Remote Objects Research Articles

Stability of Neptune’s Distant Resonances in the Presence of Planet Nine

Abstract Trans-Neptunian Objects (TNOs) in the scattered disk with 50 ≲ a ≲ 100 au are thought to cluster near Neptune’s n:1 resonances (e.g., 3:1, 4:1, and so on). While these objects spend lengthy periods of time at large heliocentric distances, if their perihelia remain less than around 40 au, their dynamical evolution is still largely coupled to Neptune’s. Conversely, around a dozen extreme TNOs with a ≳ 250 au and detached perihelia seem to exist in a regime where they are too distant to be affected by the giant planets and too close for their dynamics to be governed by external forces. Recent work suggests that the apparent alignment of these orbits in physical space is a signature of gravitational shepherding by a distant massive planet. In this paper, we investigate the evolution of TNOs in each of Neptune’s n:1 resonances between the 3:1 and 14:1. We conclude that both resonant and nonresonant objects beyond the 12:1 near ∼157 au are removed rather efficiently via perturbations from the hypothetical Planet Nine. Additionally, we uncover a population of simulated TNOs with a ≲ 100 au, 40 ≲ q ≲ 45 au, and low inclinations that experience episodes of resonant interactions with both Neptune and Planet Nine. Finally, we simulate the evolution of observed objects with a > 100 au and identify several TNOs that are potentially locked in n:1 resonances with Neptune, including the most distant known resonant candidates, 2014 JW80 and 2014 OS394,which appear to be in the 10:1 and 11:1 resonances, respectively. Our results suggest that the detection of similar remote objects might provide a useful constraint on hypotheses invoking the existence of additional distant planets.

CONSTRUCTION OF OPTICAL CONTROL ALGORITHMS FOR SMALL-SIZE DISTANT LIGHT OBJECTS

A mathematical model of the brightness structure of an ensemble of small-sized distant light objects in the plane of a photodetector is presented. The structure and principles of construction of optoelectronic systems for registration of distant and small-sized light objects are considered. A method for constructing of algorithms for determining the parameters of an ensemble of objects of different distances, obtained by an optoelectronic system with a digital camera of the light field, taking into account its characteristic features, is developed. A special experimental stand for the study of objects in distant conditions based on a telescopic system and a digital registrator is presented. The principal possibility of creating a light field correlator is shown. A number of algorithms and functions are described, as well as their capabilities to accurately measure the coordinates and parameters of small-sized light objects. The advantages and disadvantages of algorithms based on the continuous wavelet transform are investigated. A comparative analysis of the accuracy of determining the coordinates, dimensions, and features of small-sized objects by various algorithms is presented. It is shown, that the accuracy of determining the coordinates and parameters of small-sized remote objects by digital cameras of the light field is several times higher than by traditional digital cameras.

Investigation of the accuracy of measuring the parameters of remote objects observed by the optical-electronic system with a light field recorder

The paper considers the construction of optoelectronic systems for monitoring near-Earth space, the choice of algorithms for identifying and obtaining the most reliable coordinate and non-coordinate information about space objects of natural and man-made origin. Experimental mock-up studies using the developed installation were performed. The plant allows the calibration of the optoelectronic system and the study of algorithms for obtaining coordinate and detailed data about the observed objects. The authors apply the method of image registration by a telescopic system in the astrograph with a digital camera mode and a digital camera with a microlens array mode. The work uses the methods for analyzing two-dimensional images by algorithms for measuring binary clusters in an image structure, investigating the brightness structure of an image with a circular boundary in a given area, determining the centers and radii of the circles inscribed in clusters, calculating and estimating the maxima for the curves of the coefficients of continuous wavelet transformation in the image profile lines with real wavelets. The composition and structure of a complex of algorithms and a methodology for their application have been developed. The methodology makes it possible to increase the accuracy and reliability of information obtained about the observed objects in a wide range of changes in the characteristics of the background target environment. The results substantiate the possibility of increasing the accuracy and reliability of coordinate information about the observed objects by analyzing the curves of the coefficients of continuous wavelet transform or analyzing the brightness gradient, provided that the algorithm for analyzing clusters of binarized images is used. The algorithm makes it possible to determine the areas of localization of objects of interest in the observed space. The developed methodology can be applied to assess the accuracy and reliability of the results of determining the coordinates and detailed features of objects. At the same time, it is possible to scale the algorithms to the means of observation and the tasks being solved, which makes it possible to use them in automated monitoring systems for near-earth space and increases the efficiency of detection and identification of objects.

