Remedy For Treatment Research Articles

Ball-milled biochar incorporated polydopamine thin-film composite (PDA/TFC) membrane for high-flux separation of tetracyclic antibiotics from wastewater

• Bar coating was successfully applied to the preparation of PDA/TFC-BMBC membranes. • BMBC was firstly and successfully introduced into the PDA/TFC membrane. • The PDA/TFC-2 obtained a high permeation flux and a high rejection rate. • The cycle performance of prepared membranes was acceptable. Nowadays, attempts emerge in an endless stream to explore an efficient active interlayer to break the “trade-off” relationship between permeability and rejection of conventional thin-film composite (TFC) membrane. Biochar, which is often used as an economically efficient material in soil remediation and wastewater treatment, however, is usually neglected in the application of TFC membrane. This study fabricated a series of polydopamine (PDA)/TFC membranes incorporated with different concentrations of ball-milled biochar (BMBC) interlayer by the combination of conventional interfacial polymerization and bar coating method and employed them in antibiotics wastewater removal. Results indicated that water permeability of the optimized membrane (PDA/TFC-2) improved nearly two-fold (32 ± 1.8 LMHB (L.m −2 ·h −1 ·bar −1 ) versus 18.6 ± 1.6 LMHB for control membrane), and the rejection rates were also the highest (91.9% for chlortetracycline, 90.3% for tetracycline, 81.8% for Ciprofloxacin and 91.3% for oxytetracycline). Furthermore, the fouled PDA/TFC-2 membrane could be easily regenerated by NaOH washing and remained ~70.6% permeability flux of that of fresh membrane even after five times washing, while the rejection rate was still more than 60%. The findings of our study not only provide a promising material for the separation of antibiotic wastewater but also give a new sight towards the application of biochar in wastewater treatment.

Efficiency of using the technology of functional electrical stimulation in gait disorder in patients with cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy is a group of developmental disorders affecting motor skills and postural maintenance, leading to motion defects due to non-progressive damage and/or a developing brain anomaly in the fetus or the newborn child. Leg muscle weakness and spasticity associated with cerebral palsy limit the range of motion in the ankle joint and negatively affect the childs motor ability. This article reviews scientific studies on an innovative method of functional electrical stimulation of walking in children with cerebral palsy. We searched for information in the Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Pedro, Scholar, eLibrary, and CyberLeninka databases. The efficiency of remedial treatment of motion using functional electrical stimulators was assessed using biomechanical and neurophysiological methods of evidence-based medicine. When children are rehabilitated using electrical stimulation techniques such as functional electrical stimulation, the gait is restored significantly, dorsiflexion is improved, the gait pattern is normalized, stability when walking is increased, the number of falls is decreased, and the need for additional support is reduced. The effect of functional electrical stimulation on the normalization of walking speed, gait kinematics and symmetry, the ability to overcome obstacles, and the range of motion of the ankle joint and foot clearance during walking are discussed. In addition, the work analyzes the effect of functional electrical stimulation on reducing the patients energy consumption when walking, normalizing muscle tone, decreasing the risk of falls, and increasing confidence and comfort when walking. As part of this analysis, the speed of adaptation and patient tolerance of the devices for functional electrical stimulation are also discussed. A comparative characteristic of functional electrical stimulation using ankle joint orthoses is provided.
 CONCLUSIONS: For many years, movement dynamics have used functional electrical stimulation technologies to rehabilitate neurological patients after stroke and multiple sclerosis. It is only a matter of time before these technologies also become the standard treatment for children with cerebral palsy in rehabilitation programs.

Donnan Membrane Process for the Selective Recovery and Removal of Target Metal Ions-A Mini Review.

Membrane-based water purification technologies contribute significantly to water settings, where it is imperative to use low-cost energy sources to make the process economically and technically competitive for large-scale applications. Donnan membrane processes (DMPs) are driven by a potential gradient across an ion exchange membrane and have an advantage over fouling in conventional pressure driven membrane technologies, which are gaining attention. DMP is a removal, recovery and recycling technology that is commonly used for separation, purification and the concentrating of metals in different water and waste streams. In this study, the principle and application of DMP for sustainable wastewater treatment and prospects of chemical remediation are reviewed and discussed. In addition, the separation of dissolved metal ions in wastewater settings without the use of pressure driven gradients or external energy supply membrane technologies is highlighted. Furthermore, DMP distinctive configurations and operational factors are explored and the prospects of integrating them into the wastewater treatment plants are recommended.

