Religious Works Research Articles

Socio-economic Profile of Labour and Owners of Enterprises: A Case Study from Rural Non-farm Sector of Punjab

In the non-farm sector people are employed in two ways, either they work as laborers in rural enterprises or they have their own rural enterprises. Around 8.6% people are illiterate, 27% have completed primary education, 33.3% have completed Matriculation examination(10th), 17.9% have completed secondary education(S Sec) , 12.1% are graduates and 1.2% are above graduates. Majority of schedule caste workers are engaged in activities like Aaganwadi and Asha worker, Auto-mobile repair, Brick Kiln worker, casual worker, domestic worker, factory labour and religious work. On the other hand, general category workers are engaged in activities like Govt. Job Regular, Medicine, and shop labour. On the other hand either OBC workers are engaged in traditional activities like carpenter and workshop labour or as drivers and in shops As per our analysis, less than 2% people have dependency ratio of 1 person, 49.1% respondents have dependency ratio of between 1 to 3 persons, and 42.6%respondents have dependency ratio of 3 to 5 persons and 7% people have dependency ratio of above 5 persons.

CONTEMPLATION ON RELIGIOUS WORK ETHICS IN 'THE PURSUIT OF HAPPYNESS' AND 'DOA YANG MENGANCAM'

The two films The Pursuit of Happyness (2006) and Doa yang Mengancam (2008) as the representations of Protestant and Muslim communities both demonstrate significant implications toward the dynamics of work ethics. The problem addressed by this comparison of two cinematic works is the influences of two different religious values on personal work ethics. The foundation of comparative literature paradigm is the idea that by studying literary works from various cultural and linguistic contexts, we can better understand how historical and cultural situations form human experiences--in this case, religious work ethics--occur. The aim of this research is to compare the representation of work ethics within the two main characters in the films as influenced by their respective religious values. The theory used for solving the case is Stuart Hall's (1997) representation theory by using the constructivism paradigm (symbolic, image, discursive, and myth function) with qualitative research method. The findings show that Chris, as a Protestant, has higher work ethics than Madrim, a young Muslim, according to Max Weber's Protestant Ethic principles. However, this situation has an impact on the Protestant’s attitude which is more materialistic than that of the Muslim which shows an equality between worldly wealth and good deeds in the afterlife.

Aksara Pegon dan Transmisi Keilmuan Islam: Potret dari Pesantren Babakan Ciwaringin Cirebon

The Pegon script has long and massively been used as a medium for the transmission of Islamic knowledge, primarily in Java at least up to both 18th-19th centuries AD. In the 20th century AD, its use in general nevertheless declined, except in the pesantren world such as Pesantren Babakan Ciwaringin Cirebon. More than that, KH Muhammad Sanusi, one of its prime leaders, produced works in Javanese by using the Pegon script. This article focuses on three research problems including 1) the position of K.H. M. Sanusi in the network of Islamic intellectuals in Cirebon; 2) The role of K.H. M. Sanusi in the transmission of Islamic sciences through the Pegon script; and 3) the continuity of the use of the Pegon script up to the present. This article uses a qualitative approach based on the historical method comprising of four steps namely heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Data collection technique is carried out by literature study, observation, and interviews. The results of the research show that K.H. M. Sanusi is the main companion of K.H. Amin Sepuh and through the chain of the latter is he connected to the Cirebon based Islamic intellectual networks; K.H. M. Sanusi composed a number of books using the Pegon script and taught them to his pupils as a form of continuing the transmission of Islamic knowledge; The use of the pegon script continues to this day in the pesantren world as being proven in Pesantren Babakan Ciwaringin where a number of newly religious works using the Pegon script are existent and those works are even still used as sources for teaching Islamic knowledge.