Temporally averaged speckle noise in wavefront sensors for beam projection in weak turbulence.

Adaptive optics (AO) compensation for imaging or coherent illumination of a remote object relies on accurate sensing of atmospheric aberrations. When a coherent beacon is projected onto the object to enable wavefront sensing, the reflected reference wave will exhibit random variation in phase and amplitude characteristics of laser speckle. In a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor (SHWFS) measurement, speckle effects cause fluctuations in the intensity of focal spots and errors in the position of their centroids relative to those expected from purely atmospheric phase aberrations. The resulting error in wavefront measurements negatively impacts the quality of atmospheric phase conjugation. This paper characterizes the effect of reflected laser speckle on the accuracy of SHWFS measurements for ground-to-space beam projection systems in weak turbulence conditions. We show via simulation that the speckle-induced error in centroiding depends on the ratio between beacon diameter and the diffraction-limited resolution of the lenslet and confirm these results with experimental data. We provide experimental validation that averaging of SHWFS lenslet spot intensities over speckle realizations converges to the incoherent intensity as expected. We further show that the effects of shot noise and speckle noise add in quadrature, simplifying noise analysis. Finally, we characterize the effect of temporal averaging under typical conditions of target motion and integration time. This work provides a straightforward set of relations that can help investigators more accurately estimate the required integration time for wavefront sensing in the presence of laser speckle.

Effective Solution of the Problem of Electromagnetic Positioning Based on Two-Axial Radiator

We solve the problem of electromagnetic positioning on the basis of two magnetic dipoles with the same center. We construct a navigation and orientation algorithm for a remote object.

Remote OSCE Experience: What First Year Pharmacy Students Liked, Learned, and Suggested for Future Implementations.

During the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, many schools quickly transitioned their teaching and assessment strategies to online formats. In Spring 2020, a 3-station remote Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) was implemented for first-year pharmacy students. The day following the remote OSCEs students answered three open-text prompts about the remote OSCE experience: (1) “I liked...”, (2) “I learned…”, and (3) “I suggest…”. Responses were open-coded and frequency counts were calculated to determine the most prevalent codes. Concept maps were created to visualize and explore connections between the codes. Out of 157 students, 156 students completed the reflection assignment, a 99.36% response rate. The three major themes in the Liked data were: Logistics (n = 65, 41.7%), Differences In-person Versus Remote (n = 59, 37.8%), and Skill Development (n = 43, 27.6%). The three major themes in the Learned data were: Technology (n = 66, 42.3%), Communication (n = 58, 37.2%), and Skill Development (n = 56, 35.9%). The three major themes in the Suggest data were: Logistics (n = 89, 57.1%), Technology (n = 31, 19.9%), and Continuation of Remote OSCE (n = 31, 19.9%). Overall, the remote OSCE experience was well-received, and students described it as applicable to their future pharmacy practice. Future work should explore the design, implementation, and outcomes of remote OSCEs.

Control method of wind-solar low power energy plant

The approach to providing private households, remote industrial objects and other consumers with electric power by hybrid renewable energy power plants is much of interest nowadays. Thus, it is currently important to synthesize control algorithms for increasing energy efficiency of hybrid renewable energy power plants. Control algorithms have to ensure efficient performance and provide maximization of electric generator parameters. Moreover, one of the objectives of control algorithms is limitation of generated power to secure nominal operational parameters of plant’s elements. It is required that controllers of different parts of hybrid energy plants operate consistently.

