Religious Thought Research Articles

Muhammad Iqbal’s Innovative Project “The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam” in the Light of Typology of Eurasia Civilization-Specific Rationalities

Muhammad Iqbal’s Innovative Project “The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam” in the Light of Typology of Eurasia Civilization-Specific Rationalities

Language, Religion, and Modernity: Zaki Naguib Mahmud's Islamic Rationalism Philosophy

<p class="abstrak">This article aims to reveal the idea of renewing thought in the minds of Zaki Naguib Mahmud. The method used in this research is descriptive-qualitative and is included in the literature research. The process of collecting data in this study is by observing, in the sense of tracking various references that have relevance related to the focus of the study, such as his work entitled <em>Qishah al-Falsafah al-hadithah, Qisshah al-Falsafah al-Yunaniyah, Qisshatul Adab fi al-</em><em>‘A</em><em>lam</em> as well as from books, articles, and so on which function to support these data. The data analysis technique used in this research is the content analysis method. From the studies conducted, the linguistic revolution is the entrance to renewal. Zaki saw the need for a linguistic revolution. He offers to change from the tradition of words to the practice of work and from words to meaning. The renewal of religious thought offered by Zaki is an epistemological criticism of Islamic religious belief. Zaki invites us to examine and differentiate between Religion, Religious Knowledge, and Religious Thought. For Zaki, religion is sacred and sacred. Meanwhile, religious knowledge and thought are impure; they can be touched and criticized. Islamic thought turath is divided into two, <em>al-Ma</em><em>‘</em><em>qul</em> and <em>al-La Ma</em><em>‘</em><em>qul</em>. The attention of Muslims to the latter rather than the former and their narrow understanding has caused them to be backward. So serious attention is needed to the ma’qul side of classical Islamic heritage and reinterpreting the meaning of <em>al-La Ma’qul.</em></p>

ALIJA IZETBEGOVIĆ ‘S CONTRIBUTIONS TO SOCIO-POLITICAL

This paper explores the socio-political and religious thoughts of Alija Izetbegović, a Bosnian intellectual-turned-politician and one of the Islamic thinkers in ex-Yugoslavia in the 20th century. It applies descriptive and analytical methods to examine the contributions of Izetbegović in the socio-historical context, with particular reference to the Young Muslims movement. It studies the tribulations he endured due to persecution by the Communist Yugoslav authorities. Izetbegović's thought is a response to a twofold equally negative influence on Muslim intellectuals and leaders of the time – the traditionalists whose emphasis on rituals obstructed the reform and the modernists who blindly followed what Izetbegović considered un-Islamic sources. As a solution, Izetbegović advocated attaining personal freedom through education and establishing closer ties among Muslim countries from Indonesia to Morocco.

A NEXUS BETWEEN RELIGION, PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE With special reference to “The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam”

Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938) (Iqbal, D. J. 1979) is a well-known Muslim theologian, philosopher, mystic, political theorist, politician, and wisdom poet of the 20th century. He is also known as the architect of Pakistan. He contributed in both the mediums of prose and poetry. His poetry is in both the languages Urdu and Persian. Similarly, he wrote and delivered lectures in both Urdu and English. His major philosophical work is in English. The magnum opus of his philosophical work is ‘The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam’. This book consists of seven lectures. In the beginning, in 1924, he wrote an article on the concept of Ijtihad. He delivered it as a lecture on 13th December 1924 in Habibia Hall, Islamia College Lahore. Sheikh Abdul Qadir presided over the address. This lecture was warmly welcomed by Muslim intellectuals all over the subcontinent. The representative of the Madras Muslim Association Saith Jamal Ahmad invited Iqbal to deliver a series of lectures under the above-said title. He wrote and delivered six lectures in Madras in January 1929 and later at Hyderabad and Aligarh University. The 1st edition of this book was published in 1930 with six lectures. In 1932/1933 he visited England to participate in the second round table conference. During his stay in England at the request of Aristotelian Society London, he delivered a lecture under the title ‘Is Religion Possible?’ Later on, he included the above-mentioned lecture in the second edition of this book. The 2nd edition was published in 1934 by Oxford University Press. The problem of the relationship between religion, philosophy, and science was a subject of special interest to him. Although he discussed this issue in his wisdom poetry also but he systematically addressed it in this book which is his major philosophical contribution. This article is an effort to critically appreciate Allama Iqbal’s views on religion, philosophy, and science from the perspective of his philosophical discourse. Key Words: Religion, Philosophy, Science, Civilization, Reconstruction, Revelation, Reason

