-grid power systems. The effectiveness of the proposed framework is demonstrated through numerical experiments for an isolated remote power system in Northern Canada for both summer and winter seasons. Quality of the obtained results as well as the computation efficiency of the overall framework has been verified compared to the existing energy management techniques. The overall result confirms the applicability of the proposed method in achieving a cost-effective and environmentally friendly operational trajectory while effectively accounting for the underlying uncertainties with a reduced computational burden.

Remote Real-time Power Analysis and Management System

For many progressing and advancing nations, the electric energy measurement infrastructure is inadequate in terms of the lack of real-time measurement of power quality and quantity, as well as the connectivity to the central data collection station. To overcome such issues, more modern methods of sensing and distributing electrical energy must be explored and implemented. In this article, we present a LoRa-based real-time load monitoring and control system that can measure the amount (voltage, current, and power) and the quality (power factor and harmonics) of the electricity being supplied, as well as provide remote power cut and restore functionality through an IoT SCADA server. The proposed system included a microcontroller-based Data Acquisition (DAQ) system, a LoRa radio-based Data Communication Network (DCN), a Raspberry Pi-based Online Gateway, and an online SCADA server to gather and present data. The system is powered by the main power line, which is also being measured, and a battery backup system to prevent data loss in the event of a power outage or fault. Through Proteus and MATLAB simulations, the system was evaluated before being implemented on the hardware, and the results of both are described. The system was energy efficient, owing to the usage of the LoRa wireless technology, and was accurate in analyzing the power consumption characteristics of loads in real-time, tested in comparison to standard laboratory equipment.

Delay Margin Computation in Micro Grid Systems with Time Delay by using Fractional Order Controller

The purpose of this article is to obtain maximum time delay in remote controlled micro grid power systems, so that stability can be guaranteed for large values of time delays. With long delay margin, micro grid power system robustness can be provided. For this purpose, fractional order proportional integral derivative controller is used. Micro grid power system includes photovoltaic panels (PV), fuel cells (FC), wind turbines (WT), ultra-capacitors (UC) and a diesel generator (DG). There are two control loops in the proposed micro grid power system. One is local controller for DG control and the other is remote controller. Fractional order proportional integral derivative (FOPID) controller is used in remote controller. FOPID controller provides five degree of freedom, whereas proportional integral derivative controller provides three degree of freedom. Instead of three variable adjustments in PID, in FOPID controller five variables are adjusted so that wide time delay margin can be obtained. By using FOPID controller better delay margins are obtained with respect to literature findings and also robustness of micro grid power system is secured. The proposed design methodology has shown that by using FOPID controller more robustness with respect to time delay can be obtained in micro grid power systems.

Development and Operation Modes of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Generation System for Remote Consumers’ Power Supply

At the present stage of electric power industry development, special attention is being paid to the development and research of new efficient energy sources. The use of hydrogen fuel cells is promising for remote autonomous power supply systems. The authors of the paper have developed the structure and determined the optimal composition of a hybrid generation system based on hydrogen fuel cells and battery storage and have conducted studies of its operating modes and for remote consumers’ power supply efficiency. A simulation of the electromagnetic processes was carried out to check the operability of the proposed hybrid generation system structure. The simulation results confirmed the operability of the structure under consideration, the calculation of its parameters reliability and the high quality of the output voltage. The electricity cost of a hybrid generation system was estimated according to the LCOE (levelized cost of energy) indicator, its value being 1.17 USD/kWh. The factors influencing the electricity cost of a hydrogen generation system have been determined and ways for reducing its cost identified.

Systemwide Considerations for Electrification of Transportation in Islands and Remote Locations

Electric vehicles (EVs) represent an important socio-economic development opportunity for islands and remote locations because they can lead to reduced fuel imports, electricity storage, grid services, and environmental and health benefits. This paper presents an overview of opportunities, challenges, and examples of EVs in islands and remote power systems, and is meant to provide background to researchers, utilities, energy offices, and other stakeholders interested in the impacts of electrification of transportation. The impact of uncontrolled EV charging on the electric grid operation is discussed, as well as several mitigation strategies. Of particular importance in many islands and remote systems is taking advantage of local resources by combining renewable energy and EV charging. Policy and economic issues are presented, with emphasis on the need for an overarching energy policy to guide the strategies for EVs growth. The key conclusion of this paper is that an orderly transition to EVs, one that maximizes benefits while addressing the challenges, requires careful analysis and comprehensive planning.

Future Energy Source for Remote IoT Systems using MEMS-based Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices.

Piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) device is an energy converter that will convert mechanical vibration energy into electrical energy. The energy converter is implemented using Micro-Electronic Mechanical System (MEMS). The vibration is extracted from the surroundings, and the extracted vibration is converted into electrical energy using PEH for low power sensors used in the IoT environment. PHE device will generate the maximum power when the vibration of the surrounding is exactly matched with the resonant frequency of the device. This paper presents two different PHE MEMS devices which will convert the vibration into electrical energy. The proposed device has two design materials; T shape resonant model is designed by arranging beams in multilayer and an ultra-violet resin seismic mass. There are four-layer formed together; the substrate first layer is built using polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The third layer is formed by using piezo-electric material; the second and fourth layers are build using aluminium and platinum electrode. In the model, two different types of piezoelectric materials are used to build the PEH device. Two types of material used in the devices are ZnO and PZT-5A. Rayleigh-Ritz and Macaulay methods are used to model the system for analysing the mechanical behaviour of the model and structural analysis for the better energy extraction using FEM. The proposed PHE device using ZnO and PZT-5A is generating power at the rate of 1.8 W and 1.35 W with a voltage rating of 545 and 45 mV, respectively. The Proposed PHE device is built for remote location low power IoT devices.