Toward graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking systems for human-machine interaction.

The study of eye movements and the measurement of the resulting biopotential, referred to as electrooculography (EOG), may find increasing use in applications within the domain of activity recognition, context awareness, mobile human–computer and human–machine interaction (HCI/HMI), and personal medical devices; provided that, seamless sensing of eye activity and processing thereof is achieved by a truly wearable, low-cost, and accessible technology. The present study demonstrates an alternative to the bulky and expensive camera-based eye tracking systems and reports the development of a graphene textile-based personal assistive device for the first time. This self-contained wearable prototype comprises a headband with soft graphene textile electrodes that overcome the limitations of conventional “wet” electrodes, along with miniaturized, portable readout electronics with real-time signal processing capability that can stream data to a remote device over Bluetooth. The potential of graphene textiles in wearable eye tracking and eye-operated remote object interaction is demonstrated by controlling a mouse cursor on screen for typing with a virtual keyboard and enabling navigation of a four-wheeled robot in a maze, all utilizing five different eye motions initiated with a single channel EOG acquisition. Typing speeds of up to six characters per minute without prediction algorithms and guidance of the robot in a maze with four 180° turns were successfully achieved with perfect pattern detection accuracies of 100% and 98%, respectively.

Integrity of information data flow in meteor communication networks

The paper considers the issues of ensuring the integrity of the flow of information messages between remote objects and identification of the data transmission channel, interrupted randomly by fragmentation-defragmentation processes of this flow as a result of the stochastic appearance and disappearance of traces from meteors burning in the ionosphere, which are used as passive repeaters of VHF radio signals that carry out energy contact between correspondents of a computer network. The problem is posed to implement an algorithm for discontinuous transmission of a continuous data stream over a meteor communication network without distortion and loss of transmitted messages without the inclusion of redundant signs, which contributes to a more rational use of the limited telecommunication resource of the meteor communication network. It is shown that to ensure a reliable exchange of information data between remote infrastructure facilities of the Northern Sea Route, a meteor trail can be used, which will provide a statistically stable connection with the fulfilment of the requirements for the probability of receiving false signs while maintaining the integrity of messages, provided that this type of communication between correspondents is discontinuous.

Implementing remote pharmacy objective structured clinical examination during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objective: This paper describes the development and feasibility evaluation of a formative remote objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) for second-year students in a four-year Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharm.) honours programme. Methods. A five- station remote formative OSCE was developed and implemented using Microsoft Teams. The authors used a post-OSCE evaluation, in combination with the results of a students’ survey and comprehensive feedback from faculty. Results: A total of seventy second-year B.Pharm. (Hons.) students participated in the online OSCE. Based on the post-OSCE evaluation, about 80% of students agreed that the OSCE ran smoothly. Respondents agreement on the time allocated to complete each station varied between 63.6% and 81.8%. Time allocation for each station and internet connectivity were raised as the main concerns by both the students and the faculty. Conclusion: A remote online OSCE is a feasible strategy for assessment of various skills based on different tasks, reflecting the scope of practice for future pharmacists, and offers a promising direction towards the assessment of such practical skills. Online OSCE planning, development and evaluation are in themselves useful for clarifying assessment goals, processes, hindrances, and affordances

Detecting vibration features from remote objects based on high-speed imagery

Remote detection of vibrational features from an object is important for many short-range civil applications, but it is also of interest for long-range applications in the defense and security areas. The well-established laser Doppler vibrometry technique is widely used as a high-sensitivity, noncontact method. The development of camera technology in recent years made image-based methods reliable passive alternatives for vibration and dynamic measurements. We investigate and discuss the potential of high-speed imaging technique for medium- and long-range vibration detection. The sensitivity and the limitations of the method are experimentally investigated in comparison to the well-established Doppler vibrometry technique. As atmospheric turbulence is expected to become a limiting factor for long-range applications, imaging in the short-wave IR (SWIR) to mid-wave IR (MWIR) rather than in the visual range is advantageous due to the longer wavelength. We present experiments on the vibration detection from SWIR and MWIR image sequences, as well as additional experiments on the extraction of vibration signature under strong local turbulence conditions.