Bogowie jak ludzie. Ludzkie cechy i umiejętności bogów starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu. Część II

Biblical texts attribute the same activities and features to biblical gods Yahweh and Jesus, as other – and mostly older – texts of Ancient Near East attribute to other gods. Almost all features and activities of non-biblical gods have been transfered to biblical gods. It means that Ancient Near East religious thinkers shared mostly common worldview. Our analysis undermines opinion of uniqueness of Judaism and Christianity. Such view is false, it is creation of Jewish and Christian theologians. One cannot find supprot to the view in written sources.

Христианский взгляд на обращение с животными: критика П. Сингера

P. Singer is called one of the most influential living philosophers in the world, and one of the most controversial. The author of "Animal Liberation", "Practical Ethics", "Famine, Affluence, and Morality" created his own project of preference utilitarianism, in which he placed animals as moral subjects equal to man. In this, he questions Christian anthropocentrism: a human in his system of ethics is intrinsically no better than a chimpanzee or a dog. He recognizes the uniqueness of all species, speaking out against speciesism (discrimination on grounds of species). Singer's ethics is completely independent of religion. Raising issues related to abortion, euthanasia, animal rights, etc., the philosopher inevitably arrived to confrontation with Christian ethics and religious worldview in general. Religion, especially Christianity, plays a significant role in his works, since he considers many of the provisions of Christianity: the special position of humans in the natural world, the attitude to the sanctity of life - to be morally problematic. The article analyzes Peter Singer's critical theses on the Christian religion, including Christian ethics. The second section considers the responses of a number of modern religious thinkers to Singer's criticism of Christianity. In conclusion, the arguments of both sides are analyzed, their strengths and weaknesses are outlined, involving a broader tradition of secular-religious dispute. Conclusions are made about the validity of P. Singer's criticism of religion. Although said criticism is broadly integrated into the works of the philosopher, it is hardly a focus point - rather a tool to solidify Singer's position on practical questions like abortion, euthanasia, animal rights, etc. The negative attitude to religion has roots in Singer's early acquaintance with the Bible and the unhappy past of his family (two of the philosopher's grandparents died in concentration camps). The question of the meaninglessness of suffering largely determines the philosophy and practical ethics of P. Singer. Arguing with theologians, he most often resorts to the classical argument from evil. Singer's criticism of Christian religion is limited, reduced to the problem of the meaninglessness of suffering, the Euthyphron dilemma, criticism of the sanctity of human life, the "dominion" of man over nature. With the exception of a detailed analysis of the bias of Christianity against animals, the criticism is not original.

Символизм Вячеслава Иванова и Андрея Белого в свете предикативной концепции Людмилы Гоготишвили

This article analyzes theoretical approaches of Russian religious thinkers (Vyacheslav Ivanov and Andrey Bely) to the linguistic and metaphysical comprehension of symbol. It is shown that this approaches to the symbol can be considered in view of the linguo-philosophical concept of predicativity. In this regard, Lyudmila Gogotishvili's predicative concept of the symbol is used in the article as a methodological toolkit. It has been substantiated that, within the framework of this concept, the expression transcendental sense in the name and by myth predicativity turns out to be fundamental. A hypothesis is put forward that these corrections make it possible to evaluate the linguo-philosophical features of various approaches to the symbol within the tradition of Russian symbolism. The article carries out an extrapolation of Gogotishvili's linguophilosophical approaches to a comparative analysis of Vyacheslav Ivanov and Andrey Bely's symbolism, which differ primarily in their evaluation of ontological status of sense expressed by symbol. On the basis of the analysis carried out, it is concluded that Vyacheslav Ivanov's symbolism is associated with the predicative expression of transcendent sense in language through an unconventional myth, and Andrey Bely's symbolism is associated with the subject-predicative conventional connection of linguistic units through a metaphor. On the basis of methodology in question it is also shown that Andrey Bely's symbolism, in contrast to Vyacheslav Ivanov's symbolism, is not inclined to expressing the transcendent sense, but designates an immanent presence of the sense in the language space.

