Remote Keyless Entry Research Articles

Feeling heard: Conflict resolution in vehicle noise disputes

Neighborhood noise disputes often arise due to differing lifestyles, varying schedules, or simply different tolerances to noise. While these conflicts can strain relationships and disrupt daily life, mediation provides a constructive way to resolve them amicably. With regard to automobile noise, such as audible remote keyless entry, what might seem trivial to one person can be deeply distressing to another, leading to frustration, stress, and even health issues over time. Addressing these concerns promptly and fairly is crucial to maintaining a harmonious neighborhood environment. Mediation is a process designed to facilitate constructive dialogue and negotiation between parties in conflict. This paper will emphasize strategies to bring disputing parties to the table, how to prepare for a mediation, selection of a mediator, and what to expect during the mediation process.

A Secure PUF-Based Authentication Protocol for Remote Keyless Entry Systems in Cars

A Secure PUF-Based Authentication Protocol for Remote Keyless Entry Systems in Cars

Enhancing Automotive Security: Biometric Authentication For Vehicle Access Control

As vehicle technology advances, the need for robust security measures to protect vehicles from unauthorized access and theft becomes increasingly vital. Traditional key-based and remote keyless entry systems have limitations in terms of security and convenience. In this paper, we explore the integration of biometric authentication systems, specifically face recognition and vein pattern recognition, as a cutting-edge solution for enhancing vehicle security. We discuss the potential benefits, challenges, and implementation strategies for biometric-based vehicle access control, with a focus on the accuracy, usability, and potential privacy concerns associated with this technology. This paper aims to contribute to the ongoing conversation about innovative approaches to vehicle security in the modern era.

A new method for the detection and identification of the replay attack on cars using SDR technology and classification algorithms

ContextCurrently, a wide variety of cars use Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) to activate the security system by radio frequency. ProblemRKE systems have security vulnerabilities with attacks such as brute force, replay, spoofing, and replay. ObjectiveThis study proposes a replay-type attack detection system using SDR and intelligent algorithms. MethodThe present dataset was obtained from an RKES type Key-fob of a 2016 model vehicle taken with different antenna polarizations at different distances. There were used three test and configuration systems based on two neural network identification models. ResultsThe proposed designs with the different classification models were able to detect replay-type vulnerabilities. In the first system, retransmitted indicators were detected with a maximum identification percentage of 90.9% and original signs of 90.9%; for the second system, 100% of the retransmitted signals and 89% of the original ones were detected, and for the third system, detected 100% of the retransmitted signals and 89.09% of the first signs. ConclusionThe models used in the system's design showed an identification percentage of more than 87% in all cases, managing to detect and identify the replay-type attack on the vehicles. System 1 presented better results with the VGG 16 system than in system 2, within the VGG 16 and SVM models having identical identification percentages obtained and, in system 3, which has the characteristics of the previous two, attained better results with SVM. The reception of signals with SDR is an effective tool for detecting vulnerabilities in vehicle security systems.

Sub-GHz Two-Way Ranging Based on Phase Detection for Remote Keyless Entry Systems

Remote keyless entry systems have penetrated the vehicular market due to its convenience. However, its vulnerability against relay attacks exploiting the wireless channel is a serious threat. One of the prominent countermeasures is radio ranging between the key fob and the vehicle. Taking into account radio regulations, usability and power consumption among other things, a suitable approach is necessary to devise. This article proposes sub-GHz two-way ranging based on phase detection which offers high tolerance against reference clock offset between a pair of transceiver devices and a novel compensation scheme against multipath effects. We present the operation principle and theoretical performance under a two-path model of radio propagation and additive white Gaussian noise. In field experiments with prototype devices, the ranging accuracy is validated. We show that the proposed ranging produces sufficient performance for remote keyless entry systems, confirming if the key fob is within a few meters of the vehicle.