Бездротова локальна мережа класу Smart Home на базі модулів сплітерів-репітерів

The purpose of the article is develop a wireless local area network for residential use. The article contains a description of the created channel splitter modules. The module also acts as a repeater. On the basis of repeater splitter module designed network modules hubs and switches. The hub and switch has two versions: wired and wireless. The wired version is used in conditions of a large amount of interference and a large signal attenuation. Smart Home wireless LAN is built on the splitters-repeaters modules basis, hubs and switches. The network does not support the MQTT protocol. The network is divided into clusters and segments and supports packet routing. The protocol stack is minimized. The functionality of the host and the network object is completely separated. The topology of the mobile network is not deterministic, amorphous and changes when the network objects move in space. In this case, some connections are lost and others arise. The routing tables are constantly updated. The network in accordance with the laid down algorithm, is able to build the necessary topology and organize the necessary connections in order to complete the task with a many objects. The network is capable of building packet retransmission chains for remote network objects. Thus, the wireless network implementation at its low cost allows solving a certain range of tasks. The performer can be either a separate object associated with the operator through a many repeaters. In order to increase the efficiency of the formation of routing tables and minimize the cluster structures in a wireless network. The local wireless network is designed to control an Internet of Things objects.

A patient's temperature remote control system based on NODEMCU ESP8266

With the prompt development in wireless communication, in addition to the evolution of wireless patient monitoring system, and to reduce the death of a big number of patients who endear as a result of heart failure or sudden high temperature in children. This paper proposed a sophisticated method of observation human body parameters like temperature measurements with employ at NodeMcu ESP8266 unit in the Internet of Things (IoT). This prototype is based on NodeMcu module (a static access point that provides the WIFI network, a server, a client and a mobile access point attached to the remote surveillance object) programmed under Arduino IDE and communicating between them via the HTTP protocol.

Athlete’s physiological parameter monitoring system based on K-means and MTLS-SVM algorithm

In the non-medical model physiological parameter monitoring system, learning the monitoring parameters can improve the diagnostic and prediction accuracy. Aiming at the problems of insufficient information mining and low prediction accuracy in multi-task time series, the supervised and semi-supervised learning methods in machine learning are combined to predict the physiological status of remote health monitoring objects. This method uses the K-means algorithm to cluster the same type of data and use the Multitasking Least Squares Support Vector Machine (MTLS-SVM) to train historical data for trend prediction. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the method, the MTLS-SVM method is compared with the K-means and MTLS-SVM methods. It can be seen from the experimental results that the body temperature data measured by the GY-MCU90615 is close to that of the digital thermometer. Moreover, the body temperature speed collected by the GY-MCU90615 can reach the millisecond level, which can well meet the needs of the system. The research shows that the method has higher prediction accuracy and has a breakthrough significance for the monitoring of athletes’ physiological parameters.

The Generalization of the Periodic Table: The 'Periodic Table' of 'Dark Matter'

The Generalization of the Periodic Table: The 'Periodic Table' of 'Dark Matter'

Attention and Feature Fusion SSD for Remote Sensing Object Detection

Object detection is a basic topic in the field of remote sensing. However, remote sensing images usually suffer in complicated backgrounds, object scale variations, and small objects, which make remote sensing object detection still difficult. Although the existing two-stage methods have higher accuracy, their detection speed is slow. While the one-stage object detection algorithms such as single-shot detector (SSD) and YOLO, although they can achieve real-time detection, they have poor detection performance, especially for small objects. In this article, in order to further improve the remote sensing object detection performance of one-stage methods, we propose an end-to-end network named attention and feature fusion SSD. First, a multilayer feature fusion structure is designed to enhance the semantic information of the shallow features. Next, a dual-path attention module is introduced to screen the feature information. This module uses spatial attention and channel attention to suppress the background noise and highlight the key feature. Then, the feature representation ability of the network is further enhanced by a multiscale receptive field module. Finally, the loss function is optimized to alleviate the imbalance between the positive and negative samples. The experimental results on the DOTA and NWPU VHR-10 data sets verify the effectiveness of our method.

