Remote Imaging System Research Articles

All-fiber coherent laser image Lidar based on phase correction.

Owing to the weak signals produced by all-fiber coherent lidar systems, when the instability of the local oscillator laser power is greater than the target echo signal, it is difficult to extract a target's intensity image. In this study, an intensity imaging method for weak signal all-fiber lidars is proposed. First, a phase compensation method is used to correct the position of the heterodyne signal in the time domain to reduce the impact of noise on the positioning heterodyne signal. In addition, an algorithm is proposed to extract the weak echo signal from the corrected heterodyne signal in the time domain to obtain the relative intensity of the echo signal of a single pixel point. Finally, we analyze and verify the proposed imaging method by using false alarm rates, range, intensity accuracy, and the speckle characteristics of the target. The method proposed in this study only requires that the phase of the heterodyne signal be corrected by the proposed numerical method without the need for other optical equipment, thus simplifying the entire system. It is very important to improve the detection sensitivity of coherent lidar remote imaging system.

Improved long distance range-gated laser imaging system

The existing laser remote range-gated imaging system in China is large, expensive and impractical. To achieve long distance imaging, the high-power laser, high-power laser pulse drive, optical system and field synchronisation control are improved in this paper. The improved system is lightweight, easy to use and has a small volume. Experimental results show that the system can clearly map the target at 6 km far away and has a good adaptive adjustment function.

Cherenkov imaging for linac beam shape analysis as a remote electronic quality assessment verification tool.

A remote imaging system tracking Cherenkov emission was analyzed to verify that the linear accelerator (linac) beam shape could be quantitatively measured at the irradiation surface for Quality Audit (QA). The Cherenkov camera recorded 2D dose images delivered on a solid acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) plastic phantom surface for a range of square beam sizes, and 6MV photons. Imaging was done at source to surface distance (SSD) of 100cm and compared to GaF film images and linac light fields of the same beam sizes, ranging over 5×5cm2 up to 20×20cm2 . Line profiles of each field were compared in both X and Y jaw directions. Each measurement was repeated on two different Clinac2100 machines. An interreader comparison of the beam width interpretation was completed using procedures commonly employed for beam to light field coincidence verification. Cherenkov measurements are also done for beams of complex treatment plan and isocenter QA. The Cherenkov image widths matched with the measured GaF images and light field images, with accuracy in the range of ±1mm standard deviation. The differences between the measurements were minor and within tolerance of geometrical requirement of standard linac QA procedures conducted by human setup verification, which had a similar error range. The measurement made by the remote imaging system allowed for beam shape extraction of radiation fields at the SSD location of the beam. The proposed Cherenkov image acquisition system provides a valid way to remotely confirm radiation field sizes and provides similar information to that obtained from the linac light field or GaF film estimates of the beam size. The major benefit of this approach is that with a fixed installation of the camera, testing could be done completely under software control with automated image analysis, potentially simplifying conventional QA procedures with appropriate calibration of boundary definitions, and the natural extension to capturing dynamic treatment beamlets at SSD could have future value, such as verification of beam plans with complex beam shapes, like IMRT or "star-shot" QA for the isocenter.

Interpretation of the Phase Functions Measured by the OSIRIS Instrument for Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Abstract We show that the scattering phase functions of the coma and the nucleus of the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko measured by the Rosetta/Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS) instrument can be reproduced by a particle model involving clustered, densely packed submicrometer-sized grains composed of organic material and larger micrometer-sized silicate grains. The simulated and measured coma phase functions suggest that near the nucleus scattering is dominated by large particles, and the size distribution of dust particles varies with time and/or local coma environment. Further, we show that the measured nucleus phase function is consistent with the coma phase function by modeling a nucleus-sized object consisting of the same particles that explain the coma phase functions.