A siphon drainage system with variable diameters for landslides: Concept, calculation, and validation

Drainage is a very effective form of remedial treatment for many landslides. In recent years, siphon drainage technologies have made great progress for landslides, and siphon pipes with a diameter of 4 mm are recommended to ensure that the siphon drainage runs continuously. Based on theoretical analysis for the flow velocity of a siphon, this study proposes a new siphon drainage system with variable diameters for landslides to improve the drainage capacity of the existing siphon drainage systems. In addition to the basic concept of the new siphon system, the estimation method of the drainage capacity of the new system is also developed. A series of experimental tests are conducted to verify the new siphon drainage system and the estimation method of the drainage capacity. The experimental results show that: (a) for all siphons with variable diameters, the calculated values are very close to the experimental measurements, and all of the error rates are less than 4%; (b) therefore, the developed calculation method of the velocity of a siphon with variable diameters is validated; (c) for all schemes with variable diameters, the increase rate of velocity ranges 15% and 116% comparing with those with constant diameters; and (d) the promotion effect brought by variable diameters for higher lift siphons is obviously better than that of lower lift siphons. Finally, an ancient landslide located in Zhejiang province, China, is used as a sample to illustrate how to design a siphon with variable diameters.

Removal of Silver (Ag) from Artificially Contaminated Soil Using Acetic Acid as Electrolyte with Electrokinetic Remediation

The electrokinetic remediation of artificially silver (Ag) contaminated soils was evaluated. In this study, the soil sample was taken from locations A and C near silver handicraft workshop assuming has similar natural geochemistry with silver contaminated soil. While, control soil was taken from locations B and D at Kotagede, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. All soil samples were contaminated with a silver (100 mg AgNO3/Kg soil) and they were treated in six cycles of saturation process using de-ionized water and air-dried before being aged for one year and subjected to electrokinetic (EK) remediation treatment. The physical and chemical properties of soil were measured using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric. Soil components such as organic matter, total nitrogen, CEC, soil texture, and soil buffer capacity were also evaluated. Desorption of silver with different acetic acid concentrations (i.e 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 M) was also studied in a batch system. Electrokinetic remediation treatment was conducted by a graphite electrode in a constant voltage of 1 Vcm-1 for 7 d. The current flow during EK remediation treatment was recorded by data logger for every 10 mints. The results showed that high removal of silver from soil was achieved when using 1.0 M acetic acid as the electrolyte. In this regard, the EK remediation treatment could achieve high silver removal from soil A (92 to 93%) and soil C (82 to 92%) compared with soil B (75 to 96%) and soil D (26 to 74%), respectively.

The effect of integrating automated writing evaluation on EFL writing apprehension and grammatical knowledge

ABSTRACT Recent years have witnessed an increased interest in automated writing evaluation (hereafter AWE). However, few studies have examined the use of AWE with apprehensive writers. Hence, this study extends research in this area, investigating the effect of using AWE on reducing writing apprehension and enhancing grammatical knowledge. The participants were English majors at an Egyptian university, divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental group used Cambridge ‘Write & Improve’ to evaluate their writing; whereas, the control group had an instructor evaluate their essays. Data were collected using the English Writing Apprehension Scale (EWAS, Abdel Latif [2015. “Sources of L2 Writing Apprehension: A Study of Egyptian University Students.” Journal of Research in Reading 38 (2): 194–212. doi:10.1111/j.1467–9817.2012.01549.x]) and a grammar knowledge test (hereafter GKT; adapted from TOEFL). The findings showed statistically significant differences in the post-administration in EWAS and GKT in favor of the experimental group. Additionally, the effect size of the intervention on apprehensive writers was large. The results indicated that AWE helped the apprehensive writers reduce their apprehension and slightly enhance the GKT of the non-apprehensive writers. Further, negative correlations were found between writing apprehension and grammatical knowledge. This study results suggest that AWE might be used as a remedial classroom treatment for struggling or apprehensive writers, purposefully integrating it as a formative tool, augmented with feedback practices.

Practicality of 3D Printed Personalized Medicines in Therapeutics.