Aksara Pegon dan Transmisi Keilmuan Islam: Potret dari Pesantren Babakan Ciwaringin Cirebon

The Pegon script has long and massively been used as a medium for the transmission of Islamic knowledge, primarily in Java at least up to both 18th-19th centuries AD. In the 20th century AD, its use in general nevertheless declined, except in the pesantren world such as Pesantren Babakan Ciwaringin Cirebon. More than that, KH Muhammad Sanusi, one of its prime leaders, produced works in Javanese by using the Pegon script. This article focuses on three research problems including 1) the position of K.H. M. Sanusi in the network of Islamic intellectuals in Cirebon; 2) The role of K.H. M. Sanusi in the transmission of Islamic sciences through the Pegon script; and 3) the continuity of the use of the Pegon script up to the present. This article uses a qualitative approach based on the historical method comprising of four steps namely heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. Data collection technique is carried out by literature study, observation, and interviews. The results of the research show that K.H. M. Sanusi is the main companion of K.H. Amin Sepuh and through the chain of the latter is he connected to the Cirebon based Islamic intellectual networks; K.H. M. Sanusi composed a number of books using the Pegon script and taught them to his pupils as a form of continuing the transmission of Islamic knowledge; The use of the pegon script continues to this day in the pesantren world as being proven in Pesantren Babakan Ciwaringin where a number of newly religious works using the Pegon script are existent and those works are even still used as sources for teaching Islamic knowledge.

Aesthetics of recognition in contemporary religious art

This paper presents the aesthetics of recognition as the most appropriate approach for discerning the religious potentiality (of a Christian nature) in a significant part of contemporary art. To do so, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms, functions, and forms of recognition, to distinguish between profane, sacred, and religious art, to critically analyze the aesthetic model of the Catholic Church rooted in the concept of Neoplatonic beauty, and to propose an alternative procedure. The alternative procedure serves two purposes: first, to reveal the religious aspect of a substantial segment of contemporary culture that has been largely overlooked; and second, to prevent the confusion that arises from the inclusion of religious works in churches and liturgies, giving the impression that they are sacred. Such confusion is widespread and detrimental to the sacramental experience of faith.

Spisy książek z akt notarialnych jako źródło do badań życia religijnego Żydów chełmskich pierwszej ćwierci XIX wieku (edycja dwóch przykładów)

Booklists from Notarial Records as a Valuable Source for Researching the Religious Life of Jews in Chełm during the First Quarter of the Nineteenth Century The article presents an edition of booklists extracted from notarial records focusing on two collections of Jewish religious books belonging to Dawid Wajnberg (ca. 1757–1824) and Nute Mojsze Rubinsztein (ca. 1783–1824), two merchants from Chełm. The records have been identified through historical transcriptions of the local Ashkenazi Hebrew, and the article examines the patterns found within these documents. One such pattern is the consistent placement of Talmud treatises at the beginning of the booklists, following the order of the Mishnah. The author stresses the fact that alongside essential Midrashic, Halakhic, and ethical works, there are also unusual books present, such as the Hebrew-Latin Liber Cosri by Yehuda Halevi (1075–1141), published in Basel in 1660. As a result, the article confirms the popularity of certain religious works in Eastern Europe at that time, and explores the significance of these unique items within the collections, considering their connection to the activities of Halakhic and Maskilic centers in the area.

Epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in China: an analysis of a national population-based field survey

