The Generalization of the Periodic Table: The 'Periodic Table' of 'Dark Matter'

Abstract

The presentation follows a previous one in Torino (2019 July 15) also published as a paper (Penchev 2019). It discusses a thought experiment in Einstein’s manner of “Gedankenexperimenten” to suggest a possible generalization of the invariance of physical laws to arbitrarily accelerated reference frames in general relativity in relation to chemistry. The conclusion claims the indistinguishability of the following two kinds of the spectral lines of the same chemical substance: (1) due to red shift and originating from an arbitrarily remote astronomical object (such as a star, a galaxy, etc.), anywhere in the universe; and (2), after entanglement in experiments conducted on our planet; furthermore (3), a bijection exists between all possible red shifts and shifts due to entanglement. In other words, as accelerated motion and gravity are indistinguishable after Einstein’s Gedankenexperiment in general relativity, as accelerated motion, gravity, and entanglement are indistinguishable under the conditions of the thought experiment suggested in the previous paper and presentation. The conclusion relies on an eventual conservation of quantum information (considered as the Noether correlate of the physical quantity of action) and generalizing energy and matter conservation in physics and chemistry. Particularly, a generalized periodic table of entangled chemical elements can be put forward as identical to standard one but dispersed in any possible motion anywhere in the universe and accessible by spectral observations on our planet. The presentation intended now will state that the aforementioned periodic table of entangled chemical elements can be interpreted furthermore as the “periodic table” of “dark matter” under a few additional conditions, which will be discussed as well. Or in other words: dark matter is due to entanglement since the pair of dark matter and dark energy is equivalent to entanglement in virtue of quantum information conservation (The eventual generalizing law of quantum information as well as its inference and proof are suggested in another previous paper, Penchev 2020 August 17, and the link of that law to the problem about dark matter and dark energy, in: Penchev 2020 August 31.) Once again articulated: dark matter is “visible” only as entangled states of the standard matter (meant e.g. by the Standard model or the Periodic table); and entanglement propagating “instantly” by quantum correlations is what adds dark matter and dark energy to the visible ones being just “visible”, i.e. after propagating of “light” or any electromagnetic radiation therefore limited of the corresponding fundamental constant. This means that mass and energy can be divided disjunctively into visible or dark by the velocity of propagating interaction eider subluminal or superluminal respectively. Dark matter and dark energy available in advance are to be added to the visible ones when and if the relevant entities be observed. Entanglement in turn is to be identified with gravity just as gravity is identified with relative acceleration in virtue of general relativity. Quantum information conservation admits the violation of energy conservation since the later should be restricted only to the subluminal area unlike quantum correlations. Then, quantum correlations meant by quantum information conservation are “depicted on the screen” of visible matter and energy (e.g. in virtue of Einstein’s (1918) “Mach’s principle”) as invisible, or “dark” as far as they are out of that “screen” by themselves and only projected on it (metaphorically, like “shadows on the wall” of Plato’s “cave”). Einstein’s “Mach’s principle” was introduced to justify the “cosmological constant” in the Einstein field equation. It states that only mass and energy (both visible on the temporal “screen”) can be the source of gravity in the framework of general relativity being exceptionally well confirmed experimentally. Then, if any other source of gravity exists (as this follows from the option of energy non-conservation within quantum-information conservation), it would project as dark matter and dark energy in virtue of “Mach’s principle and the corresponding physical quantity of action. If that is the case, dark matter and dark energy would be observable only after gravitational phenomena and described by general relativity: just as it is in fact. No experiment in the framework of the Standard model can establish any effect of dark matter or dark energy; explicably, after it is a theory only of the visible matter and energy in definition. The sketched solution about the “dark” problem in physics suggests the generalization of energy conservation (e.g. as quantum information conservation here), in the framework of which violations of energy conservation be admissible as not contradicting the natural laws. Anyway, dark matter and dark energy might be interpreted “conservatively”, i.e. in the framework of energy conservation therefore excluding any violations of it. As neutrino was discovered initially theoretically in virtue of energy conservation so that any observed violation would mean the existence of yet unknown entity, but visible and confirmable by relevant experiments, some researches grant that the ostensible “darkness” is not more than an unrevealed yet “visibility” obeying the absolutely universal energy conservation. Then the dilemma between the former and latter approach seems to be: a new law in cognition versus new entities in nature. Is the former more revolutionary? Presumably yes as far as it implies the reformation of many scientific areas: e.g. that of chemistry discussed here: I mean the “problem about the direct transformation of chemical substances” considered in a previous paper (Penchev 2020 June 15) as well. Indeed, though equivalent as to spectral lines, a chemical substance on a remote star only observable terrestrially and the same substance in an entangled state equivalent as to spectral lines keep to be fundamentally different as to their empirical or experimental properties. The substance being within the remote star cannot behavior like the substance which it only depicts on Earth by identical spectral lines. On the contrary, one can conject naturally that the same substance being entangled is to behavior just as the substance only “depicted” in the former case. Consequently, if any substance is entangled so that its spectral lines turn out to be those of gold, for example, it would be indistinguishable from gold by itself. This means: entanglement and gravity influence the final terrestrial observation differently. The former changes the substance itself; the latter, only the signal of it rather than itself. Then, the generalized “periodic table” of “dark matter” should be related to the former rather than to latter.