Technological advances in science over the past century have paved the way for remedial treatment outcomes in various diseases. Pharmacogenomic predispositions, the emergence of multidrug resistance, medication and formulation errors contribute significantly to patient mortality. The concept of “personalized” or “precision” medicines provides a window to addressing these issues and hence reducing mortality. The emergence of three-dimensional printing of medicines over the past decades has generated interests in therapeutics and dispensing, whereby the provisions of personalized medicines can be built within the framework of producing medicines at dispensaries or pharmacies. This plan is a good replacement of the fit-for-all modality in conventional therapeutics, where clinicians are constrained to prescribe pre-formulated dose units available on the market. However, three-dimension printing of personalized medicines faces several hurdles, but these are not insurmountable. In this review, we explore the relevance of personalized medicines in therapeutics and how three-dimensional printing makes a good fit in current gaps within conventional therapeutics in order to secure an effective implementation of personalized medicines. We also explore the deployment of three-dimensional printing of personalized medicines based on practical, legal and regulatory provisions.

Management of solar energy to power electrochemical wastewater treatments

In this work, the management of photovoltaic (PV) energy, assisted by a redox flow battery (RFB), for powering an electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP), is evaluated. The storage of surplus energy allows to extend the treatment time overnight and to increase the environmental remediation efficiency during the whole electrochemical treatment. Nevertheless, this work points out that it is important to evaluate the most suitable powering strategy to take advantage of the total solar energy produced. The energy supplied by the PV panels to each system depends on the electrical features of the electrochemical devices (electrooxidation reactor and the RFB) and, especially, on the connection between them (series or parallel). A straightforward coupling (without a targeted regulation of the energy distributed between the EAOP and the RFB) brings out a time-depending and uncontrolled powering. This type of strategy opposes to the smarter regulation of the energy between the EAOP and the RFB by means of a targeted powering to each device. Results show higher remediation degrees when both electrochemical devices are directly coupled in parallel, regardless of the operational mode used (straightforward or targeted) due to lower current densities lead to higher global performances for both electrochemical devices. Nonetheless, it is important to note that the green targeted powering notices higher remediations than the straightforward coupling when the system operates under parallel connection and a RFB control. The low current densities supplied to the RFB point out higher capacities and, consequently, the remediation treatment is extended. Those results shed light on interesting conclusions in terms of green energy use. Furthermore, this software tool allows by means of a simple predictive modelling to optime the operational conditions of electrochemical treatments powered by renewable energies and assisted by energy storage systems.

IMPLEMENTATION AND REMEDIAL PROBLEMS IN BIOLOGY LEARNING

Remedial learning is given to students through two main stages: the diagnosis of learning difficulties and remedial treatment. All remedial learning must end with a retest. The main stage of remedial learning is often overlooked in the implementation of remedial learning in schools. This study aims to determine the understanding, implementation, and problems of remedial learning in biology subjects in odd semester students of Class XI MIPA SMA. This research is descriptive qualitative research using data analysis techniques Miles and Huberman's model. The instruments used were questionnaires and interviews. The results showed that the teacher's understanding of remedial learning could be categorized as good. The implementation of remedial is in the very good category, except for the time for implementing remedial learning, which is in the category of less suitable remedial technical guidelines. The category of remedial learning problems in biology subjects is insufficient. However, the interview results showed a lack of time planning by schools related to remedial implementation at the end of each basic competency. Remedial learning in biology subjects in class XI SMA needs to pay attention to the time aspect in the implementation and planning of learning by schools and teachers.

NiMoO4 nanorods photocatalytic activity comparison under UV and visible light

Waste water remediation is the ongoing hot research topic that can reduce the water scarcity all over the world. By reducing the pollutants in the waste water drawn from industries and other sources will be more useful for domestic purposes. To reduce the rate of pollutants in water may also help in improving the aquatic environment and decreases other side effects. Efficient and cost effective catalysts were in search for both dye degradation and water remediation treatment applications. NiMoO4 nanorods were prepared by employing co-precipitation method with different stirrer time (2 h, 4 h and 6 h). The formation of NiMoO4 was substantiated employing X-ray diffractometer analysis (XRD). Vibrational and rotational property of the samples was analyzed by FT-IR spectra and Raman spectra. The optical property was further confirmed by UV–vis spectral studies. Morphological analysis studies revealed growth of nanorods with 6 h stirrer time. The photocatalytic behavior of the obtained product was carried out under both UV light (364 nm) and visible light irradiation. The samples subjected to visible light environment showed better efficiency on degrading the methylene blue (MB) dye. The efficiency obtained under UV irradiation were 20%, 31%, 33%, 41% and efficiency obtained in visible light irradiation were 27%, 42%, 46%, 55% with respect to bare methylene blue (MB), MB with NiMoO4 (2 h), MB with NiMoO4 (4 h), MB with NiMoO4 (6 h) catalyst added. NiMoO4 sample with 6 h stirrer time and fine nanorods growth will be the good candidate for future use.