An Innovative Concept: Free Energy Harvesting Through Self-Powered Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Globally, the internet of things (IoT) is a concept for the realization, integration, and updating of both the physical and digital world through the use of sensors to obtain accurate data from the environment triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) are shown to be promising for applications involving self-powered sensors and mechanical energy harvesting. Traditional triboelectric generators harvest energy in contact mood but are not cost-effective. Therefore, in this research article, we report on the design and development of a simple, robust, cost-effective, and novel TENG, which can provide a maximum power of around 9.89 μW at an external load resistance of 85 MΩ. The fabricated TANG has a maximum open-circuit voltage of 54 V and a short circuit current of 61 μA. As a proof of concept, capacitors of different ratings were charged and 30 LEDs (Light-emitting diode) were powered up through the fabricated TENG. Output results show that the many commercial electronic devices such as a smartwatch, calculator, Remote Keyless Entry (RKE), temperature sensor, pressure sensor and so many low current operating sensors can be powered up through the fabricated self-powered triboelectric nanogenerator.

A Defense Mechanism Against Replay Attack in Remote Keyless Entry Systems Using Timestamping and XOR Logic

Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) systems are essential in modern lifestyle with applications including vehicle and garage entry. However, the convenience such systems facilitate comes at the expense of their vulnerability to different attacks such as jamming, replay, jamming-and-replay, and cryptanalysis. These attacks, if lightly taken, may lead to catastrophic consequences to the general public, such as property theft and human casualties. To this end, an improved RKE system using timestamping and XOR encoding is proposed to countermeasure the aforementioned attacks. In addition, the integrated defense mechanism protects the authentication code in scenarios where the encrypted transmitter–receiver communications are compromised. The defense mechanism in the proposed RKE is demonstrated and tested in realistic setups, and is found to outperform the conventional RKE.

SECURITY ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS HASH ALGORITHMS FOR AUTHENTICATION UNDER HARDWARE CONSTRAINED ENVIRONMENT

Protecting passwords is now a big challenge because users want to do all types of work online via user-friendly devices such as mobile, tablets etc. Now, It is difficult to implement the secure heavy weight algorithms such as AES, RSA etc. in hardware constrained devices. It has been observed that users want all types of security services in an online public environment. Authentication is the first and foremost step to enhance security. Various applications are available for real time authentications such as keyless car entry and opening home-doors through security algorithms under remote keyless entry System (RKES). Now, it is the demand of the time to implement the lightweight security algorithms without compromising the security. In order to fulfill this challenge, this paper proposed a strong model for enhancing authentication security. In this work, strong authentication techniques are implemented with the light weight algorithms. This model received good comparison results.

Fast, Furious and Insecure: Passive Keyless Entry and Start Systems in Modern Supercars

The security of immobiliser and Remote Keyless Entry systems has been extensively studied over many years. Passive Keyless Entry and Start systems, which are currently deployed in luxury vehicles, have not received much attention besides relay attacks. In this work we fully reverse engineer a Passive Keyless Entry and Start system and perform a thorough analysis of its security.Our research reveals several security weaknesses. Specifically, we document the use of an inadequate proprietary cipher using 40-bit keys, the lack of mutual authentication in the challenge-response protocol, no firmware readout protection features enabled and the absence of security partitioning.In order to validate our findings, we implement a full proof of concept attack allowing us to clone a Tesla Model S key fob in a matter of seconds with low cost commercial off the shelf equipment. Our findings most likely apply to other manufacturers of luxury vehicles including McLaren, Karma and Triumph motorcycles as they all use the same system developed by Pektron.

Practical Contactless Attacks on Hitag2-Based Immobilizer and RKE systems

Immobilizer and remote keyless entry (RKE) systems are widely used in the auto industry to improve the security and comfort. However, most of them have vulnerabilities which allow to recover the cryptographic key. In this paper, we present attacks to break the Hitag2-based immobilizer and RKE systems. These attacks require only several minutes of computation on a laptop after obtaining four to eight valid authentication traces, i.e., authentication messages between the immobilizer and the electronic key or rolling codes of the key. The attack on the immobilizer system can fully recover the cryptographic key which allows an adversary to authenticate to the vehicle and start the engine. The attack on the RKE system can determine the state of the last rolling code and predict the next rolling code. This allows an adversary to open the door quickly without leaving any physical traces. A combination of these two attacks provides the ability to open the door and start the engine of a Hitag2-based vehicle in minutes at a very low cost.