Latency and Simulation Stability in a Remote Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Cosimulation Testbed

The modern applied research requires multidisciplinary approaches and can be effectively enriched thanks to the close collaboration of universities' and industries' working teams. This kind of collaboration implies sharing of hardware and software facilities, and profitable contamination of knowledge and expertise among the members of the different teams. In the power system field this kind of approach may result into a remote connection allowing the coupling (and thus, the share) of real-time simulators located in different laboratories. This article describes in detail an experimental testbed (consisting of the interconnection of two real-time simulators, located at Politecnico di Torino and Politecnico di Bari, at a geographical distance of 1000 km) in order to perform remote power hardware-in-the-loop experiments. The possibilities and limitations of this type of cosimulation are described and a case study is presented. Finally, the specific problems related to communication latency and simulation stability are analyzed and discussed.

Android-Based Remote Control Solar Power Plant Panels with Direct Current System Installation

Energy hot sun very overflow especially in area with climate tropical as indonesia that always exposed rays throughout years. This is a source energy that could on developed. on research aimed at to make it easier and knowing damage panel generator electric power sun more early so that soon get to do troubleshooting early before damage continue with use microcontroller NodeMCU right has been IOT designed component additional sensor INA219 gauge current, voltage, lux intensity light is snown software application BLYNK in smartphone. the results research is toll monitoring read high low battery and lamp. In the result measurement this will is snown menu application BLYNK that has been designed.

Evaluation of hierarchical controls to manage power, energy and daily operation of remote off-grid power systems

Integration of locally available renewable energy sources and energy storage have proven to be a cost-effective and eco-friendly retrofit for the primarily diesel-based remote off-grid power systems. However, in the presence of multiple sources and energy storage, the energy management and power management mechanisms must be properly designed to enhance their envisioned benefits while assuring stability, availability, and security of power supply. This paper presents a hierarchical controller equipped with both energy management and power management strategies to obtain an optimum and stable system operation subjecting remote off-grid power systems. An operation evaluation framework is deployed to assess the applicability of the derived optimum operational routines as well as to verify the competence of the low-level controls. Results are demonstrated for a remote off-grid PV-Diesel-Battery power system under different diurnal and seasonal variations. Results revealed the competence of incorporated power management strategies as well as the use of proposed operation evaluation mechanism in identifying certain risks associated with optimum operational routines derived through energy management systems. The overall study confirmed that a coordinated control and operation evaluation platform is required to achieve a logical and quantitatively optimized operational trajectory.

Generation of Thrust Force in High Density and Low Temperature Plasma by Neutral Entrainment

The main objective of this article is to discuss the concept of a device that uses dense low temperature atmospheric plasma to generate thrust to enable vertical take-off and landing. Plasma consisting of atmospheric gases and potassium admixture have been enclosed in a toroidal chamber with the help of a magnetic field ( $B$ ) and a radial electric field ( $E$ ) placed perpendicular to it. The electric field induces the parallel current ( $j_{II} $ ) and drives the $E\times B$ drift in azimuthal direction, which in partially ionized and weakly magnetized plasma induces the Hall current ( $j_{\wedge } $ ). The Hall current induces the $B_{p} $ paramagnetic field with an intensity up to 5.5 T, and the parallel current induces the azimuthal field ${B}''_{\Phi } $ with an intensity up to 4 T. Ohmic heating controlled by these two currents raises the plasma temperature from 0.44 eV (injection temperature) to 1.38 eV (which is the upper value resulting from the emergence of electrothermal instability). Neutrals injected into the toroidal chamber are heated by charge exchange collisions (CEXs), then they are released through a cylindrical nozzle generating the thrust force ( $F_{T} $ ) of $\sim 2.91\cdot 10^{5} \textrm {N}$ at a temperature of ~ 1 eV. Power consumption at this thrust level attains $\sim 1.32\cdot 10^{9} \textrm {W}$ and can be covered by remote microwave or laser power sources.

Fast protection strategy for DC transmission lines of MMC-based MT-HVDC grid

Multi-terminal high voltage DC (MT-HVDC) grid has broad application prospects in connecting different energy sources, asynchronous interconnection of power grids, remote load power supply, and other fields. At present, the key technologies that affect the development of MT-HVDC transmission system include swift fault identification and location in the DC line and its rapid isolation. Traditional fault monitoring relies on line communication, which cannot guarantee the rapidity and reliability of protection; moreover, it may even cause device damage. A fault identification scheme based on a single-terminal transient is presented in this paper. This scheme calculates the line inductance by using the rise rate of fault current at the initial stage of the fault, and determines the occurrence of the fault by comparing the observed line inductance with the set value, which lays a foundation for calculating the location of the fault point using distance protection. A simulation model on the PSCAD/EMTDC platform is built; the simulation example verifies that the proposed scheme can identify faults under dissimilar conditions while maintaining a low error level on the premise of no communication lines so as to meet the protection requirements of the MT-HVDC grid.

Availability analysis and maintenance optimization for multiple failure mode systems considering imperfect repair

This paper studies the availability and optimal maintenance policies for systems subject to competing failure modes under continuous and periodic inspections. The repair time distribution and maintenance cost are both dependent on the failure modes. We investigate the instantaneous availability and the steady state availability of the system maintained through several imperfect repairs before a replacement is allowed. Analytical expressions for system availability under continuous and periodic inspections are derived respectively. The availability models are then utilized to obtain the optimal inspection and imperfect maintenance policy that minimizes the average long-run cost rate. A numerical example for Remote Power Feeding System is presented to demonstrate the application of the developed approach.