BackgroundHuman cystic and alveolar echinococcosis are neglected tropical diseases that WHO has prioritized for control in recent years. Both diseases impose substantial burdens on public health and the socio-economy in China. In this study, which is based on the national echinococcosis survey from 2012 to 2016, we aim to describe the spatial prevalence and demographic characteristics of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis infections in humans and assess the impact of environmental, biological and social factors on both types of the disease.MethodsWe computed the sex-, age group-, occupation- and education level-specific prevalences of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis at national and sub-national levels. We mapped the geographical distribution of echinococcosis prevalence at the province, city and county levels. Finally, by analyzing the county-level echinococcosis cases combined with a range of associated environmental, biological and social factors, we identified and quantified the potential risk factors for echinococcosis using a generalized linear model.ResultsA total of 1,150,723 residents were selected and included in the national echinococcosis survey between 2012 and 2016, of whom 4161 and 1055 tested positive for cystic and alveolar echinococcosis, respectively. Female gender, older age, occupation at herdsman, occupation as religious worker and illiteracy were identified as risk factors for both types of echinococcosis. The prevalence of echinococcosis was found to vary geographically, with areas of high endemicity observed in the Tibetan Plateau region. Cystic echinococcosis prevalence was positively correlated with cattle density, cattle prevalence, dog density, dog prevalence, number of livestock slaughtered, elevation and grass area, and negatively associated with temperature and gross domestic product (GDP). Alveolar echinococcosis prevalence was positively correlated with precipitation, level of awareness, elevation, rodent density and rodent prevalence, and negatively correlated with forest area, temperature and GDP. Our results also implied that drinking water sources are significantly associated with both diseases.ConclusionsThe results of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of geographical patterns, demographic characteristics and risk factors of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in China. This important information will contribute towards developing targeted prevention measures and controlling diseases from the public health perspective.Graphical

Occupational variation in the incidence of lip cancer in the Nordic countries

Introduction While certain occupations, such as agriculture and fishery, have been associated with an increased risk of lip cancer, the occupational risk profile of lip cancer and its change over time remain poorly known. This study aims to evaluate the incidence of lip cancer across different occupations in the Nordic countries. Methods The Nordic Occupational Cancer Study (NOCCA) covers 14.9 million people and includes 45 years of cancer incidence data, from 1961 to 2005, linked to occupational categories for all the five Nordic populations. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to quantify the risk of lip cancer across occupational categories relative to the entire national populations. Results There were a total of 14,477 male and 3008 female lip cancer patients identified during follow up. The highest SIRs were observed among male fishermen (SIR 2.26, 95% CI: 2.04–2.50), gardeners (SIR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.48–1.72), and farmers (SIR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.55–1.66). A significantly reduced risk of lip cancer (SIR < 0.50) was observed among male physicians, teachers, religious workers, artistic workers, journalists, administrators, printers, waiters, and hairdressers. Among women, no occupations were associated with an increased risk of lip cancer. Conclusions The incidence of lip cancer varies widely between outdoor and indoor occupations. Occupations involving outdoor activity and exposure to sunlight show the most elevated SIRs.

Global Salafism Study of Roel Meijer's Views

This study aims to understand Roel Meijer's thoughts regarding Salafism, focusing on terms, doctrines, and their relation to politics and violence. Before 9/11, Salafism had not received significant attention from scholars. However, after this incident, Salafism and Wahhabism became important topics because they were related to political movements and violence in the name of religion. The method used in this study is Library Research with the Factual Historical Model, which examines the substance of the text that contains the thoughts and ideas of the figures as religious works as contained in the thoughts and works of the figures. Based on Roel Meijer's study, global Salafism originates from the inspiration of Wahhabism, founded by Muhammad bin 'Abd Wahab. Wahhabism has a doctrine of returning to the Koran and al-Hadith, purging monotheism from various polytheism, accepting ijtihad, and rejecting taqlid. The term "Salafi" refers to two groups: Salafi da'wah groups that are oriented towards improving individual, family, and community structures through da'wah and education, and Salafi groups that have the same goal but are politically inclined and tend to use violence, which is referred to as Salafi jihadis. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of Salafism, its doctrines, and its relation to politics and violence.