РОЗРОБКА ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО-ВИМІРЮВАЛЬНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ДІАГНОСТИКИ РОБОЧИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК ЕЛЕКТРОДВИГУНІВ

The article explores a method for constructing an information-measuring system for diagnosing the performance characteristics of electric motors. The structure of such systems, features of signal transmission and methods of its transformation, as well as software for visualization and data processing are considered. Algorithmic and software developments are highlighted that provide a full cycle of processing the information parliaments of electric motors, from the transformation of a physical quantity into a unified signal, to data visualization. The structure of microcontrollers, which were used in the development of the measuring system, is investigated. In particular, the performance of the ESP8266 microcontroller, which was used to transfer data received from measuring sensors to a server application. The method of visualization of the obtained data using web-server technologies is highlighted. The proposed system was tested using a DC electric motor of the RS-775 series. The error of the measuring sensors used in the proposed system is determined by calculating the sample standard deviation from the expected results. Particular attention is paid to the development of server software in terms of processing signal parameters and visualizing its changes, the possibility of archiving arrays of received data, the possibility of changing the operating modes of the electric motor and ways of displaying information. The performance characteristics of a prototype device for measuring the torque of an electric motor based on an inductive sensor used as part of the proposed measuring system have been studied. The article presents the possibilities of using an information-measuring system in combination with additional measuring devices that can be connected to it using a local network, thus forming a distributed sensor network of measuring devices interconnected via a radio channel. The expediency of building such networks for remote objects, where unified (WI-FI, WI-MAX, GSM) data transmission technologies can be used, is substantiated.

АНАЛИЗ СТРУКТУРЫ ПОСТРОЕНИЯ И ОСНОВНЫХ ТАКТИКО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННЫХ СИСТЕМ ОХРАНЫ СТАЦИОНАРНЫХ УДАЛЕННЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ ПОВЫШЕННОЙ ЗАЩИЩЕННОСТИ

Для формализации математической постановки задачи исследования по обоснованию программ модернизации автоматизированных систем охраны был проанализирован их состав, структура построения и основные тактико-технические характеристики. Современные системы охраны стационарных удаленных объектов повышенной защищенности представляют собой сложные автоматизированные системы, включающие в свой состав несколько функционально завершенных и объединенных в единый комплекс подсистем и дежурные силы охраны. Анализ структурной схемы типовых автоматизированных систем охраны стационарных удаленных объектов повышенной защищенности показал, что в общем случае применительно к рассматриваемой задаче существующих систем охраны целесообразно использовать декомпозицию на подсистемы, как способ метода системного анализа. С помощью подсистем автоматизированных систем охраны формируются периметровая и локальные зоны охраны. Каждая из подсистем и входящие в нее составные части в процессе функционирования выполняют одну или несколько функций, возлагаемых на систему охраны в целом. Результаты анализа показывают, что существующие автоматизированные системы охраны не в полной мере соответствуют требованиям руководящих документов, указывая, таким образом, на возможные направления их модернизации, включая применение технических средств обнаружения, работающих на различных физических принципах действия, телевизионных средств наблюдения и средств проноса (провоза) запрещенных материалов. Причем, принципиально возможна частичная модернизация в виде замены одного из двух технических средств обнаружения на более совершенные. Результаты исследования показали, что основными характеристиками автоматизированных систем охраны, определяющими их качество, являются интегральные показатели: эффективности; надежности; устойчивости функционирования; стоимости создания и эксплуатации автоматизированных систем охраны. Объединение нескольких интегральных показателей в один комплексный показатель было осуществлено с помощью процедур их специальной логико-весовой обработки, предусматриваемых в методе расстановки приоритетов. С учетом проведенного анализа состава, структуры построения и основных тактико-технических характеристик автоматизированных систем охраны, в дальнейшем может быть сформулирована математическая постановка задачи исследования.