Sensor resolution enhancement for remote imaging by synthesizing mask-based camera array images

In this paper, we propose an architecture based on camera array with masks to enhance the sensor resolution of remote imaging system. The sensor resolution is enhanced by multiplexing the sensor images of each camera, in which the angular resolution bandwidth is converted using masks to expand the spatial resolution bandwidth. The improvement of the sensor resolution depends on the number of cameras in the array. The theory of improving the sensor resolution is discussed both in Fourier domain and spatial domain. We verify resolution enhancement of the architecture by ray-tracing imaging simulation. A simulation model is built to verify the resolution-enhancing ability of the camera array architecture. From each camera in the array, we get a resolution-limited image. The reconstructed image is synthesized from all the images of the cameras. The post-synthesized image has finer information details compared with the images of each camera. The resolution improvement varies with the object distance. The optimal resolution improvement of the reconstructed image is equal to the total sensor pixels of the camera array.

The device characteristics and fabrication method of 72-element CMUT array for long-range underwater imaging applications

A capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer used for underwater remote imaging is designed, fabricated and tested in this paper. In the structure, silicon dioxide insulating layer is inserted between the top electrode and the vibrating film to prevent ohmic contact. The transducer is mainly used in a long distance test of underwater environment, the farthest distance is 12.8 m. In addition the reported CMUT hasn’t farthest reach 12.8 m emission distance at present. The C–V character curve indicates the DC bias voltage is 0 V, the error of the static capacitance value (890 pF) and the designed value (910 pF) is only 2%. The micro system laser analyzer MSA500 (MSA-500, Polytec, Berlin, Germany) has measured the displacement of the sensor at a standard atmospheric pressure of 0.28 μm, and the theoretical error is 2%. ANSYS 14.5 simulated the natural frequency of the transducer is 1.5 MHz, and the natural frequency error of the transducer is 6.7%. A 2D underwater ultrasonic imaging, which can prove a rectangular object is there, is attained. The results indicate that our work is high beneficial in the establishment of the underwater remote ultrasonic imaging system.

Detection of Cardiopulmonary Activity and Related Abnormal Events Using Microsoft Kinect Sensor.

Monitoring of cardiopulmonary activity is a challenge when attempted under adverse conditions, including different sleeping postures, environmental settings, and an unclear region of interest (ROI). This study proposes an efficient remote imaging system based on a Microsoft Kinect v2 sensor for the observation of cardiopulmonary-signal-and-detection-related abnormal cardiopulmonary events (e.g., tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea, bradypnea, and central apnoea) in many possible sleeping postures within varying environmental settings including in total darkness and whether the subject is covered by a blanket or not. The proposed system extracts the signal from the abdominal-thoracic region where cardiopulmonary activity is most pronounced, using a real-time image sequence captured by Kinect v2 sensor. The proposed system shows promising results in any sleep posture, regardless of illumination conditions and unclear ROI even in the presence of a blanket, whilst being reliable, safe, and cost-effective.

Uncovering the Oppenheimer Siddur: using scientific analysis to reveal the production process of a medieval illuminated Hebrew manuscript

The aim of this research was to use non-invasive scientific analysis to uncover evidence of the planning process and relationship between pigments used in text copying and artwork production in the Oppenheimer Siddur (Oxford Bodleian Library MS Opp. 776), an illuminated 15th-century Hebrew prayer book. In many medieval Hebrew illuminated manuscripts, the authorship of the artwork is unknown. This manuscript’s colophon states that it was copied by its scribe-owner for personal family use but does not confirm who was responsible for the artwork. Prior deductive analysis suggested that the scribe-owner may also have been the manuscript’s artist, based on common motifs and an apparent shared colour palette appearing in both texts and artwork. Visual examination using high resolution digital images also identified points of contact between pigments used in the manuscript’s texts and artwork, raising questions about the pigment application sequence, and concurrent versus sequential text copying and artwork production. An in-house developed remote spectral imaging system (PRISMS) with 10 filters spanning the spectral range from 400 to 880 nm was modified for close-range application to image two of the folios to examine the sequence of production, identify the pigments and compare the materials used for the illumination and the text. Optical microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflection mode (FTIR-ATR) were used directly on the folios to complement the spectral imaging data in binding media and pigment identification. The results revealed close matches in reflectance spectra for the colorants and inks used in both text copying and illuminations, suggesting that the same mixture of colorants and inks have been used. The spectral imaging in the near infrared bands revealed a hidden underdrawing, indicating a design change during production of the manuscript, and the outlining of letters prior to coloured pigment being applied. The pigment use, the variation in the binder for different pigments and some elements of its production were found to be consistent with those described in historical sources. The evidence from this study supports the hypothesis that the scribe applied pigments for the manuscript’s artwork at the same time he did some of the scribal work which has implications for understandings of Jewish medieval visual cultures.

