Relocation Patterns Research Articles

Sago games: Cooperation and change among sago producers of Papua New Guinea

In 1986–1987 at a small community in lowland Papua New Guinea, residents with greater rights to local land (owners) produced more sago flour than residents with fewer rights to that land (guests) and shared their produce with the latter. This behavior was interpreted as a case of reciprocal altruism on the understanding that customary patterns of settlement relocation would have the outcome that individuals would often change status as owners or guests and, hence, as donors and recipients. Recent influences resulting in greater stability of community composition and location have reduced the likelihood that individuals could expect to change status vis à vis others. Thus, the central condition for reciprocal altruism has been lost, and we predicted that individuals would alter their behavior in relation to sago production. Four predictions regarding the expected directions of change in effort and patterns of association were supported by data obtained in 1995, and the magnitude of three of these changes was substantial. We conclude that behavior observed in 1986–1987 qualified as reciprocal altruism and discuss it in terms of the repeated prisoner's dilemma. While unable to establish the particulars of rules, mechanisms, or logistics that shaped the actual probability of reciprocation, we have established that once the potential for reciprocation was lost the “sago game” broke down.

Career Choices of Recent Special Education Graduates Holding Doctoral Degrees

The supply of and demand for special education professionals in institutions of higher education (IHEs) has been studied since 1986, and the results of these studies indicate a great imbalance in the supply and demand for special education faculty. Because the field faces a substantial shortage, this research facused on the career choices of new special education doctoral graduates. Doctoral graduates from 3 year period were surveyed to determine their demographic make-up, where they took positions, and their relocation patterns to attend doctaral pragrams and to take their first positions We found that 42% of new graduates did not take positions in IHEs after completing their doctoral studies. Although 58% took jobs in IHEs, only 37% accepted positions as tenure-track faculty members. Also, new graduates did not change their career goals from their admission into their doctoral pragram, and those taking positions in IHEs were more likely to move to accept a position.

Elderly migration and its implications for service provision in rural communities: an Ontario perspective

Abstract Following a discussion of the role of migration in the aging of rural populations and of consequent implications for service provision in rural communities, a case study featuring demographic and service use data for Grey County, Ontario, is presented. Cohort Survival Analysis of census data for the period 1971–1986 indicates a consistent net in-migration of elderly into the county and a complex but predictable pattern of elderly relocation from townships to villages and towns within Grey. The demographic analysis is complemented and extended by the examination of survey data on the residential history and service use of a sample of elderly residents drawn from two communities in Grey County. The survey results provide valuable clues for the interpretation of the demographic analysis and reveal residential history to be a potentially important pre-condition of dependence on formal services intended for the maintenance of elderly persons in the community. The paper concludes with a discussion of the need for local analysis of migration impacts and of the relationship between such impacts and longstanding problems of rural service provision.

Older widows and the transference of home.

A relocation pattern, as indicated by a sample of older widows as they relocated from homes previously shared with their husbands to a metropolitan Phoenix life care facility, is presented. The suggested pattern is illuminated with quotes at each identified stage, revealing the individuals' inner feelings and motivations at those times. Characterized by relatively high income and educational levels, personal independence and prior careers, the sample is more representative of future women than those of their own age cohort. It is felt that these attributes were conducive to their apparently successful relocation.

The impact of relocation on social relationships in a ‘betterment’ area in Transkei∗

Agricultural ‘betterment’ schemes affecting Blacks in rural Southern Africa have frequently involved residential relocation and the reorganization of patterns of land use on the one hand, and negative social and economic effects on the other. In this paper the documented social effects of ‘betterment’ in Ciskei and Transkei are reviewed, with a view to predicting the consequences of the current implementation of such a scheme in part of the Willowvale district, Transkei. In both respects an attempt is made to relate the social consequences of betterment to (a) the impact of residential relocation and changing patterns of land use on forms of community organization and co‐operation, and (b) the way in which it is experienced by those affected.

Sex differences in institutional relocation patterns of older patients.