PSYCHORELIGIOUS DIMENSIONS ON THERAPY PERSPECTIVE IN THE MIDDLE OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

This paper examines the psychoreligious dimensions in a therapy perspective, which can be performed on people affected and those who are not affected by the 2019 corona virus (Covid-19), because pandemic situations often cause social chaos, and are often even discovered from religious thought and the socio-religious community. The kind of research in this paper is library research, using a qualitative-philosophical approach. The data were analyzed by using the Religious Cognitive Emotional Theory (RCET). This study found; first, physical healing efforts require realistic religious thinking to explain that the purpose and meaning of their life is very important, and keeping the body healthy is the most important teaching of religion. Second, the therapy process can be carried out by the therapists by directing clients into three main dimensions: psycho-religious, cognitive-religious, and spiritual-religious. The findings in this study contribute to increasing the treasures of thought in therapy disciplines in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Social Effects of The Outbreak (Covid-19): Religious Thought and Its Reflections to Life (Example of Afyonkarahisar)

Bu çalışma, içinde bulunduğumuz 21. yüzyılda küresel dünyada insanlığın şahit olduğu en büyük salgın afetlerden olan Covid-19'un, toplumların ve bireylerin dini düşünce ve yaşantıya etkilerini Afyonkarahisar örneğinde ele almaktadır. Çalışma salgınla birlikte ortaya çıkan olay, olgu ve sorunların toplumların ve bireylerin dini düşünce ve yaşantısına olan etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yürütülmüştür. Araştırma, salgın süreci ve sonrasında bireysel veya sosyal açıdan ortaya çıkan davranış ve düşünce değişiklerini ele almaktadır. Yani araştırmada salgının sosyal ve duygusal etkilerine odaklanılmıştır. Giriş ve sonuç kısmı dışında iki bölümden oluşan araştırmanın birinci bölümünde, tarihi süreç içerisinde salgınlar ve özellikle Covid-19 salgınının ortaya çıkışı ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca salgının Türkiye'deki seyri, toplumsal hayata etkileri ve alınan önlemler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu bölümde daha çok güncel veriler ve değişkenler üzerinde konu genişletilmiştir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde ise salgının dini ve sosyal boyutu 32 katılımcı ile yapılan derinlemesine mülakatlar sonucunda ulaşılan bulgular çerçevesinde incelenmiştir. Bu bölümde daha çok dini göstergeler üzerinden hareket edilmiştir.

Analysis of the Economic Potential of Bangka Belitung Islamic Boarding Schools

Pondok Pesantren, the oldest traditional Islamic education institution, grows independently and develops among Muslims in Indonesia. The existence of pesantren has an important role as a pioneer in the spread of Islamic teachings in Indonesia. Islamic boarding schools have three main functions that are always carried out: First, as a center for the regeneration of religious thinkers. Second, as an institution that produces human resource cadres. Third, as an institution that has the power to empower the community. This study aims to analyze the economic potential of Islamic boarding schools, especially in Bangka Belitung. This research uses quantitative methods. The total population in this study was 34 Islamic boarding schools. The data used in this study were primary data. The data were collected through a questionnaire and then went through validity, reliability, and classical assumption tests. The results of this study indicate that the business potential of Islamic boarding schools in Bangka Belitung is very good. This can be seen from the research results showing that 91.18% have business potential, while those who do not have potential are 2.94%, and those with no sure business potential are 5.88%. Human resources (HR) potential in Islamic boarding schools are very good. This can be seen from the educational background, which reaches 74% for undergraduate, 3% for diploma III, and 23% are still at the elementary and high school level.

Mohammed Arkoun’s Thought on Sharia Deconstruction: A Historical and Anthropological Approach

