Religious Grounds Research Articles

Migration Crisis: Concept and Criteria

The article examines the concept of “migration crisis” in the context of other types of crises (economic, demographic, financial and others). The author gives a definition of the migration crisis in a narrow and broad context. The scientific literature was dominated by the approach to understanding the migration crisis through the prism of the migration situation in 2015-2016 in Europe, which was due to the massive influx of refugees and economic migrants from the Middle East, South Asia and Africa to the countries of the European Union. It is proposed that the migration crisis should also be considered for countries with a massive outflow of migrants. The study identifies the criteria for migration crises, including migration inflow (outflow) of the population in a relatively short period; ineffectiveness of traditional instruments of migration policy; activation of informal actors of the migration market, which fill the gaps of ineffective actions of supranational and state structures; the impossibility of using traditional schemes for analyzing and understanding migration flows in a situation of a migration crisis; devaluation of human life. The author notes that the main reasons provoking migration crises are such extraordinary events of a geopolitical and environmental nature as civil war, external invasion, armed conflicts, ethnic cleansing, environmental disasters, accidents, and economic crises can be the reasons for the massive outflow of the population from the country, catastrophic growth in unemployment, political pressure, persecution on ethnic, religious and sexual grounds. The article outlines the socio-economic and demographic consequences of migration crises for countries of destination and destination of migrants in the short and medium term.

Shatter the Bell in My Ear: Selected Poems by Christine Lavant

Reviewed by: Shatter the Bell in My Ear: Selected Poems by Christine Lavant Vincent Kling Christine Lavant, Shatter the Bell in My Ear: Selected Poems. David Chorlton. Fayetteville, NY: Bitter Oleander, 2017. 128 pp. Clichés grow entrenched when they capture some truth; accordingly, the perennial indictment of translators as traitors rightly acknowledges that no translation, however skilled, can replicate all the qualities of the original.Failure or at best shortfall is inherent, a foregone conclusion, so bilingual editions of poems, like this selection from each of Lavant's volumes, are thus "no more than an honest admission of defeat from the outset," to quote Tim Parks. Lavant and Chorlton side by side provide readers with many moments of gratitude and admiration for apt renderings, but that juxtaposition raises demurrers as well. More than in most other pursuits, no assessment of any translation can be free of confirmation bias. As David Bellos pertinently asks, "How can you have theories and principles about a process that comes up with no determinate results?" Translators who believe, for example, that rhyme need not be replicated will usually judge the rhymes in Dorothy L. Sayers's version of Dante as awkward, clumsy, and forced; those who insist that capturing rhyme is essential will find them graceful, adept, and natural. This reviewer, himself a translator, has never read any rationale for omitt ing rhyme that didn't ring hollow, as here; Chorlton writes (xiv), "I have chosen more of the free verse poems [ … ] and where there is rhyme I find it preferable to hold on to the tone and meaning than attempting to replicate the echoing sounds." How does one aim preclude the other? Look at Anthea Bell's version of "Gingko Biloba" from Goethe's West- Östlicher Divan for an outstanding achievement in all respects. Look at Gunhild Kübler's triumphant edition of Emily Dickinson in German, at Max Knight's Christian Morgenstern, at Norman R. Shapiro's Théophile Gautier. Arguments that rhyme cannot or should not be transmitt ed are invalidated by Sayers, as noted, or, for just one more example, by Babett e Deutsch's rendering of Eugene Onegin, matched in this generation by Antony Wood's forthcoming edition of Pushkin's poetry. (Nabokov's perverse, mean-spirited rejection of rhyme in his rendering of Pushkin is one of the great betrayals in the whole history of translation.) These examplesrender inadmissible to this reviewer/translator that thereis any valid reason for Chorlton to avoid Lavant's rhymes, as if not observing them made the poems more authentic somehow. [End Page 161] Where Chorlton has distinct success is in so often finding apt renderings of Lavant's diction. Philippe Jaccott et (translated by Tess Lewis) uses a striking image to characterize Lavant's work: "beautiful as the old crucifixes in country churches, like old cloth, coarse and rough." Lavant's technical mastery, subtle and unobtrusive, is complete, notably as to lineation, but the reclusive countrywoman who wrote these poems never shows offor attempts conspicuous virtuosity. Chorlton keeps his translations as close to the earth and objects in nature, as does Lavant in not "improving" a diction almost always purposely reticent, expressing the depths of emotion through an animal, a plant, a household object, a rock, a tree, aspiring to the humility religious grounding offers while remaining in fierce debate with faith and without expecting spiritual assurance or comfort. It gratifies Bellos to say that no two translators would ever produce the same result, but this translator respects "Among withering apple trees / the souls of beggars speak / about bread that never runs out" (21) as an alert response to "Unter verdorrenden Apfelbäumen / reden die Seelen der Bett ler / von Brot, das nie ausgeht," or later in the same poem (Die Bett lerschale), "deaf and dumb children learn / the language of roots and of stones" ("und taubstumme Kinder erlernen / die Sprache von Wurzeln und Steinen"). The English features even more prominently the balance of two elements in each line, whereas the German "taubstumme" combines in one word what stands out better as two. Chorlton is also alert to Lavant's nuances of rhythm, even if he does not replicate them without modification...