Long‐term assessment of remediation treatments applied to an area affected by a mining spill in Spain

AbstractThis study evaluated the effectiveness of remediation treatments in the long‐term (20 years) for one of the largest mine spills in the world, the Aznalcóllar accident. Soil recovery was carried out through the application of various rates of organic (compost and manure) and inorganic amendments (materials rich in iron oxides and calcium carbonate). Different amendment combinations were grouped in four treatments (T1 to T4) and applied in different sectors depending on the soil properties and the degree of initial contamination. To assess the degree of soil recovery, physicochemical properties, total, water‐soluble, and bioavailable concentrations of the main contaminants (Pb, As, Zn, and Cu) were determined over time. Applied treatments increased pH, calcium carbonate, and organic carbon content of soils, reduced electrical conductivity, and decreased mobility of contaminants, indicating that remediation treatments were efficient recovering soils contaminated by potentially harmful elements (PHEs). However, 20 years after the accident, total concentrations of Pb and As still exceed the intervention levels of the current regulations in certain areas. These areas are located in the sectors closest to the mine and where treatments T1 and T2 were applied. In these cases, the added doses of organic amendments, iron oxide–rich soils, and carbonate amendments were not sufficiently effective, so the application of new treatments is recommended to complete the total recovery of the Guadiamar Green Corridor.

Roughness and storage capacity of freshwater ice in the Straits of Mackinac

In the event of a maritime oil spill in winter conditions, the fate of oil released under ice presents considerable difficulties with respect to detection, containment and recovery compared to spills that form slicks in open water. This study presents the first quantification of roughness and associated storage capacity of the ice-water interface for freshwater ice in the Laurentian Great Lakes in North America. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) observations are used to retrieve ice thicknesses every 2.5 cm on a grid over ice ranging between 0.26 and 0.48 m in the Straits of Mackinac to derive a digital elevation model of the ice bottom. The root mean square of height deviations of the ice underside is observed to be 0.03 m (over a correlation length of approximately 20 m) with a storage capacity of 0.03 m3/m2. The observed physical characteristics relevant to oil entrainment at the ice underside are similar to those reported for first year sea ice and may store similar quantities of oil during the initial spill. However, the difference in the physical structure between first year ice (with brine channels) and freshwater ice (consolidated ice cap) may result in a disparity in the timing of oil appearance, and require considerably different remediation treatment.

Beneficial traits of root endophytes and rhizobacteria associated with plants growing in phytomanaged soils with mixed trace metal-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination

The diversity of cultivable bacteria associated with plants from phytomanaged soils with mixed trace metal (TM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contamination in Pierrelaye (France) was evaluated. The emphasis was on the cultivable bacterial community since the overall objective is to obtain inoculants to improve the remediation of this type of contaminated site. Root endophytic and rhizosphere soil bacterial counts were determined, and isolates were pooled by amplified rDNA restriction analysis and identified by 16S rDNA sequencing. Isolates were further characterized for the production of plant growth-promoting (PGP) substances, and resistance to TM. The selected strains were evaluated for their ability to degrade PAHs. The potential of cell-free microbial supernatant to increase the mobilisation of PAHs from the polluted soil of Pierrelaye was also evaluated. Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria dominated the collection of isolates, and differences in taxonomic diversity were observed between plant species (Populus or Zea mays) and depending on the remediation treatment (Populus inoculation with mycorrhizae or Populus intercropping with Alnus). The majority of isolates exhibited at least one of the tested PGP traits, as well as resistance to more than one TM. Several rhizosphere, endophyte and even one bulk soil isolate showed high rates of fluoranthene and pyrene reduction. The endophyte Rhizobium strain MR28 isolated from maize and degrading pyrene produced bioemulsifying molecules capable of improving the availability of PAHs from the soil of Pierrelaye. A selection of the most interesting strains was made for further re-inoculation experiments in order to assess their potential in rhizoremediation processes.