Philosophical and Religious Works of L.N. Tolstoy as a Starting Point in the Culture of the Silver Age

This paper examines the philosophical and religious creativity of the Great Russian writer and thinker Leo Tolstoy as a founder of national culture of the Silver Age. The author of this article argues that Tolstoy's works, both artistic and figurative, as well as his journalistic works, were imbued with religious content, which constituted the generic specificity of the culture of the Silver Age. For Tolstoy culture is based on spiritual and moral principles, which are inseparable from the Christian and religious foundation, which was the subject of this study. The aim of the paper was to identify and analyze such fundamental categories of Tolstoy's philosophy as Christian love and social nonviolence. Love according to Tolstoy is an emblematic fragment of the religious worldview, and non-resistance to evil by violence acts as a social and moral component, which is the only way to break the vicious circle of social and individual evil in human society. To prove his philosophical generalizations, Tolstoy makes extensive use of historical-cultural methodology and, as a rational thinker, uses the Cartesian paradigm of the priority of rationality and evidence. Tolstoy's unconditional faith is deeply rationalistic in character, as well illustrated by his commitment to moral utilitarianism or moral pragmatism. The problems and content of the article are relevant in light of the challenges that have become deeply pressing today in the upbringing of the younger generations. The conclusions of the work are significant not only in historical and philosophical terms, but they contribute to the substantiation of the idea of the importance of religious consciousness for contemporary Russian society.

Correction to: Modest Dress at Work as Lived Religion: Women’s Dress in Religious Work Contexts in Saudi Arabia and the UK

Correction to: Modest Dress at Work as Lived Religion: Women’s Dress in Religious Work Contexts in Saudi Arabia and the UK

Learning English for Faith Work: The Australian Experience of Non-Anglophone Catholic Missionaries

ABSTRACT The Catholic Church is the oldest religious institution in the West and the biggest Christian denomination in Australia. Its success is partly due to its sustained efforts to supply missionaries across the globe. While the traditional missionary paradigm involved Europe-born religious workers being sent to colonies, this flow has been reversed in recent years. Increasingly, priests from the Global South are serving in Global North churches. This reversal of mission flows involves shifting from learning peripheral languages to learning center languages. This shift has important, but little understood implications in this context where language learning has moral consequences. This qualitative study examines the English language learning experiences in Australia of missionaries from Asia, Africa, and Latin America, highlighting their language socialization practices, challenges, and ideologies. Findings contribute to theorizing Catholic missionaries as a community of practice whose language learning strategies and views are partly shaped by their religious identity.

WORK PRAY CODE: WHEN WORK BECOMES RELIGION IN SILICON VALLEY. By CarolynChen. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2022. . Pp. xiii + 254. Hardback, $27.95.

Religious Studies ReviewVolume 49, Issue 1 p. 88-89 Short Reviews of Recent Publications: New and Alternative Religious Movements WORK PRAY CODE: WHEN WORK BECOMES RELIGION IN SILICON VALLEY. By Carolyn Chen. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2022. . Pp. xiii + 254. Hardback, $27.95. First published: 24 April 2023 https://doi.org/10.1111/rsr.16327Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL No abstract is available for this article. Volume49, Issue1Special Issue: Unique Approaches to Christianity in Africa and BeyondMarch 2023Pages 88-89 RelatedInformation

Aesthetic Labor in Religious Contexts: Women Encountering Modest Dress in the Workplace in the UK and Saudi Arabia

This article explores how UK women encounter religious dress and behavior codes in religious work contexts. It compares two very different case studies: women working at faith-based organizations in the UK and women working for secular organizations who travel for work to Saudi Arabia. Using 65 semi-structured interviews, participant wardrobe photographs, and observation in regional modest fashion retail, the article analyzes women workers’ experience in religious contexts as a form of aesthetic labor. It investigates the gendered and religious components which structure women’s different responses to workplace modesty codes. Detailing the additional aesthetic and emotional labor demanded of women in crafting modest professional appearances in religious contexts, the research reveals continuities in how workplace modesty requirements impact on women’s occupational performance and sense of self. The conclusion argues that religion-related workplace modesty codes constitute a religiously-inflected form of organizational aesthetics that may operate simultaneously with, but be experienced differently from, secular-driven organizational aesthetics. We find that religious dress codes are arbitrated by the avoidance of shame, an affect accompanying the government of modesty for all involved. We find that organizations benefit from, but do not recognize or recompense, the additional aesthetic labor that modesty demands of women.