Vaccination contribution to world health: History, current and future

Vaccination is the most effective way of avoiding widespread immunity from infectious diseases. For many parts of the world, vaccination is largely responsible for eradicating and preventing infectious diseases. Efforts to vaccinate have met with some controversy on scientific, legal, political, medical, and religious grounds, but no major religions condemn vaccination, and some find it a duty because of the potential for saving lives. Early success brought widespread recognition, and programs for mass vaccination dramatically decreased the incidence of many diseases in various geographic regions. Vaccination programs are seen as a major contributor to a 20th-century decline in infectious diseases. Over recent years, the national coverage of vaccination has declined, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and assessment of vaccination programmers.

Analytical Study of the Qur'anic Law of Standard for Human's Virtue and Dignity

The concept of society in Islam is also based on respect, dignity, justice, love, and endurance of mankind and Islam has not laid down any such principle or rule from the very first day to teach good speech and character. That which is contrary to humanity without any distinction. Morality should be a criterion by which a person can be known, what is his status? Because man is created from two things, one is the external dimension, which we see as these organs. The other is the internal dimension, which is apparently invisible and this is the soul. In both of them, there is both good and evil. Unless all the limbs are beautiful they are not called beautiful, in the same way, unless all the habits are good they are not called good morals. Islam is the principal religion of humanity and the greatness of humanity. Islam teaches peace, security, and love, not hatred and murder because Allah Almighty has given man the honor of ascending from all creatures. All human beings are equal as human beings as all human beings are made of dust. Therefore, to consider the division of all humanity on earth on religious, national, regional, and linguistic grounds as a criterion of superiority is a threat to humanity itself because these are the stimuluses and causes that why human beings themselves suffer from humiliation, disgrace, and contempt at the hands of other human beings. In this paper, all the relevant has been described in detail.

Udruženi zločinački poduhvat – Bosna i Hercegovina u hrvatskom velikodržavnom projektu

Udruženi zločinački poduhvat – Bosna i Hercegovina u hrvatskom velikodržavnom projektu