On deviations from free-radial outflow in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

The Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS) onboard the European Space Agency's Rosetta spacecraft acquired images of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P) and its surrounding dust coma starting from May 2014 until September 2016. In this paper we present methods and results from analysis of OSIRIS images regarding the dust outflow in the innermost coma of 67P. The aim is to determine the global dust outflow behaviour and place constraints on physical processes affecting particles in the inner coma. We study the coma region right above the nucleus surface, spanning from the nucleus centre out to a distance of about 50 km comet centric distance (approximately 25 average comet radii). We primarily adopt an approach used by Thomas and Keller (1990) to study the dust outflow. We present the effects on azimuthally-averaged values of the dust reflectance of non-radial flow and non-point-source geometry, acceleration of dust particles, sublimation of icy dust particles after ejection from the surface, dust particle fragmentation, optical depth effects and the influence of gravitationally bound particles. All of these physical processes could modify the observed distribution of light scattered by the dust coma.In the image analysis, profiles of azimuthally averaged dust brightness as a function of impact parameter b (azimuthal average, “Ā-curve”) were fitted with a simple function that best fits the shape of our profile curves (f(b;u,v,w,z)=u/bv+wb+z). The analytical fit parameters (u, v, w, z), which hold the key information about the dust outflow behaviour, were saved in a comprehensive database.Through statistical analysis of these information, we show that the spatial distribution of dust follows free-radial outflow behaviour (i.e. force-free radial outflow with constant velocity) beyond distances larger than ∼11.9 km from the comet centre, which corresponds to a relative distance of about 6 average comet radii from the comet centre. Hence, we conclude that beyond this distance, and on average, fragmentation and gravitationally bound particles are negligible processes in determining the optically scattered light distribution in the innermost coma. Closer to the nucleus we observe dust outflow behaviour that deviates from free-radial outflow.A comparison of our result profiles with numerical models using a Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) approach with dust particle distributions calculated using a test particle approach has been used to demonstrate the influence of a complex shape and particle acceleration on the azimuthal average profiles. We demonstrate that, while other effects such as fragmentation or sublimation of dust particles cannot be ruled out, acceleration of the dust particles and effects arising from the shape of the irregular nucleus (non-point source geometry) are sufficient to explain the observed dust outflow behaviour from image data analysis.As a by-product of this work, we have calculated “Afρ” values for the 1/r regime. We found a peak in the coma activity in terms of Afρ (normalised to a phase angle of 90°) of ∼210 cm 20 days after perihelion. Furthermore, based on simplified models of particle motion within bound orbits, it is shown that limits on the total cross-sectional area of bound particles might be derived through further analysis. An example is given.

Feature-Ensemble-Based Novelty Detection for Analyzing Plant Hyperspectral Datasets

Recently, there has been a significant increase in the use of proximal or remote hyperspectral imaging systems to study plant properties, types, and conditions. Numerous financial and environmental benefits of using such systems have been the driving force behind this growth. This paper is concerned with the analysis of hyperspectral data for detecting plant diseases and stress conditions and classifying crop types by means of advanced machine learning techniques. Main contribution of the work lies in the use of an innovative classification framework for the analysis, in which adaptive feature selection, novelty detection, and ensemble learning are integrated. Three hyperspectral datasets and a nonimaging hyperspectral dataset were used in the evaluation of the proposed framework. Experimental results show significant improvements achieved by the proposed method compared to the use of empirical spectral indices and existing classification methods.