La actividad financiera del Monasterio de Silos en el siglo XVIII a la luz de sus libros de cuentas

El artículo, tras sintetizar las características del gobierno de los monasterios benedictinos, respecto a su actividad económica en general, analiza la actividad financiera desarrollada por el Monasterio de Silos en la Edad Moderna, y más en concreto durante el período comprendido entre 1665-1835. La riqueza documental de su Archivo, en cuanto a Libros de Cuentas se refiere, ha permitido el análisis, cuantificación e interpretación de dicha actividad. Se han podido extraer conclusiones acerca de la importancia absoluta y relativa de la misma en el conjunto de aportaciones que contribuyeron al desarrollo económico del Monasterio y su entorno durante el mencionado periodo. Para ello, en primer lugar, se ha analizado la principal operación financiera vinculada a una buena parte de la propiedad laica libre, cual fue la concesión y redención de créditos hipotecarios mediante censos. Esta información se ha extraído de los registros del Libro de Censos y sus correspondientes escrituras públicas notariales conservadas en el Archivo. Igualmente, y con el propósito de determinar la contribución y representatividad de esta actividad financiera sobre el total de rentas del Monasterio, se han estudiado los diferentes tipos de ingresos existentes, tanto los procedentes de la administración y gestión económica de los bienes propiedad del Monasterio –rentas de los censos, rentas de las tierras cedidas en explotación y productos de tierras y ganados obtenidos mediante la explotación directa-, como los procedentes de su condición eclesiástica y actividad religiosa –diezmos, sacristía y extraordinarios-. Este análisis se ha podido efectuar a partir de los registros y anotaciones efectuadas en los Libros de Mayordomía y Depósito. Por último, tras revisar los Libros de Consejos, seargumentan las razones que podrían justificar la permanencia de la actividad financiera en esta institución eclesiástica, así como las causas que pudieran explicar la necesidad de endeudamiento de los campesinos.

On the Question of the Cultural Role of the Russian Orthodox Church (on the Example of the Altai Spiritual Mission)

In this paper, the activity of the Altai Spiritual Mission (Western Siberia) is considered from the standpoint of the methodology of the culturological approach, the axiological paradigm and the interdisciplinary features of regionalism. The semantics of the term "mission" is analyzed in line with the topics stated in the work. It is indicated that the institute of Spiritual Missions in the aspect of the Christianization of peoples arose in the XVI century, and the understanding of the "Spiritual Mission" as a special church preaching institute in the XIX century due to the creation of the Altai model for other missions. The work also describes the history of creation and its originality, analyzes the activities that led to the following results, social and cultural transformations: the transition of the autochthonous population to the Orthodox faith (sedentary lifestyle, benefits, indulgences), versatile arrangement and organization of life (cultivation of land, the order of household life), education (literacy), the creation of an array of ethnographic, cultural and linguistic works that retain their uniqueness and relevance for researchers of the cultural origins of this region to this day. Of particular note is the creation of alphabets and the compilation of alphabets, which made it possible to translate the Gospel and other religious works into local languages. All this work has led to the emergence and growth of educational institutions and the spread of Russian culture. Translation activity is invaluable, which led to the acquisition of the spiritual culture of the Altai ethnic groups to historicity and its infusion into the Russian one.

The Impact of Spiritual Leadership and Motivational Leadership on Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Religious Performance: Evidence from Indonesian Islamic Schools

Integrated Islamic Kindergartens and Elementary Schools in Indonesia are highly influenced by Islam. However, some schools that aim to enhance religious performance and management still need to comprehend the role of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB). In addition, there has been scare research examining the interplay among spiritual leadership, motivational leadership, religious performance, and OCB in Islamic education context. Hence, this research focuses on the effect of OCB, spiritual leadership, and spiritual motivation on religious performance. The study uses a quantitative method through survey, and a proportional random sampling technique is applied to select 203 respondents, consisting of teachers and staffs. An online questionnaire measured using five-point likert scale is employed to elicit the required data. Path analysis multiple linear regression using SPSS program is further used to interpret the data. The results of data analysis indicate that spiritual motivation and leadership have a significant effect on OCB. Furthermore, spiritual motivation and leadership also significantly affect religious performance. The analysis suggests that an increase in spiritual motivation and leadership encourages OCB and leads to better religious performance in the long run. In a broader view, this research offers fruitful insights for Islamic schools in Indonesia to enhance teachers' and staffs' religious working performance.

