Remote ID Research Articles

Blue Unmanned Aircraft Systems Explained: The Current Drone Market, Flight Regulations, and Debunking Common Misconceptions

The unmanned aircraft system (UAS) sector is a rapidly evolving domain characterized by fast technological advancement, diverse use cases, and an intricate regulatory environment. As a result, understanding and navigating the UAS industry presents a complex challenge for operators, manufacturers, regulatory authorities, and data users alike. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the UAS market in the United States, with a particular focus on the Defense Innovation Unit’s (DIU’s) Blue Small UAS (sUAS) initiative. This paper provides an overview of the current UAS market in the U.S., accounting for 49 manufacturers from 11 countries. The study offers a breakdown of market shares and identifies the significant players, primarily the U.S. and China, where 53% and 18% of all manufacturers reside, respectively. It also discusses the impact of the newly introduced Remote ID regulations and the compliance among UAS manufacturers with these regulations. Moreover, the study covers the Blue sUAS list, addressing its origins and purpose, as well as the often-misunderstood implications for the broader UAS market. The study clarifies that Blue-listed UAS are not exclusively superior or the only options for purchase by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) or other U.S. government (USG) agencies. Moreover, it highlights that the Blue sUAS list’s suitability for military applications does not automatically render it optimal for civilian use, especially in infrastructure applications. This research aims to deepen understanding and stimulate informed discussion around the U.S. UAS market, regulatory compliance, the Blue sUAS list, and the broader implications for drone usage in both military and civilian contexts.

Real-Time UAV Trajectory Prediction for UTM Surveillance Using Machine Learning

The Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) Traffic Management (UTM) surveillance plays an important role in monitoring the safety compliance of UAV flights within specific operational zones. However, the quality of data reception from UAVs depends on transmission signal quality, leading to variable data latency during flights. As a means of addressing this issue and improving UAV operational safety, trajectory prediction emerges as a promising solution. This study aims to implement real-time trajectory prediction through the integration of machine learning techniques within the UTM surveillance system using Broadcast Remote ID. To facilitate this, a homemade receiver for broadcast Remote ID is developed using the ESP32 microcontroller. Subsequently, two distinctive flight tests are executed using a DJI Phantom 4 UAV. In the first flight, UAV trajectory data are used to serve as training input for the machine learning algorithms. The second flight focuses on the implementation of real-time trajectory prediction. The trajectory prediction model uses inputs such as latitude, longitude, height, speed, direction, latency time, and the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI). Through an analysis of the first flight’s offline data, the Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) algorithm is preferred to the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) algorithm. The outcomes of the second flight test prove the feasibility of the GRU-based trajectory prediction. The GRU model successfully produces real-time predictions during UAV flight, showcasing accuracy levels similar to those derived from offline prediction analyses with short processing time. This real-time trajectory prediction could improve the safety of UAV operation by providing the estimated position when the latency time is higher than the threshold.

Privacy-Aware Remote Identification for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Current Solutions, Potential Threats, and Future Directions

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) recently introduced a new standard, namely, remote identification, to improve accountability for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operations. This rule requires UAV operators to broadcast messages revealing sensitive data, such as identity and location on the wireless channel. However, this leads to security and privacy concerns among UAV operators. Unauthorized parties may easily discover the location and identity of a UAV flying in a specific area and launch attacks on it such as using wireless jamming or tracking its activity. This review investigates and systematizes the main weaknesses affecting the Remote ID capability required of modern UAVs, and the approaches through which attackers can exploit these weaknesses to disrupt safety and accountability. Moreover, this article analyzes current solutions that mitigate privacy issues associated with Remote ID. Finally, we identify multiple challenges that require to be addressed by both industry and academia, and we propose future research directions to improve the security and privacy of UAVs.