This article explores Mohammad Arkoun’s thoughts on understanding Islamic Sharia in the modern world. Arkoun’s thought differs from previous Islamic thinkers in analyzing Islamic texts. Arkoun exceeded the limit of traditional Islamic studies by utilizing several elements from Modern Western philosophy, social sciences, and humanities. Arkoun took this effort to realize his ambition, which was the combination of valuable thoughts from Islamic notions and modern philosophy. In the philosophy of Islamic law, the combination in line with the particular theorem stated: “al-muhāfaẓah `alā al-qadīm al-ṣālih wa al-akhdzu `alā al-jadīd al-aṣlah” (literary means keeping good old traditions and adopting a new better ones). Islamic sharia should be related to historical context. According to Arkoun, the traditional and textual paradigm in understanding Islamic sharia leads people to misunderstand Quranic interpretation. People sanctify Islamic thoughts instead of understanding the substantial meaning behind the Quranic texts. Arkoun called this phenomenon “taqdīs al-Afkār ad dīniyyah” (sanctifying religious thoughts). This study finds that Arkoun’s thoughts are close to an anthropological and historical approach. The Quranic interpretation has to look at both universal and particular texts of the Quran by deconstructing the logic and discourse that underlay the emergence of these texts.
 
 Keywords: Muhammad Arkoun, Quranic interpretation, sharia deconstruction, historical and anthropological approach.

PRIORITY DIRECTIONS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH H. V. FLOROVSKY IN THE «ODESA» PERIOD OF LIFE: PHILOSOPHY, PSYCHOLOGY, BIBLIOGRAPHY, PHYSIOLOGY

The article attempts to consider the nature of the formation of priority areas of scientific activity and spiritual formation in the «Odesa» period of the life of the religious thinker, theologian, philosopher, historian, Orthodox priest, activist of the ecumenical movement and one of the founders of the World Council of Churches. His name is H. V. Florovsky. On the basis of previously not introduced into scientific circulation historical sources located in the State Archive of the Odesa Region, Princeton University Library and a layer of published sources and scientific literature, many new facts of the biography were discovered and inaccuracies and incorrect data regarding the main events of the scientist’s life were eliminated. Both general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction) and special historical methods became the main methods of researching the life and intellectual work of H. V. Florovsky. The historical-genetic method made it possible to recreate the creative portrait of the scientist within the chronological framework of the period under study. The historical-comparative method was used to highlight what was new, which the scientist brought to the study of humanitarian fields of knowledge. Chronological, historical-biographical methods, techniques of historiographical and source analysis were also used. The essence and role of the main components of the scientist’s personality, which later determined the success of his professional activity, were revealed. It has been proven that the family played a significant role in the formation of H. V. Florovsky’s personality. The main milestones of life and spiritual formation are presented through the prism of his studies, work and scientific activity at the Imperial Novorossiysk University. The importance of the obtained results lies in the fact that, on the basis of archival material and scientific literature, the formation of scientific priorities and scientific and pedagogical experience of a scientist, a component of ensuring the relationship of traditions and innovations in the development of humanitarian knowledge, are analyzed. It has been established that the defining topic in the comprehensive study of the «Odesa» period of H. V. Florovsky should be the further research of the scientist’s creativity against the background of the specific circumstances of his biography.

Opportunities and Challenges of Rationalization of Religious Thought

Vahye dayalı dinlerin toplumsal kabulleniş ve coğrafi yayılışıyla birlikte, onların sosyal değerler, kurumlar ve dönemin bilimsel anlayışlarıyla olan ilişkisi de tartışılmaya başlamıştır. İslam düşüncesi tarihinde süreç aklileşme dönemi olarak bilinmektedir. Akılla vahiy, felsefeyle din arasındaki epistemik münasebetler İslam dininin ortaya çıkışından itibaren kabul ve reddiyelerle süregelmiştir. Çalışmamız, İslam’ın erken dönemlerindeki dini inancın rasyonelleşme sürecinde cahiliyye zihin yapısı, kabilecilik ve ümmilik gibi sosyo-kültürel engellerin yanı sıra, ulema ve ümeranın bilimsel merakı, kısa sürede genişleyen fetih harekâtı, çeviriler gibi aklîleşmeyi mümkün kılan etkenleri konu almaktadır. Rasyonelleşme sürecinde yaşanan ihtiyaç, imkân ve zorlukları ortaya çıkarmaya çalıştığımız makalemizdin amacı, günümüzde de yaşanan benzer ihtiyaç, imkân ve engellerin erken dönem kaynaklı olduğunu gö(ste)rmek ve dönemin koşullarını dikkate almadan güncel bazı sorunların çözülemeyeceğine işaret etmektir. Bu anlamda, makalemizi hazırlarken gerek erken ve orta çağların tarihsel verilerine, gerekse de bu süreci anlaşılır kılacak analitik yöntemlere başvurduk.