This article discusses sex differences in the relocation patterns of thirty-seven alert, institutionalized patients who were personally interviewed over a ten month period prior to and following a forced relocation. Trends indicate that while males scored slightly higher levels of mental alertness, females appeared to be better suited to life in the institution. The appropriateness of institutional life for males and for individuals retired from active, demanding professions is indicated as an area for future study. Application of these and similar findings in counseling situations is also an area of concern.

Changing families and changing mobility: Their impact on the central city

Urban scholars and planners look to evidence of recent gains in the number of nontraditional households as a potential source of increase to the population sizes and tax bases of declining central cities. While it is now well established that substantial gains in the numbers of small, nontraditional households have occurred since the 1950s, it has not been demonstrated that: (a) these households are more likely to relocate in the city than traditional family households (husband-wife with children under 18); or (b) their cityward relocation patterns will significantly alter trends toward smaller city household populations. This paper addresses these questions by examining changes in city-suburb migration stream rates by household type over periods 1955-60, 1965-70 and 1970-75 for large metropolitan areas, and assesses their implications for potential changes in the aggregate sizes of city household populations.

Immigrants in an Unfamiliar Environment: Locational Decision-Making Under Constrained Circumstances

A major reason for the lack of an adequate theoretical base underlying research into migration is because many studies to date have neglected the behavioural aspects of the decision-making process. This study of a group of intra-urban migrant households in an unfamiliar environment examines the effect of selected variables on the learning process and formation of an individual's cognitive representation, and the way in which spatial biases in the overt patterns of behaviour are manifested as a function of this intervening behavioural process. The results from the study clearly demonstrate that initial location in a previously unknown urban environment, length of time for learning to take place, and ethnic status are factors which influence the formation of an individual's cognitive frame of reference, and are reflected in overt patterns of relocation behaviour in space. These findings support the proposition that an adequate explanation of the migration process and patterns of behaviour in space will eventuate only when the role of behavioral considerations in the human decisionmaking process are more clearly defined and understood. While much of the emphasis in the wealth of literature relating to migration has been on examining migration patterns in terms of structural variables, such as age selectivity, educational and occupational differentials, there has been a lack of concern with the behavioural processes, such as learning and attitude formation, which influence the relationship between people and their environment. This neglect has induced researchers in the past to make considerable, possibly unwarranted, inferential leaps in providing explanations of human behaviour in space (Golledge, 1970). This paper seeks to demonstrate the importance of incorporating behavioural considerations in an explanation of relocation patterns of intra-urban migrant households in an unfamiliar environment. In particular, this study attempts to identify the extent to which initial location in space, length of time, and ethnic differences affect the learning process and formation of an individual's cognitive representation, and the way in which spatial biases in overt patter s of behaviour are manifested as a function of this intervening behavioural process.

An analysis of firm relocation patterns in metropolitan Denver, 1974?76

This paper examines geographic patterns of firm relocation in the Denver metropolitan area and factors responsible for the decision to move. A sample of 106 manufacturing, commercial, and service enterprises that relocated between 1974 and 1976 are analyzed. Major relationships between selected business operational characteristics, distance moved, and reasons for relocation are discussed. A comparative analysis of firms is undertaken to examine significant differences in relocation and new site selection factors by origin-destination, type of industry, and type of operation. Firm growth is identified as the primary stimulus for relocations and as an important force limiting spatial searches for alternative locations. Market centrality, site economics, and agglomeration economies are shown to be major constraints governing the selection of new sites. Several major issues associated with governmental policy influences upon firm relocations are considered briefly within the context of the empirical results.

Housing Relocation and Family Social Integration Patterns

Abstract This study is concerned with the effect of relocating blue-collar families in higher-status neighborhoods. Interview data from recently mobile blue-collar families in a midwestern area show that when blue-collar families move into higher-status neighborhoods, family relations are strained and traditional blue-collar friendship patterns intensified: points which have implications for agencies involved in relocating segments of the urban poor.

Book Review: Population Redistribution and Business Structure and Relocation Patterns: Rhode Island 1929–1958

Book Review: Population Redistribution and Business Structure and Relocation Patterns: Rhode Island 1929–1958