Development of UTM Monitoring System Based on Network Remote ID with Inverted Teardrop Detection Algorithm

The new regulation of Remote Identification (Remote ID) established by the FAA is predicted which will stimulate the application of Remote ID in UAS traffic management (UTM). Our research is aimed at the development of a UTM monitoring system based on the network Remote ID and the implementation of a new collision detection algorithm based on an inverted teardrop shape area and dynamic detection size. The newly introduced detection shape area in the UTM system could improve flight safety, increase airspace traffic, and provide a clear depiction of UAVs’ movement direction. The monitoring system consists of Remote ID hardware, a cloud database, and a web-based UTM application that runs on a personal laptop computer. A flight test was conducted involving a human pilot flying a quadcopter UAV to analyze the performance of the system and algorithm. The result found that the developed UTM monitoring system produces a reasonable average delay of around 0.94[Formula: see text]s with a standard deviation of 0.2[Formula: see text]s. The new detection algorithm shows a promising result that produces a larger buffer distance between UAVs compared to the circle shape algorithms.

Flight Test Analysis of UTM Conflict Detection Based on a Network Remote ID Using a Random Forest Algorithm

In an area where unmanned aerial system (UAS) traffic is high, a conflict detection system is one of the important components for the safety of UAS operations. A novel UAS traffic management (UTM) monitoring application was developed, including a conflict detection system using the inverted teardrop area detection based on real-time flight data transmitted from the network remote identification (Remote ID) modules. This research aimed to analyze the performance of the UTM-monitoring application based on flight test data using statistical and machine learning approaches. The flight tests were conducted using several types of small fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) controlled by a human pilot using a Taiwan cellular communication network in suburban and rural areas. Two types of scenarios that involved a stationary, on-the-ground intruder and a flying intruder were used to simulate a conflict event. Besides the statistical method calculating the mean and standard deviation, the random forest algorithm, including regressor and classifier modules, was used to analyze the flight parameters and timing parameters of the flight tests. The result indicates that the processing time of the UTM application was the most significant parameter to the conflict warning parameter, besides the relative distance and height between UAVs. In addition, the latency time was higher for the flight in the rural area than the suburban area and also higher for data transmitted from the flying position than the ground position. The findings of our study can be used as a reference for aviation authorities and other stakeholders in the development of future UTM systems.

A 2 RID—Anonymous Direct Authentication and Remote Identification of Commercial Drones

The recent worldwide introduction of RemoteID (RID) regulations forces all Unmanned Aircrafts (UAs), a.k.a. drones, to broadcast in plaintext on the wireless channel their identity and real-time location, for accounting and monitoring purposes. Although improving drones' monitoring and situational awareness, the RID rule also generates significant privacy concerns for UAs' operators, threatened by the ease of tracking of UAs and related confidentiality and privacy concerns connected with the broadcasting of plaintext identity information. In this paper, we propose $A^2RID$, a protocol suite for anonymous direct authentication and remote identification of heterogeneous commercial UAs. $A^2RID$ integrates and adapts protocols for anonymous message signing to work in the UA domain, coping with the constraints of commercial drones and the tight real-time requirements imposed by the RID regulation. Overall, the protocols in the $A^2RID$ suite allow a UA manufacturer to pick the configuration that best suits the capabilities and constraints of the drone, i.e., either a processing-intensive but memory-lightweight solution (namely, $CS-A^2RID$) or a computationally-friendly but memory-hungry approach (namely, $DS-A^2RID$). Besides formally defining the protocols and formally proving their security in our setting, we also implement and test them on real heterogeneous hardware platforms, i.e., the Holybro X-500 and the ESPcopter, releasing open-source the produced code. For all the protocols, we demonstrated experimentally the capability of generating anonymous RemoteID messages well below the time bound of $1$ second required by RID, while at the same time having quite a limited impact on the energy budget of the drone.