Design and Research of Passive Entry Control System for Vehicle

In order to improve the security and convenience of the remote keyless entry (RKE), this paper develops a passive keyless entry (PKE) control system, which is based on the MC9S12G128 microcontroller and μC/OS-II real time operating system. The method adopts advanced radio frequency technology, which can realize the two-way authentication between the key and the vehicle without taking out the key, thus opening car door. The test results show that the proposed PKE control system has better stable performance, high security and convenient operation.

Dismantling the AUT64 Automotive Cipher

AUT64 is a 64-bit automotive block cipher with a 120-bit secret key used in a number of security sensitive applications such as vehicle immobilization and remote keyless entry systems. In this paper, we present for the first time full details of AUT64 including a complete specification and analysis of the block cipher, the associated authentication protocol, and its implementation in a widely-used vehicle immobiliser system that we have reverse engineered. Secondly, we reveal a number of cryptographic weaknesses in the block cipher design. Finally, we study the concrete use of AUT64 in a real immobiliser system, and pinpoint severe weaknesses in the key diversification scheme employed by the vehicle manufacturer. We present two key-recovery attacks based on the cryptographic weaknesses that, combined with the implementation flaws, break both the 8 and 24 round configurations of AUT64. Our attack on eight rounds requires only 512 plaintext-ciphertext pairs and, in the worst case, just 237.3 offline encryptions. In most cases, the attack can be executed within milliseconds on a standard laptop. Our attack on 24 rounds requires 2 plaintext-ciphertext pairs and 248.3 encryptions to recover the 120-bit secret key in the worst case. We have strong indications that a large part of the key is kept constant across vehicles, which would enable an attack using a single communication with the transponder and negligible offline computation.

Vehicle Locking Using Radio FrequencyIdentification with Theft Intimation and Smart Tracking System

This paper presents the use of Radio Frequency Identification for locking the vehicle; along with vehicle theft intimation and smart tracking system. The present vehicle locking systems consists of; mechanical lock and key architecture or Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) architecture. The vehicle intruders can easily gain the access of the vehicle by duplicating keys, breaking mechanical locks and use radio frequency receivers with appropriate decryption algorithms in case of Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) architecture. Moreover, there isn‟t any provision for remotely communicating with the vehicle for tracing. The proposed system consists of using Unique Radio Frequency Identification cards along with password authorization for locking the vehicle. The driving license number issued by RTO‟s can be used for Unique Radio Frequency Identification along with password verification to unlock the vehicle and its ignition. Thus protecting the vehicle from intruders. Perhaps, this will also make the use of license mandatory to drive the vehicle. This project also involves a provision for theft intimation to the owner of the vehicle in the form of a call from the GSM module fixed in the vehicle. As soon as, the intruder will open the bonnet of the vehicle to start the ignition; which otherwise is not possible; the bonnet switch is open circuited and a call is initiated to the owners cellphone and GPS co-ordinates are continuously sent as SMS. Thus, vehicle‟s route can be easily traced on the Google maps.

Efficient Services Management in Libraries using AI and Wireless techniques

Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) has been used in a wide variety of applications such as highway toll collection, building access control, animal tracking, remote keyless entry for automobiles and tracking assets. For example, RFID in libraries, with a modest investment, can improve the capabilities of both librarians and users. This paper presents a new use of RFID in libraries to help determining the physical location of a book within the library and to provide assistance to users to arrive to the desired locations.Our initial prototype, named SIGUEME, has been extended and experimentally implemented in Meco’s Public Library (Madrid, Spain). The application comprises three main systems: an electronic one – which detects users through a RFID sensors system; an AI-based system to plan and to monitor the users’ requests according to their interests; and finally a screen-based information system that communicates visually the directions the users have to follow. We have developed a wireless communications system based on Zigbee technology to allow both, the information flow across the building and to connect the antennas to detect RFID users. This eliminates the need for using wires.The application not only helps users to easily locate the books or the reading rooms inside the building, but also automates tasks manually performed by the library staff (i.e. generate statistics about books usage time, age-related usage, etc).