Religious and Educational Activities in Vyatka Province in Second Half of 19th — Early 20th Centuries: Participation of Female Population in Religious Work

Based on archival materials and published sources, the problem of changing the status of women in the second half of the 19th — early 20th centuries using the example of the Vyatka province, primarily with the support of the clergy of the Vyatka diocese and as part of the inclusion of women in religious and educational activities is examined in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the interest in the problem of equality of rights and obligations, as well as opportunities for women and men. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the proportional ratio of the female population to the male population in cities and rural areas. The question of the place of a woman in the society of the Vyatka province, of new trends in terms of intensifying the struggle of women for their rights, first of all, the right to receive an education is raised in the article. The question is raised about the participation of the Vyatka clergy in solving the problem of creating educational institutions for women and getting jobs as teachers in schools. Based on the analysis of source materials, it is proved that, despite the patriarchal structure of the Vyatka society and the limited material resources of the Vyatka clergy, the female population of the Vyatka province got the opportunity not only to study, but also to work as teachers, thanks to which women, primarily from the peasant class, were able to receive certain autonomy and independence.

Observance by religious employees of the requirements for appearance and business etiquette established by the employer

In Russia, labor disputes are increasingly arising over the fundamental admissibility of employees observing the norms of the religion they profess, ethical teachings and the possibilities for obliging employers not to interfere with their observance by creating appropriate conditions for the use of labor. Law enforcement practice, in the absence of clear guidelines in the legislation, “disguises” such disagreements as disputes about dismissal for violation of labor laws, ignoring their true discriminatory nature. The article analyzes in detail one of the sections of the designated problem of reconciliation of labor and religion - the observance by religious workers of the requirements for the appearance and rules of business etiquette at the employer. Considering the problem, the author starts from the three main religious needs of the employee, which he seeks to satisfy in a controversial situation of contradiction between the employer's requirements and religious norms. Drawing extensively on materials from foreign practice and analyzing Russian legislation, the author comes to the following conclusions. The ability of an employee to satisfy a need such as the wearing of religious clothing, symbols, or other external manifestation of religious commitment will depend on what regulation is established by the employer in this regard. It also gives an assessment of the so-called policy of religious neutrality, established at the local level. As for the need for an employee to verbally express his religiosity and views, the employer has the right to prohibit such actions if they cause inconvenience to other employees or customers, threaten to lose customers, the image of the employer, and also to prevent proselytism in the team of employees. Finally, an employee for religious reasons may express a desire to refrain from participating in the employer's corporate events: coercion by the employer to the contrary clearly constitutes indirect discrimination.

Taylor McCall, The Art of Anatomy in Medieval Europe. London: Reaktion Books, 2023, 223 pp., 57 color and 15 b/w illus.

Due to their unjustified reputation as a time of ignorance and superstition, the Middle Ages do not come to mind when one thinks of advances in anatomy, or any kind of scientific knowledge. But in The Art of Anatomy in Medieval Europe, Taylor McCall (the managing editor of Speculum) clearly demonstrates that medieval thinkers were interested in anatomy, even if for reasons different from ours. McCall focuses on anatomical images in “educational texts,” which include both medical treatises and didactic religious works. While McCall admits that medieval anatomical images are not very common, enough exist to prove her contention that the study of anatomy antedated Andreas Vesalius’s publication of De Fabrica in 1543.