US Court Rejects Constitutional Challenge to ‘Remote ID Rule’ for Drone Flight

US Court Rejects Constitutional Challenge to ‘Remote ID Rule’ for Drone Flight

1001. Comparison of Periodic In-Person ID Care to Daily Tele-ID Care at a Community Hospital

Abstract Background Access to ID specialists is absent in most US counties. Remote access to ID specialists via telemedicine is a potential alternative to in-person ID care, although comparative data are lacking. We compared outcomes between periodic in-person and daily remote ID care. Methods Retrospective EHR analysis of 200 patients at a 164-bed community hospital, which historically had access to an in-person ID specialist every 3rd day with limited telephonic follow-up. In May of 2020, access to a team of Tele-ID specialists was provided through live audio-visual and e-consults, with telephonic consults after hours and on weekends. Outcomes for 100 consecutive patients cared for by the in-person physician from 01/2019 to 11/2019 were compared to the first 100 patients care for via Tele-ID from 05/2020 to 08/2020. Results Of the 100 patients seen via Tele-ID, 73 were live initial consults and 27 initial e-consults. These 100 consults occurred over 4 months compared with 11 months for the 100 in-person ID consults, revealing greater utilization. Most patients were Caucasian, male, and >60 years old (Table 1). Tele-ID patients had significantly higher Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) scores (5.3 vs 4.5, p=0.047), shorter LOS (7.5 vs 9.08 days, p=0.003), less frequent discharge on IV antibiotics (34% vs 51%, p=0.007), and more frequent discharge on PO antibiotics (39% vs 23%, p=0.014; Table 2). There were no significant differences in the frequency of transfer to tertiary care (13% vs 14%, p=0.84) or in-hospital mortality (2% vs 2%). The 30-day readmission rate was higher for Tele-ID (11% vs 1%, p< 0.01); however, only one readmission was ID-related (a new C.difficile). The diversity of ID diagnoses made was not different (Figure 1). Table 1.Patient DemographicsTable 2.OutcomesFigure 1.Diagnoses Conclusion A Tele-ID service with daily availability increased utilization of ID care at a community hospital. Despite higher CCI scores in Tele-ID patients, LOS was shorter and discharge on IV antibiotics was less frequent compared with the In-person service with no difference in ID related readmissions or in-house mortality. These findings support remote Tele-ID care as a solution where access to ID expertise is limited. Disclosures John W. Mellors, MD, Abound Bio: Multiple|Abound Bio: Ownership Interest|Gilead Sciences: Advisor/Consultant|Infectious Disease Connect: Advisor/Consultant|Infectious Disease Connect: Ownership Interest Rima Abdel-Massih, MD, Infectious Disease Connect: Co founder and Chief Medical Officer|Infectious Disease Connect: Ownership Interest.

Can remote ID biometrics stop the flood of financial fraud?

Jay Meier of FaceTec believes remote biometric identity verification is needed to counter the escalating threat of financial crime. He explains the liveness detection technology available to do this, and the key role that mobile driver's licences could play in proving identity once and for all.

RELIGIOUS MODERATION TECHNOLOGY IN DIGITAL (REMOTE ID): TEKNOLOGI APLIKASI 5.0 DALAM UPAYA PENGEMBANGAN MODERASI BERAGAMA PADA KOMUNITAS REMAJA

The world development in the modern era has various impacts for the community, especially to the millennial generation that are vulnerable to religious radicalism. The Hijra movement uses a textual interpretation of the Koran through various kinds of social media, such as Instagram, YouTube, tiktok, Twitter and other social media, then has limited information regarding religious moderation. However, all of those media have limited information regarding religious moderation. Students at MAN 1 of Serang City obtain religious knowledge through teaching and learning activities that focus on verbal religious education materials, but lack knowledge from various forums as an effort to develop self-potential regarding the values of religious moderation. The purpose of this paper is to identify the concept of religious moderation and its integration with the innovations of technological development, and to identify the stages of developing the application of Religious Moderation Technology in Digital (Remote id) at MAN 1 of Serang City, and to identify the output of internalizing the character of religious moderation. This research uses the R&D (Research and development) method. The results of this study indicate that the development of Remote id applications refers to the R&D method using the 4D (four-d) development modes which is consists of 4 stages, including; define, design, develop, and disseminate, Remote id deserves to be developed by researchers through application visitor activities. Furthermore, it can be concluded the effectiveness of the Remote id application. This research concludes that Remote id has been developed and is very effective for teenagers to increase creativity, potential and understanding of religious moderation.

