Abstract
Membrane-based water purification technologies contribute significantly to water settings, where it is imperative to use low-cost energy sources to make the process economically and technically competitive for large-scale applications. Donnan membrane processes (DMPs) are driven by a potential gradient across an ion exchange membrane and have an advantage over fouling in conventional pressure driven membrane technologies, which are gaining attention. DMP is a removal, recovery and recycling technology that is commonly used for separation, purification and the concentrating of metals in different water and waste streams. In this study, the principle and application of DMP for sustainable wastewater treatment and prospects of chemical remediation are reviewed and discussed. In addition, the separation of dissolved metal ions in wastewater settings without the use of pressure driven gradients or external energy supply membrane technologies is highlighted. Furthermore, DMP distinctive configurations and operational factors are explored and the prospects of integrating them into the wastewater treatment plants are recommended.
Highlights
Metals, heavy metals in effluent and sludge discharges from anthropogenic sources such as households, agriculture, manufacturing and process industries, are of major concern to environmental regulators [1,2,3]
The current work was inspired by the lack of a framework and methodological based analysis that extracts the various Donnan membrane processes (DMPs) phases for the selective recovery and removal of metal ions
Different commercially available Nafion membranes for possible DMP studies and their respective properties are presented in Table 2 [100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107]
Summary
Heavy metals in effluent and sludge discharges from anthropogenic sources such as households, agriculture, manufacturing and process industries, are of major concern to environmental regulators [1,2,3]. Ion exchange for the removal, recovery and reuse of metals is a widely known and effective treatment process. It is a selective, reversible and stoichiometric method that involves the displacement of ionic species by another ionic species in the exchanger [8]. The current work was inspired by the lack of a framework and methodological based analysis that extracts the various DMP phases for the selective recovery and removal of metal ions. The activation of CEMs prior to usage in a DMP system is essential to achieve a high membrane hydration It ensures the setting up of transport pathways for the permeation of ions. Other procedures use NaOH neutralization in between two acid conditioning steps that alternate between HCl and H2SO4 at different treatment times and temperatures, including room temperature, for the same membrane [69,70]
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