Biosurfactant assisted design treatments for remediation of petroleum contaminated soil and metabolomics based interactive study with Brassica nigra L

Soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons has been considered as a serious problem for more than two decades, as it inhibits microbial population, soil enzymatic activity and exhibits abiotic stress in plants as well as affects their metabolites. In the present study, a novel and effective treatments for managing petroleum contaminated soil has been developed. The design treatments were grouped in five classes (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) which include petroleum contaminated soil, cow dung, cow urine and crude biosurfactant in various concentrations. After, 90 days of treatment the soils of each group were screened for microbial population dynamics, enzymatic activity, oil reduction assay, SEM and FTIR analysis. The treated soils were further employed for growing Brassica nigra L and targeted metabolomics based approach study was executed to demonstrate the effect of the treatments on the chlorophyll metabolites. The results revealed that treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) enhanced the microbial population dynamics and enzymatic activity of the soil with maximum 67% oil reduction in the treatment T1 (600 g Petroleum Contaminated Soil + 400 g Cow Dung + 200 ml Cow Urine + 50 ml crude Biosurfactant + 250 ml Water). Further, the results of growth parameters and targeted metabolomics based model study complemented the effectiveness of the design treatments as variation of growth parameters and chlorophyll metabolites were observed. Hence, the treatments and metabolomics model developed and can be applied commercially as an effective way for the restoration of petroleum contaminated wastelands .

Targeting the right parameters in PAH remediation studies

Contaminated land burdens the economy of many countries and must be dealt with. Researchers have published thousands of documents studying and developing soil and sediment remediation treatments. Amongst the targeted pollutants are the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), described as a class of persistent organic compounds, potentially harmful to ecosystems and living organisms. The present paper reviews and discusses three scientific trends that are leading current PAH-contaminated soil/sediment remediation studies and management. First, the choice of compounds that are being studied and targeted in the scientific literature is discussed, and we suggest that the classical 16 US-EPA PAH compounds might no longer be sufficient to meet current environmental challenges. Second, we discuss the choice of experimental material in remediation studies. Using bibliometric measures, we show the lack of PAH remediation trials based on co-contaminated or aged-contaminated material. Finally, the systematic use of the recently validated bioavailability measurement protocol (ISO/TS 16751) in remediation trials is discussed, and we suggest it should be implemented as a tool to improve remediation processes and management strategies.

Multistep thermodesorption coupled with molecular analyses as a quick, easy and environmentally friendly way to measure PAH availability in contaminated soils

Whether it is for risk assessment or for remediation purpose, contaminant availability in polluted soils is a key parameter to determine. Two methods were recently standardized for the estimation of the environmental available fraction of non-polar organics but, in some cases, their application on real historically contaminated soils does not provide satisfactory results. The present study aimed at proposing an alternative method for the estimation of PAH availability in soils, based on analytical thermal desorption and molecular analyses with the hypothesis that the binding strength between PAH and the solid matrix is linked to the desorption temperature. This hypothesis was validated by comparing the thermodesorption molecular distribution of different contaminated soils and of their respective extractable organic matter. Then, comparing the thermodesorption profiles of each studied PAH to the efficiency of biological and chemical remediation treatments through principal component analysis allowed obtaining the desorption temperature corresponding to PAH fractions available towards both treatments. This method was proven to effectively estimate the PAH fraction available towards biological (microbial incubation) and chemical (KMnO4 oxidation) treatments and present multiple advantages such as being fast, easy to execute and solvent free.

The chemical profiling of aqueous soluble fraction from Lagopsis supina and its diuretic effects via suppression of AQP and RAAS pathways in saline-loaded rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceLagopsis supina (Steph.) Ik. -Gal. ex Knorr. has been widely used as a remedy treatment for diuresis and edema in China over 2500 years. Our previous results showed that the aqueous soluble fraction from L. supina (LSB) possessed acute diuretic effect. Aim of the studyThe aim of this study was to appraise the acute (6 h) and prolonged (7 d) diuretic effects, underlying mechanisms, and chemical profiling of LSB. Materials and methodsThe chemical profiling of LSB was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS). Then, oral administration of LSB (40, 80, 160 and 320 mg/kg) and furosemide (10 mg/kg) once daily for 7 consecutive days to evaluate the diuretic effects in saline-loaded rats. The body weight, food consumption, and water intake were recorded once daily. The urinary volume, pH and electrolyte concentrations (Na+, K+, Cl−, and Ca2+) were measured after administration drugs for acute and prolonged diuretic effects. In addition, the serum levels of Na+-K+-ATPase, angiotensin II (Ang II), anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone (ALD), atriopeptin (ANP), aquaporins (AQPs)-1, 2 and 3 were determined by ELISA kits. The mRNA expressions and protein levels of AQPs-1, 2 and 3 were analyzed by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot assays, respectively. Results30 compounds were identified in LSB based on accurate mass and MS/MS fragmentation compared to literature, among which phenylpropanoids and flavonoids could be partly responsible for the major diuretic effect. Daily administration of LSB (160 or 320 mg/kg) prominently increased urinary excretion volume after the 2 h at the first day of treatment, remaining until the 7th day. LSB did not cause Na+ and K+ electrolyte abnormalities, and has minor effect on Cl− and Ca2+ concentrations at 320 mg/kg. Furthermore, LSB observably suppressed renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation, including decreased serum levels of Ang II, ADH, and ALD, and prominently increased serum level of ANP in rats. LSB treatment significantly down-regulated the serum levels, mRNA expressions and protein levels of AQP1, AQP2, and AQP3. ConclusionLSB has a prominent acute and prolonged diuretic effects via suppression of AQP and RAAS pathways in saline-loaded rats, and support the traditional folk use of this plant. Taken together, LSB might be a potential diuretic agent.