UAS Traffic Management Communications: The Legacy of ADS-B, New Establishment of Remote ID, or Leverage of ADS-B-Like Systems?

Unmanned aerial system (UAS) traffic management (UTM) requires each UAS to communicate with each other and to other stakeholders involved in the operation. In practice, there are two types of wireless communication systems established in the UAS community: automatic dependent surveillance broadcast (ADS-B) and remote identification (Remote ID). In between these two systems, there is ADS-B-like communication which leverages using other types of communications available in the market for the purpose of UTM. This review aims to provide an insight into those three systems, based on the published standard documents and latest research development. It also suggests how to construct a feasible communication architecture. The integrative approach is used in this literature review. The review categorization includes definition, data format, technology used, and research applications, and any remaining issues are discussed. The similarities and differences of each system are elaborated, covering practical findings. In addition, the SWOT analysis is conducted based on the findings. Lastly, multi-channel communication for UTM is proposed as a feasible solution in the UTM operation.

Remote ID device product development and evaluation

In Japan, in order to ensure the safety and security of the use of Unmanned Aircraft, from June 20, 2022, Unmanned Aircrafts such as drones must be equipped with a remote ID function, which is the license plate of Unmanned Aircraft. Therefore, it was necessary to make the remote ID function available in the market promptly. We have developed, verified and evaluated an external remote ID device product, confirmed that it complies with the standard, and launched the first model-registered product on the market. As a result, the remote ID function has become available on many Unmanned Aircraft on the market as planned.

UAV Forensics: DJI Mini 2 Case Study

Rapid technology advancements, especially in the past decade, have allowed off-the-shelf unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that weigh less than 250 g to become available for recreational use by the general population. Many well-known manufacturers (e.g., DJI) are now focusing on this segment of UAVs, and the new DJI Mini 2 drone is one of many that falls under this category, which enables easy access to be purchased and used without any Part 107 certification and Remote ID registration. The versatility of drones and drone models is appealing for customers, but they pose many challenges to forensic tools and digital forensics investigators due to numerous hardware and software variations. In addition, different devices can be associated and used for controlling these drones (e.g., Android and iOS smartphones). Moreover, according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the adoption of Remote ID is not going to be required for people without the 107 certifications for this segment at least until 2023, which creates finding personally identifiable information a necessity in these types of investigations. In this research, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of DJI Mini 2 and its data stored across multiple devices (e.g., SD cards and mobile devices) that are associated with the drone. The aim of this paper is to (1) create several criminal-like scenarios, (2) acquire and analyze the created scenarios using leading forensics software (e.g., Cellebrite and Magnet Axiom) that are commonly used by law enforcement agencies, (3) and present findings associated with potential criminal activities.

News - Briefing: Innovation - Facial-recognition system for remote ID verification wins Africa prize

News - Briefing: Innovation - Facial-recognition system for remote ID verification wins Africa prize

Experiments with a LoRaWAN-Based Remote ID System for Locating Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of the United States is considering Remote ID systems for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These systems act as license plates used on automobiles, but they transmit information using radio waves. To be useful, the transmissions in such systems need to reach long distances to minimize the number of ground stations to capture these transmissions. LoRaWAN is designed as a cheap long-range technology to be used for long-range communication for the Internet of Things. Several manufacturers make LoRaWAN modules, which are readily available on the market and are, therefore, ideal for the UAVs Remote IDs at a low cost. In this paper, we present our experiences in using LoRaWAN technology as a communication technology. Our experiments to identify and locate the UAV systems uncovered several issues of using LoRaWAN in such systems that are documented in this paper. Using several ground stations, we can determine the location of a UAV equipped with a LoRaWAN module that transmits the UAV Remote ID. Hence, it can help identify UAVs that unintentionally, or intentionally, fly into restricted zones.