Remote Optical Cardiopulmonary Signal Extraction With Noise Artifact Removal, Multiple Subject Detection & Long-Distance

Most existing imaging technologies are prone to noise artifact resulting from movement of subjects, movement of the camera, facial expressions, talking, skin tone, and lighting variations. In addition, these technologies have been limited to detecting physiological signs from a single subject at a time. Still, another challenge facing these technologies is that they have only been demonstrated over a limited range to a subject. This paper proposes an efficient remote imaging system with a new, low-complexity method for noise artifact removal to extract the cardiopulmonary signal from a number of subjects (up to six people) and at long-distances (up to 60 m). The experimental results of the proposed system showed a strong agreement, high correlation, and low noise level with the reference measurements and outperformed the conventional measurement methods such as independent component analysis and principle component analysis in both the stationary and non-stationary scenarios.

Remote radiation imaging system using a compact gamma-ray imager mounted on a multicopter drone

ABSTRACT A remote radiation imaging system comprising a lightweight Compton camera and a multicopter drone was developed to remotely and quickly measure radioactive contamination inside the buildings of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS). The drone system is used for measuring detailed radiation distributions in narrow areas, which have been difficult to gauge with conventional aircraft monitoring using helicopters. A measurement of radiation distributions in outdoor environments in the coastal areas of Fukushima, Japan, was performed. The drone system with the Compton camera succeeded in remote observations of dense hotspots from the sky over a contaminated area near the FDNPS. The time required for image reconstruction is approximately 550 s in the case of a 9-m flight altitude for the hotspots with a surface dose rate of several tens of µSv/h. This drone system will be used inside the buildings of the FDNPS for remote measurement of radioactive contamination.

Cliffs versus plains: Can ROSINA/COPS and OSIRIS data of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko in autumn 2014 constrain inhomogeneous outgassing?

Context. This paper describes the modelling of gas and dust data acquired in the period August to October 2014 from the European Space Agency’s Rosetta spacecraft when it was in close proximity to the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko.Aims. With our 3D gas and dust comae models this work attempts to test the hypothesis that cliff activity on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko can solely account for the local gas density data observed by the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) and the dust brightnesses seen by the Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS) in the considered time span.Methods. The model uses a previously developed shape model of the nucleus. From this, the water sublimation rates and gas temperatures at the surface are computed. The gas expansion is modelled with a 3D Direct Simulation Monte Carlo algorithm. A dust drag algorithm is then used to compute dust volume number densities in the coma, which are then converted to brightnesses using Mie theory and a line-of-sight integration. Furthermore we have studied the impact of topographic re-radiation on the models.Results. We show that gas activity from only cliff areas produces a fit to the ROSINA/COPS data that is as statistically good as a purely insolation-driven model. In contrast, pure cliff activity does not reproduce the dust brightness observed by OSIRIS and can thus be ruled out. On the other hand, gas activity from the Hapi region in addition to cliff activity produces a statistically better fit to the ROSINA/COPS data than purely insolation-driven outgassing and also fits the OSIRIS observations rather well. We found that topographic re-radiation does not contribute significantly to the sublimation behaviour of H2 O but plays an important role in how the gas flux interacts with the irregular shape of the nucleus.Conclusions. We demonstrate that fits to the observations are non-unique. We can conclude however that gas and dust activity from cliffs and the Hapi region are consistent with the ROSINA/COPS and OSIRIS data sets for the considered time span and are thus a plausible solution. Models with activity from low gravitational slopes alone provide a statistically inferior solution.

Long-term survival of surface water ice on comet 67P

Numerous water-ice-rich deposits surviving more than several months on comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko were observed during the Rosetta mission. We announce the first-time detection of water-ice features surviving up to 2 yr since their first observation via OSIRIS (Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System) NAC (narrow angle camera). Their existence on the nucleus of comet 67P at the arrival of the Rosetta spacecraft suggests that they were exposed to the surface during the comet’s previous orbit. We investigated the temporal variation of large water-ice patches to understand the long-term sustainability of water ice on cometary nuclei on time-scales of months and years. Large clusters are stable over typical periods of 0.5 yr and reduce their size significantly around the comet’s perihelion passage, while small exposures disappear. We characterized the temporal variation of their multispectral signatures. In large clusters, dust jets were detected, whereas in large isolated ones no associated activity was detected. Our thermal analysis shows that the long-term sustainability of water-ice-rich features can be explained by the scarce energy input available at their locations over the first half year. However, the situation reverses for the period lasting several months around perihelion passage. Our two end-member mixing analysis estimates a pure water-ice equivalent thickness up to 15 cm within one isolated patch, and up to 2 m for the one still observable through the end of the mission. Our spectral modelling estimates up to 48 per cent water-ice content for one of the large isolated feature, and up to 25 per cent water ice on the large boulders located within clusters.