The Relationship between Organ Donation Attitudes and Religiosity

Dünyada organ bağışı, milyon başına düşen kadavra donör sayısı (pmp) olarak beklenilenin altında seyretmektedir. Dünyada milyon başına düşen kadavra donör sayısı en fazla olan ülke İspanya’dır. 2019 yılında, İspanya’da milyon başına düşen kadavra donör sayısı 48,9 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Türkiye’de ise 2019 yılında milyon başına düşen kadavra donör sayısı 7,54 olarak belirlenmiştir. Ülkemizdeki organ bağışçı sayısının düşük olmasının altında birçok neden yatmaktadır. Dini gerekçelerle organ bağışı yapılmaması ve bu konuda yeteri kadar bilinçli ve bilgili olunmaması en başta gelen nedenlerdendir. Yapılan çalışmalara bakıldığında organ bağışı tutumlarında dindarlık veya din belirleyici ve büyük bir etken olarak görülmektedir. Ülkemizdeki dindarlık oranı değerlendirildiğinde organ bağışı tutumlarına yönelik davranışlar daha da önem kazanmaktadır. Bu nedenle literatürde din ile organ bağışı ilişkisini araştıran çalışmalara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın yapılma amacı literatürdeki dindarlık ile organ bağışı arasındaki ilişkiye yönelik ihtiyacı karşılamaktır. Buna bağlı olarak araştırmada şu hipotezler test edilmiştir: 1. Cinsiyete göre organ bağışı tutumlarında farklılaşma vardır. 2. Cinsiyete göre dini ibadet ve bireysel dindarlıkta farklılaşma vardır. 3. Yardımseverlik ve ahlak/inanç değerleri boyutu ile dini ibadet ve bireysel dindarlık arasında pozitif yönde korelasyon ilişkisi bulunmaktadır. 4. Yardımseverlik ve ahlak/inanç değerleri boyutuyla tıbbi ihmal korkusu ve bedensel yaralanma korkusu arasında negatif yönde ilişki vardır. 5. Dini ibadet, yardımseverlik ve ahlak/inanç değerlerini, tıbbi ihmal korkusunu ve bedensel yaralanma korkusunu yordamaktadır. 6. Bireysel dindarlık, yardımseverlik ve ahlak/inanç değerlerini, tıbbi ihmal korkusunu ve bedensel yaralanma korkusunu yordamaktadır. 7. Yardımseverlik ve ahlak/inanç değerleri boyutu, tıbbi ihmal korkusu ve bedensel yaralanma korkusunu yordamaktadır.Bu çalışmada dindarlık ile organ bağışı tutumları arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Dindarlık, bireysel dindarlık ve dini ibadetler olarak iki ayrı değişken olarak ele alınmıştır. Organ bağışı tutumlarının ise pozitif ve negatif olmak üzere iki yönü bulunmaktadır. Organ bağışı tutumunun pozitif yönünü; yardımseverlik ve ahlak/inanç değerleri, negatif yönünü ise tıbbi ihmal korkusu ve bedensel yaralanma korkusu temsil etmektedir. Çalışmanın örneklemi 205 (E: 26,3%, K: 73,7%) üniversite öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Örneklemin yaş ortalaması 21.56’dır. Çalışmada organ bağışı tutum ölçeği, dini ibadet ölçeği ve bireysel dindarlık ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Organ Bağışı Tutum Ölçeği, Parisi ve Katz (1986) tarafından geliştirilmiş, Kent ve Owens (1995) tarafından tekrar revize edilmiştir. Sayın (2016) ise organ bağışı tutum ölçeğini Türkçe’ye uyarlamıştır. Dini İbadet ölçeği Ayten (2012) tarafından geliştirilmiştir. Bireysel Dindarlık Ölçeği ise Zagumny vd. (2012) tarafından geliştirilmiş, Ayten (2012) tarafından Türkçe’ye uyarlanmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan ölçeklerin tümü istatistiki olarak güvenilir ve geçerlilik testlerinden geçmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına bakıldığında; cinsiyet farklılaşmasına göre organ bağışı tutum ölçeğinin olumsuz alt boyutu olan bedensel yaralanma korkusu boyutunda istatistiki olarak anlamlı düzeyde farklılaşma bulunmuştur. Ayrıca cinsiyete göre dini ibadet konusunda da gruplar arasında farklılaşma tespit edilmiştir. Bireysel dindarlık ile yardımseverlik ve ahlak/inanç değerleri arasında korelasyon ilişkisi bulgulanmıştır. Dahası organ bağışı tutum ölçeğinin kendi alt boyutları arasında da anlamlı düzeyde korelasyon ilişkisi saptanmıştır. Bireysel dindarlık ile organ bağışının olumlu alt boyutu olan yardımseverlik ve ahlak/inanç değerleri boyutu arasında regresyon ilişkisi olduğu ortaya koyulmuştur. Organ bağışı tutumu ölçeğinin ahlaki, dini ve pro-sosyal boyutunu oluşturulan yardımseverlik ve ahlak/inanç değerleri boyutu ile organ bağışı tutumu ölçeğinin olumsuz alt boyutları olan tıbbi ihmal korkusu boyutu ve bedensel yaralanma korkusu boyutu arasında ise negatif yönde regresyon ilişkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

ANALYSIS OF SOCIO-ETHICAL IDEAS IN AL-FARABI AND ABAI KUNANBAEV’S WORKS

Great thinkers’ scientific works play the important role in public opinion formation in the development of society. There are well-known people in the humankind history, who have made significant contributions to the development of various fields of knowledge, moreover, they were the founders of Philosophy not only at the level of a domes-tic culture, but also in a global scale. This article denotes that the significance of al-Farabi and A. Kunanbaev’s legacy is determined by the fact that many of their positions in the field of Philosophy, Sociology, Logics, Ethics, Aesthetics, natural scientific ideas had a great influence on the subsequent development of social and philosophical thought of the people not only in the East, but also in Europe. These philosophers can be regarded as treasures of world, who during the searching of knowledge and truth, managed to overcome the existing differences in ethnic, cultural, linguistic, religious grounds. The proof of this is the fact that the philosophers despite being a native of the Turkic lands became famous as Arab-Muslim culture’s philosophers that deeply comprehended and popularized European philosophy.It is certain that the works of the great scientists such as al-Farabi and Abai in the field of science and education attracted the attention not only of us, but of the whole world. Their works have been translated into English, French, Persian, German, Russian and introduced into scientific circulation. The 2020th year has the historical spiritual sig-nificance for the entire people due to the 1150th anniversary of al-Farabi and the 175th anniversary of Abay.

Фактор миграции в росте религиозной конфликтогенности (на примере Европы): социально-философский подход

In recent years, one can observe at least a dozen conflicts in the world, which either are waged by representatives of various faiths, or are interpreted as conflicts on religious grounds. These are the civil war in Yemen, the conflicts in the Indian states of Assam, Nagaland and Manipur, and the conflict in Myanmar between Arakanese Buddhists and Rohingya Muslims. Some of these conflicts are interpreted as a clash between the indigenous people and migrants. However, the religious factor also plays a significant role. In the context of increasing migration activity, it is possible to expect an increase in inter-religious conflict, based on the migration factor. The solution to this problem is seen in the implementation of the project of constitutional patriotism.