Flawless Identification of Fusarium Oxysporum in Tomato Plant Leaves by Machine Learning Algorithm

In the olden days, plant diseases could be measured by visual observation and based on the level and severity of the symptoms on plant leaves. Over the day, it became a high-level degree of complexity due to the huge volume of cultivated plants. Now a day, the diseases are very different due to diverted manure procedures, and its diagnosis will be very tough even experienced farmers and agronomists too. Even though, after diagnosis, there is a lack of perfect remedy or mistaken treatment for that. The plants are affecting by many vascular fungal diseases which are widespread in many crops. Fusarium wilt (FW) is one of the fungal diseases in many plants. Mostly the tomato, sweet potatoes, tobacco, legumes, cucurbits plants are affected by this Fusarium oxysporum (FO) disease often due to its soil. The main goal of this research article is used to determine FO disease in the tomato plant leaves. Besides, the proposed algorithm constructs model with two times classifying and identifying the disease for better accuracy. The open database consists of 87k images with 60% affected leaves images, 40% healthy plant leaves too. Our proposed hybrid algorithm is found the disease with 96% accuracy with the huge amount of dataset.

The effects of substance use and physical activity on cognition: The impact of incongruent health behaviors

BackgroundCognitive functioning refers to storage and manipulation of information and includes executive functioning (EF) and attention (ATT). While physical activity (PA) improves cognitive functioning, decrements are associated with frequent substance use. This study examined PA on cognitive functioning within the context of past-year substance use. MethodsUsing NESARC–III data (N = 36,309), cross-sectional analysis examined interactions between self-reported past-year PA and substance use in relation to cognitive functioning. ResultsAs hypothesized, light-to-moderate, vigorous, and total PA conditional main effects were positively associated with both facets of cognition, while frequent substance use conditional main effects were negatively associated with ATT and EF. The positive association between PA and cognition was diminished by substance use. Frequent binge drinking, marijuana, cocaine, and opioid use weakened the impact of light-to-moderate PA on EF, and only frequent cocaine use lessened the relationship between vigorous PA on EF. When PA intensities were combined, frequent binge drinking and cocaine use weakened the PA and EF association. Infrequent stimulant use reduced the association between all levels of PA and ATT, while infrequent marijuana use unexpectedly enhanced the relation between vigorous PA and ATT. ConclusionsOverall, PA enhanced two facets of cognitive functioning across six substances. However, these benefits are reduced in the context of frequency of substance use. The positive association between light-to-moderate PA and EF appears to be more sensitive in the context of frequent substance use than vigorous PA. Implications for public health messaging and PA as cognitive remediation treatment for substance use disorders are discussed.

Molecular Pathology: A Paradigm Shift towards Precision Medicine

Healthcare system is experiencing a paradigm shift to precision medicine. Genotypic–phenotypic affiliation has been found to be a fundamental percept in biology after the completion of Human Genome project. The first era of precision medicine is now split into groups and subgroups, making it a meaningful strategy concurrently throughout the clinical phases of drug designing and development. It likewise recommends healthcare reshaping that suggests disease perceptivity or remedial treatment. Thus, translational genomics addresses bench to bedside approach to achieve P4 medicine (personalized, predictive, preventive, and participatory), i.e., early disease diagnosis and specifically designed treating plans instead of one size fits all1.