Radiation Imaging System using a Compact Gamma-ray Imager mounted on a Remotely Operated Machine

The development of remote and quick radiation imaging methods for high dose-rate environments is important to accelerate decommissioning of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS). We have developed a remote radiation imaging system consisting of a Compton camera and a multicopter-type drone to remotely measure the distribution of radioactive contaminations inside FDNPS. In outdoor performance evaluation tests in the coastal areas of Fukushima, Japan, the drone system succeeded in observing several hotspots from the sky. In addition, we are developing technology for simultaneous localization and mapping of remotely operated machines such as drones to complete the remote radiation imaging system, which can fly autonomously.

The pebbles/boulders size distributions on Sais: Rosetta’s final landing site on comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

By using the imagery acquired by the Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System Wide-Angle Camera (OSIRIS WAC), we prepare a high-resolution morphological map of the Rosetta Sais final landing site, characterized by an outcropping consolidated terrain unit, a coarse boulder deposit and a fine particle deposit. Thanks to the 0.014 m resolution images, we derive the pebbles/boulders size-frequency distribution (SFD) of the area in the size range of 0.07–0.70 m. Sais’ SFD is best fitted with a two-segment differential power law: the first segment is in the range 0.07–0.26 m, with an index of −1.7 ± 0.1, while the second is in the range 0.26–0.50 m, with an index of −4.2 +0.4/−0.8. The ‘knee’ of the SFD, located at 0.26 m, is evident both in the coarse and fine deposits. When compared to the Agilkia Rosetta Lander Imaging System images, Sais surface is almost entirely free of the ubiquitous, cm-sized debris blanket observed by Philae. None the less, a similar SFD behaviour of Agilkia, with a steeper distribution above ∼0.3 m, and a flatter trend below that, is observed. The activity evolution of 67P along its orbit provides a coherent scenario of how these deposits were formed. Indeed, different lift pressure values occurring on the two locations and at different heliocentric distances explain the presence of the cm-sized debris blanket on Agilkia observed at 3.0 au inbound. Contrarily, Sais activity after 2.1 au outbound has almost completely eroded the fine deposits fallen during perihelion, resulting in an almost dust-free surface observed at 3.8 au.

The dust environment of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko: results from Monte Carlo dust tail modelling applied to a large ground-based observation data set

We present an extensive data set of ground-based observations and models of the dust environment of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko covering a large portion of the orbital arc from about 4.5 au pre-perihelion through 3.0 au post-perihelion, acquired during the current orbit. In addition, we have also applied the model to a dust trail image acquired during this orbit, as well as to dust trail observations obtained during previous orbits, in both the visible and the infrared. The results of the Monte Carlo modelling of the dust tail and trail data are generally consistent with the in situ results reported so far by the Rosetta instruments Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System (OSIRIS) and Grain Impact Analyser and Dust Accumulator (GIADA). We found the comet nucleus already active at 4.5 au pre-perihelion, with a dust production rate increasing up to ∼3000 kg s−1 some 20 d after perihelion passage. The dust size distribution at sizes smaller than r = 1 mm is linked to the nucleus seasons, being described by a power law of index −3.0 during the comet nucleus southern hemisphere winter but becoming considerably steeper, with values between −3.6 and −4.3, during the nucleus southern hemisphere summer, which includes perihelion passage (from about 1.7 au inbound to 2.4 au outbound). This agrees with the increase of the steepness of the dust size distribution found from GIADA measurements at perihelion showing a power index of −3.7. The size distribution at sizes larger than 1 mm for the current orbit is set to a power law of index −3.6, which is near the average value of in situ measurements by OSIRIS on large particles. However, in order to fit the trail data acquired during past orbits previous to the 2009 perihelion passage, a steeper power-law index of −4.1 has been set at those dates, in agreement with previous trail modelling. The particle sizes are set at a minimum of r = 10 μm, and a maximum size, which increases with decreasing heliocentric distance, in the 1–40 cm radius domain. The particle terminal velocities are found to be consistent with the in situ measurements as derived from the instrument GIADA on board Rosetta.