Wireless Devices and Cryptography: About Digital Pickpocketing, Open Sesame and Tracking Paranoia

Abstract Wireless embedded devices are employed for access control, identification, and payments. Cryptographic mechanisms serve as a protection against ill-intended usage or unauthorizedly accessing secured data. By security-analyzing commercial products, e. g., electronic passports, the remote keyless entry system KeeLoq, a Mifare Classic based contactless payment system, and Mifare DESfire cards, various security vulnerabilities are revealed. At hand of real-world attacks, the implications of a key extraction for the data protection and security of the respective contactless applications are illustrated.

Remote keyless entry honking, convenience horn honking, and audible car alarms: Redundancies and quieter options

Vehicle sound emissions, car alarms, and horn honking are the subject of many noise complaints. Auto manufacturers spent years engineering quieter vehicles, and have created cars whose approach is so subtle that they pose a danger to blind pedestrians. But while engine noise has decreased and car alarms are less reactive, horn honking that is linked with remote keyless entry (RKE) technology increasingly contributes to community noise. RKE horn noise has never been the subject of public health inquiry. In scientific literature, discussion of road noise and health does not distinguish noise among separate sources, and tends to measure aggregate ambient noise levels rather than impulsive noise. RKE horn noise violates state traffic laws and some local noise ordinances regarding horn use, but there have been no legislative attempts to address the technology. This raises questions about whether political leaders and policy setters are not exposed to RKE noise or do not discern RKE sounds from traffic noise, and are therefore unaware of it. Using available auto industry data and case studies, this paper will introduce key facts about RKE horn use in the United States and Canada, reviewing new technologies that render noisy counterparts still in use as redundant.

Design of Intelligent Vehicle Security and Immobilization System

An integrated system is proposed of base station module, key module and tire modules, in order to overcome the independence of tire pressure monitor system, remote keyless entry and immobilization of engine. Tire modules or key module communicate base station module with UHF frequency signal of 434MHZ. The transponder PCF7961 in key module and PJF7992 in base station module authenticate mutually with LF frequency signal of 125KHZ. The result is shown that the system can improve the security and controllability of cars, compress system redundancy, reduce produce costs and optimize the skeleton network.

Vehicle remote keyless entry systems and engine immobilisers: Do not believe the insurer that this technology is perfect

In the 1990s, governments put pressure on motor vehicle manufacturers to provide better security for vehicles. Thieves could steal cars and lorries with relative ease. The manufacturers responded by introducing electronic systems to make it more difficult for vehicles to be stolen without the key. However, as with most forms of technology, the software can be bypassed. In recent years, thieves have manipulated weaknesses in the technology, so that vehicles can be stolen without the key.

Wireless Security Vulnerabilities

As wireless technologies are increasingly integrated into our lives, the security vulnerabilities are increasingly important. From the now ubiquitous remote keyless entry in our cars to contactless payment systems, these systems are ingrained into daily activities. With new technologies, come new opportunities for criminals — especially clever criminals. This paper examines various wireless technologies, how they have been exploited, and current and future solutions to these exploits. The examination of these technologies and exploits is through the prism of case studies. These case studies are examinations of technologies that are familiar and should assist the reader in understanding how and why these security vulnerabilities exist and how they may be ameliorated.

TPMS Interference Suppression Based on Beamforming

The TPMS(Tire Pressure Monitoring System) is an electronic syst em designed to display the air pressure inside the pneumatic tires and report real-time tire-pressure information to the driver of the vehicle, either via a gange, a pictogram display, or a simple low-pressure warning light. Although the data measured by TPMS sensor is transmitted to internal signal processer in a vehicle through wireless communication, the receiver may suffers from various interferences such as amateur radio station, RFID(Radio-Frequency IDentification) for controlling container, RKE(Remote Keyless Entry) signal, and so on. In this paper, we consider beamforming technology to suppress various high-power interference signals for the TPMS wireless communications. Also, we propose the proper data structure and antenna arrangement for the beamformer inside the vehicle. The performance for the interference suppression is illustrated by computer simulation example.