Regulators seek ways to down rogue drones: Growing antidrone industry offers radar, remote ID, and other tools - [News

Drone sightings at London's Gatwick Airport disrupted operations there for three days last December, and in January, rumored sightings near Newark [N.J.] Liberty International Airport delayed incoming air traffic temporarily. These incidents highlighted a growing problem with small drones: Miscreants, or just clueless operators, can make real trouble by flying these machines where they're not allowed.

Reducing communication in parallel graph search algorithms with software caches

In many scientific and computational domains, graphs are used to represent and analyze data. Such graphs often exhibit the characteristics of small-world networks: few high-degree vertexes connect many low-degree vertexes. Despite the randomness in a graph search, it is possible to capitalize on the characteristics of small-world networks and cache relevant information of high-degree vertexes. We applied this idea by caching remote vertex ids in a parallel breadth-first search benchmark. Our experiment with different implementations demonstrated significant performance improvements over the reference implementation in several configurations, using 64 to 1024 cores. We proposed a system design in which resources are dedicated exclusively to caching and shared among a set of nodes. Our evaluation demonstrates that this design reduces communication and has the potential to improve performance on large-scale systems in which the communication cost increases significantly with the distance between nodes. We also tested a memcached system as the cache server finding that its generic protocol, which does not match our usage semantics, hinders significantly the potential performance improvements and suggested that a generic system should also support a basic and lightweight communication protocol to meet the needs of high-performance computing applications. Finally, we explored different configurations to find efficient ways to utilize the resources allocated to solve a given problem size; to this extent, we found utilizing half of the compute cores per allocated node improves performance, and even in this case, caching variants always outperform the reference implementation.

240Effectiveness of a Pharmacist Driven Antibiotic Stewardship Program at Two Critical Access Hospitals Using a Remote Infectious Diseases Pharmacist

• New Ulm Medical Center (NUMC) and River Falls Area Hospital (RFAH), both part of Allina Health, are critical access hospitals (CAHs) with 62 and 25 licensed beds, respectively. • Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) improve patient care by reducing inappropriate antimicrobial use, antimicrobial resistance, and hospital-acquired infections. • Guidelines recommend an ASP be led by an ID physician and ID-trained pharmacist; however, these resources are often difficult to obtain. • The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a pharmacist-driven ASP in two CAHs using a remote ID pharmacist and ID pharmacy resident within the same healthcare system as the ID specialists overseeing the ASP.

Comparative Analysis of Smart Card Authentication Schemes

Various kinds of authentication schemes have been deployed to secure the information or resources from unauthorized access. In these schemes, server maintains a verification table which is vulnerable to a variety of attacks. To withstand the possible attacks for verification table, smart card based authentication scheme has been proposed as an alternative solution. Smart card is a small, tamper-resistant device providing users with a convenient storage and processing capability, it is widely used for a range of applications such as remote user login, online banking, ID verification, access control and e-commerce etc. This article gives comparative analysis of major smart card authentication schemes for single server as well as multi-server environment.

高磁歪アモルファス薄片を用いたデータキャリアシステムにおける信号検出方式と読み取り距離

Datacarrier technology is used in a remote readable ID tag system composed of tags, an encoder, and a writer. In previous papers, the authors presented the results of a study of the characteristics of a tag composed of an amorphous strip and a magnetic tape from the viewpoint of its practical application. Several problems have remained unsolved, particularly concerning the reader, such as how to reduce its power consumption and size, how to eliminate external noise, and how to improve the reading distance. In this paper, we propose a portable reader with a superheterodyne detection system. The antenna of the reader is controlled in such a way as to resonate at the resonant frequencies of a tag. By studying the relationship between the reading distance and the characteristics of the tag, we proved experimentally that the reading distance is proportional to the square root of the product of the coupling factor K and the Q-value. The information on a tag could be read at a distance of 0.7 m by the reader with an antenna 0.3 m in diameter.