Modelling of the outburst on 2015 July 29 observed with OSIRIS cameras in the Southern hemisphere of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko

Images of the nucleus and the coma (gas and dust) of comet 67P/Churyumov- Gerasimenko have been acquired by the OSIRIS (Optical, Spectroscopic, and Infrared Remote Imaging System) cameras since March 2014 using both the Wide Angle Camera (WAC) and the Narrow Angle Camera (NAC). We use images from the NAC camera to study a bright outburst observed in the southern hemisphere on July 29, 2015. The high spatial resolution of the NAC is needed to localize the source point of the outburst on the surface of the nucleus. The heliocentric distance is 1.25 au and the spacecraft-comet distance is 186 km. Aiming to better understand the physics that led to the outgassing, we used the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method to study the gas flow close to the nucleus and the dust trajectories. The goal is to understand the mechanisms producing the outburst. We reproduce the opening angle of the outburst in the model and constrain the outgassing ratio between the outburst source and the local region. The outburst is in fact a combination of both gas and dust, in which the active surface is approximately 10 times more active than the average rate found in the surrounding areas. We need a number of dust particles 7.83 $\times$ 10$^{11}$ - 6.90 $\times$ 10$^{15}$ (radius 1.97 - 185 {\mu}m), which corresponds to a mass of dust 220 - 21 $\times$ 10$^{3}$kg.

Dust mass distribution around comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko determined via parallax measurements using Rosetta's OSIRIS cameras

The OSIRIS (optical, spectroscopic and infrared remote imaging system) instrument on board the ESA Rosetta spacecraft collected data of 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko for over 2 yr. OSIRIS consists of two cameras, a Narrow Angle Camera and a Wide Angle Camera. For specific imaging sequences related to the observation of dust aggregates in 67P's coma, the two cameras were operating simultaneously. The two cameras are mounted 0.7 m apart from each other, as a result this baseline yields a parallax shift of the apparent particle trails on the analysed images directly proportional to their distance. Thanks to such shifts, the distance between observed dust aggregates and the spacecraft was determined. This method works for particles closer than 6000 m to the spacecraft and requires very few assumptions. We found over 250 particles in a suitable distance range with sizes of some centimetres, masses in the range of 10−6–102 kg and a mean velocity of about 2.4 m s−1 relative to the nucleus. Furthermore, the spectral slope was analysed showing a decrease in the median spectral slope of the particles with time. The further a particle is from the spacecraft the fainter is its signal. For this reason, this was counterbalanced by a debiasing. Moreover, the dust mass-loss rate of the nucleus could be computed as well as the Afρ of the comet around perihelion. The summed-up dust mass-loss rate for the mass bins 10−4–102 kg is almost 8300 kg s−1.

An Electrostatic MEMS Translational Scanner with Large Out-of-Plane Stroke for Remote Axial-Scanning in Multi-Photon Microscopy

We present an electrostatic microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) resonant scanner with large out-of-plane translational stroke for fast axial-scanning in a multi-photon microscope system for real-time vertical cross-sectional imaging. The scanner has a compact footprint with dimensions of 2.1 mm × 2.1 mm × 0.44 mm, and employs a novel lever-based compliant mechanism to enable large vertical displacements of a reflective mirror with slight tilt angles. Test results show that by using parametrical resonance, the scanner can provide a fast out-of-plane translational motion with ≥400 μm displacement and ≤0.14° tilt angle over a wide frequency range of ~390 Hz at ambient pressure. By employing this MEMS translational scanner and a biaxial MEMS mirror for lateral scanning, vertical cross-sectional imaging with a beam axial-scanning range of 200 μm and a frame rate of ~5–10 Hz is enabled in a remote scan multi-photon fluorescence imaging system.