ИЛЛЮСТРАЦИЯ КАК ОБЪЕКТ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ В РОССИЙСКОМ НАУЧНОМ ПРОСТРАНСТВЕ

The article provides a primary analysis of the Russian corpus of illustration studies as a systematic theoretical understanding of illustration. The author emphasizes the interdisciplinary nature of research on illustration as a sociocultural phenomenon. The presentation of the topic in Russian dissertation research, in periodical scientific and theoretical journals of various cultural and scientific institutions (universities, libraries, museums, research institutes), in thematic collections and monographs devoted to illustration as a media, artistic practice and visual research is studied. The necessity of studying and including educational projects and activities of independent researchers into the analyzed resources is additionally substantiated. The author draws attention to the ambiguity of the situation. On the one hand, there is a regular appearance of new events (exhibitions, conferences, articles, collections, dissertations) related to book, magazine and web graphics. On the other hand, most of the publications and studies are directed to historically remote objects, only a minimal number of scientists work with the present. The author records the disunity of the scientific community and weak interdepartmental communication in Russian illustration studies. The author also speaks about the need to create an interdisciplinary and international publication platform, uniting researchers of illustration of all forms of its modern existence, about the need for Russian specialized scientific and theoretical.

ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЗАВАНТАЖЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ МЕРЕЖІ В УМОВАХ ДИСТАНЦІЙНОЇ ОСВІТИ І ДИСТАНЦІЙНОГО МОНІТОРИНГУ

Розглянута методика оцінювання пропускної спроможності каналів зв’язку і маршрутизації інтернет-пакетів в умовах дистанційного навчання. Виконано дослідження медіа сервісних платформ Microsoft Teams, Google Zoom та Skype. Особливістю методики є поєднання прямих і непрямих методів оцінювання пропускної спроможності каналів зв’язку. Застосування даної методики надає змогу провести оцінку існуючих на ринку рішень для реалізації дистанційної освіти. Це дозволяє зробити висновок щодо доцільності використання описаних вище сервісів для дистанційного навчання. В підсумку таке дослідження допомагає оцінити завантаженість каналів та ефективність роботи дистанційного моніторингу віддалених об’єктів коли часова затримка в доставці інформації має суттєве значення. Результати експерименту показали, що в цілому розглянуті платформи дуже схожі в режимі розмови з використанням тільки голосового трафіку. Бітрейт в цьому випадку коливається в діапазоні 100-130 Kбіт/с. Суттєва розбіжність між платформами спостерігається під час сеансу зв’язку з використанням відео трафіку. Відмінності між платформами в бітрейті для цього випадку складають більше 90% (в окремих випадках понад 100%). Дослідження показало, що заванженість інтернет-каналу в б удні д ні з більшувалась після десятої години дня. Платформа Microsoft Teams забезпечує найкращу якість відео зображення. За якістю звуку не відзначено відмінностей між платформами. Загальні рекомендації при організації он-лайн телевізійної трансляції полягають в наступному: для голосового трафіку можна обрати будь-яку з запропонованих платформ, через те що розбіжність їх характеристик незначна; для організації відео зв’язку доцільніше використовувати сервіс Google Zoom; для організації сеансу зв’язку з демонстрацією екрану краще всього обрати медіа платформу Microsoft Teams. Проведені дослідження дозволили оцінити навантаження яке виникає під час сеансу зв’язку. Результати експерименту показали, що медіа платформа Google Zoom при рівній якості зв’язку створює менше навантаження на магістральні інтернет-канали. Технічним результатом отриманим в даній роботі є створення інструментарію для вибору оптимальної медіа платформи для організації дистанційного зв’язку.