Põrkuvad „ilmamaad“ 17. sajandi Liivimaal / Clashing “Weatherlands” in 17th-century Livonia

Johannes Gutslaffi 1644. aastal ilmunud teos „Lühike teade ja õpetus“ ja selles sisalduv „pikse palve“ kuuluvad Eesti varauusaegsete tüvitekstide hulka. Lugedes seda keskkonnahumanitaaria vaatenurgast, saavad ilmsiks seni tähelepanuta jäänud kliimaajaloolised kihistused ja seosed. Artikkel väidab, et „Lühike teade ja õpetus“ on üks varasemaid siinmail ilmunud teoloogilisi käsitlusi ekstreemsetest ilmastikutingimustest 17. sajandil. Raamatus on kirjeldatud esimest teadaolevat ilmastikutingimustest põhjustatud mässu Balti ajaloos. Artikkel pakub seega esimesi tõlgendusi Balti nn „ilmamaade“ sügavamatest kihtidest ning analüüsib „kliimamässu“ tekkimise probleeme, kasutades selleks keskkonnahumanitaaria ja kliimaajaloo metoodikat.
 Summary
 Johannes Gutslaff’s Kurtzer Bericht und Unterricht Von der Falsch-heilig genandten Bäche in Lieffland Wöhhanda ('Short Report and Lesson on the Võhandu River, Wrongly Regarded as Sacred in Livonia') that was printed in 1644, and the “Thunder prayer” included in it belong to the main corpus of Early Modern texts in Estonia. Hitherto, this material has been interpreted mostly from the perspective of cultural history. Reading the text from an environmental humanities perspective, we claim that so far unrecognised layers and connections to climate history can be found in it: the book and can be read as a scholarly piece about changing climate conditions and their different interpretations.
 Kurtzer Bericht belongs among Baltic theological reflections written in German about the extreme weather in the 17th century, which was marked globally by rapidly worsening climatic conditions and social unrest caused by these. In Gutslaff’s book we can also find a detailed description of the first climate-caused uprising in Baltic history known so far. In the Early Modern period, or during the peak of the “Little Ice Age”, the Baltic region, similarly to the rest of the world, was affected by a wider trend of cooling, with extreme fluctuations of temperature and precipitation proving to be the biggest problem for peasants growing crops. A look at climate history, however, makes it clear that cultural or social reactions need not be linked to particularly extreme weather phenomena, as they can culminate and explode at a favourable later moment. Climate does not dictate cultural behaviour, but the latter’s interweaving with climate needs to be studied more broadly on the basis of the existing regional sources. 
 When looking for traces concerning climate in Baltic German religious literature, we can contextualise Gutslaff’s text as belonging to Early Modern “weatherlands” (Tim Ingold) that transgress cultural and regional borders. The article offers first interpretations of the clashing Baltic early modern “weatherlands”, combining methods deriving from literary scholarship, environmental humanities and climate history. The interconnectedness of climate and culture makes it possible to see the challenges climate change poses to culture and social order. Thus weather can be a mirror of relationships and a “moral barometer” of society that can measure not only the state of relations between God and people or society, but also the tensions between people. According to such an interpretation, weather plays almost as significant a role in religious thinking as do measuring instruments in secular science. As weather phenomena are loaded with different societal and religious meanings, explosive conflicts can emerge in climatically extreme times, showing the tension between different layers of society. Conflicts around weather and climate can therefore be seen as inevitable in periods of climatic challenges.
 Johann Gutslaff's Kurzer Bericht is placed among the theological-meteorological literature that had spread across Europe and can be traced back to the Antiquity and the Bible. As phenomena related to vernacular religion are of a cross-ethnic nature and with migratory motivations, it is no wonder that the rebellion by the Võhandu was not limited to ethnically Estonian peasants, but linked representatives of different linguistic and social layers. It can be noticed that in interpreting the events Gutslaff attempted to attribute the power and competence to change the weather only to God, and the ability to react to the weather changes only to upper classes – the agency of peasants in reacting to climatic extremes was not taken seriously. They were left alone with their concerns caused by climate change due to the lack of a societal process of addressing climate fears. It was from here that the potential for the conflict that exploded on the banks of the Võhandu derived.
 The article shows that combined analysis of historical, cultural and natural sources that was started in Estonia about half a century ago, but has been forgotten due to the complexity of the phenomenon and for ideological reasons, is needed to explain the connection between climate and culture.
 

Manajemen Pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam dalam Membentuk Akhlakul Karimah Siswa

This study aims to describe how planning, organizing, implementing and evaluating the learning management of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) in shaping the morals of students at SMPIT Khoiru Ummah Rejang Lebong. This research is a qualitative research in the form of developmental research, using interviews and observations to obtain data. The results of this study indicate that; First, learning management includes planning (Planning), organizing (organizing), implementation (actuating), evaluation (Controlling) in the good category, carried out on the basis of religious thinking and then developed at SMPIT by practicing religious values ​​that are believed and carried out in daily life. -day, and is carried out by utilizing additional hours in extracurricular activities. Second, the implementation pattern of PAI learning management is very unique, such as the application of religious culture at SMPIT Khoiru Ummah Rejang Lebong through the culture of greetings, excuses, sorry and thank you, and complete reading and writing of the Koran, dhuha prayer, dhuhur prayer in congregation, istighosah and joint prayer, commemoration of Islamic holidays, imtaq and tadarrus al-Qur'an activities, prayer together at the beginning and end of lessons, handshakes between school members, and the use of Muslim and Muslim clothing. In conclusion, PAI learning management in shaping the morals of students at SMPIT Khoiru Ummah starts from planning (planning), organizing (organizing), implementing (acting), and evaluating (Controlling) all of which are in the good category to shape the morals of students through planting activities. -activities and application of religious culture.
 
 Keywords: Student Morals, Learning Management

The Cambridge Companion to Eighteenth-Century Thought, ed. Frans De Bruyn

<i>The Cambridge Companion to Eighteenth-Century Thought</i>, ed. Frans De Bruyn

ARTISTIC STRUCTURE OF THE TEXT

The article analyzes the semantics and structure of a literary text. When writing a work, the author enters into a dialogue with the reader. This is such a complex process of communication, where different outlooks meet. The author builds a second language on top of the existing native language. A literary text is a form and expression of the author's thoughts in words. At the same time, the author's national, linguistic and religious thinking is of paramount importance. Man is considered a biological and social being, which is reflected in the text. When analyzing a work, the author's style, worldview, perception of the world is reflected in the text to one degree or another. When analyzing a work, three discourses are distinguished: the author, the text and the reader. The text of a work of art is a multi-layered and multi-valued device. Text is a means of communication and contains such meanings as message, information, confirmation, negation, relation. The analysis of a work according to a literary text does not allow criticism to be distracted. Reader who receives incoming thoughts. The analysis of any work leads us to understanding the author's intention and understanding the meanings.

Buying a God in Paris: Cultural Hybridity in the Thinking of Yuri Vella, Forest Nenets Intellectual

Abstract This paper analyses highly creative and hybrid practices which tie the Indigenous Siberian, European Christian and Soviet worlds in unexpected ways. Reflecting on the Forest Nenets reindeer herder, poet and intellectual Yuri Vella’s understanding of the religious, the authors discuss an episode of turning an icon-like painting of Madonna with Child into a Nenets ‘god’. This took place in Paris half a year before Yuri’s death. First, we present his short biography, emphasising the key moments that shaped his cosmological and religious sensibilities. Then we depict a ritual of ‘god-making’ by using the ethnographic technique of thick description and then comment on it from various angles and discuss what they reveal about Yuri’s understanding of personhood and agency, relations with deities and other humans. Finally, we explain how animist notions and Christian elements become entangled in his religious thinking.

Hardboiled Hysterics: Shell Shock and Tough Guys inThe Maltese Falcon, 1929/1941

Hardboiled Hysterics: Shell Shock and Tough Guys in<i>The Maltese Falcon</i>, 1929/1941

The Role of Religious Thought in Interdisciplinary “Law and Literature” Studies

AbstractThis essay traces the intense interrelatedness of the three discourses that we now consider distinct but that ask similar questions about the existential value of life and the relationship between spiritual and temporal matters. Law, literature, and theology address crucial and complementary issues of epistemology—that is, questions of evidence-based knowledge and how we ground our ethical deliberations on these evidential foundations.