Critical Analysis of Identity Crisis in Hanif Kurieshi's Novel “The Buddha of Suburbia”

This paper critically analyzes the dilemma of identity crisis and its impact on immigrants concerning the Hanif Kurieggidentity crisis into its texts because of the rule of colonial power and its impacts on the colonized. Under the impact of this colonial power, the crisis of identity has been originated in western countries on social, economic, political, religious, and cultural grounds. Postcolonial theoretical ideas i.e, hybridity, mimicry, assimilation, and ambivalence by Homi K. Bhabha are applied into the text of this research paper to examine the dilemma of identity crisis more clearly. Karim Amir, the protagonist of the novel faces an identity crisis in tormenting and perturbing the social order of England. Such a tormenting and disturbing condition of England is a threat both to Karim and immigrants. The quest for an identity for Karim Amir is very complicated and alarming which sets a dilemma for the whole world to look at this global issue seriously. The Whites think about immigrants as they are the lower creature of God due to differences in skin color, religion, ethnicity, and culture. On the contrary, the immigrant trying to imitate the cultural values, language, habits, and manners of the white men to assimilate with them but in consequence, this mimicry never fetched the desired effects and simply, the outcome is ambivalent for them. Although they always try to assimilate with the British culture, yet they feel hesitant either to adopt Western culture or the culture of their homeland. The Buddha of Suburbia (1989) depicts the darker side of suburban life as well as the congested life of London city with references to other characters too.

Konsep Organisasi dan Manajemen dari Sudut Pandang Islam serta Implementasinya

The principles of the Qur'an and the Prophet's recipe provide guidance to Muslims. In the first six centuries, their commercial activities and family affairs led to the Islamic Golden Age, in which knowledge, commerce, industry, agriculture, and complex organizational construction flourished. . Work and creativity are respected in many forms. Industry and trade are regulated by companies or labor unions. Companies have enormous social benefits. They maintain work standards and prevent fraudulent competition, thereby ensure a friendly society based on religious and moral grounds, and provide members with professional knowledge and shared responsibility. Honesty and serenity are the hallmarks of Muslim commodities. These guiding principles derive from certain principles and guidelines governing worship and behavior, rather than the literal spiritual meaning of the principles and guidelines chosen. Islam has five pillars: the unity of God (Sahadat), fasting, prayer, zakat and zakat. These pillars and other standards also have an impact on business organizations. The purpose of this study was to study and describe the concept of organization and management in an Islamic perspective and its implementation in Riyadlul Jannah Mojokerto Islamic Boarding School. This research is a literature study using qualitative induction methods and descriptive analysis. Based on the results of the discussion, the following conclusions can be drawn: 1) Humans are born with social abilities, need an "organization" to survive and develop in order to achieve the expected goals and adapt to their social relationships through cooperation. The principle of socialization is due to the social nature of which the Qur'an proclaims as well as possible. Several verses of the Koran emphasize the need for organization. 2) The pillars of Islam are certain principles and norms that govern worship and behavior. In this section, the principles and guidelines chosen and established have an organizational meaning, not a literal spiritual meaning. 3) The organizational design mostly adopts a dual contingency point of view, that is, the organizational design must be chosen according to the multi-dimensional characteristics of a particular environment or context. These characteristics include structural elements (such as goals, strategies, and structures) and personnel (such as work processes, personnel, coordination, and control). 4) At the initial stage, it faced several pressing social problems: prejudice and discrimination against non-Arabs; abuse of power by elites; poverty; discrimination against women; competition between tribes; and harsh collective punishment. Prophet Muhammad SAW showed confidence and creativity in eliminating or minimizing these problems through the concept of organization and management.

Manhood and Mary Baker Eddy: Muscular Christianity and Christian Science

AbstractOn first examination, “muscular Christianity”—with its emphasis on manly vigor and physical strength—positions itself well afield of Christian Science teachings on the non-physical basis of existence, as propounded by founder Mary Baker Eddy. Nonetheless, both movements arose in the nineteenth century with a deep commitment to revitalizing Christianity and its practical value in an increasingly scientific and secular age, especially regarding bodily well-being. Both Eddy and advocates of muscular Christianity defended their respective systems on scientific and religious grounds, focusing on questions of health. At a time when the Young Men's Christian Association was a leading exponent of muscular Christianity, Eddy saw fit to give it significant philanthropic support. While her gift reflected civic goodwill as opposed to a close relationship with the Association, I argue that it was not anomalous to Eddy's overall values and vision for Christian Science. Like muscular Christians, Eddy was calling for a progressive Christianity that met the criteria of a pragmatic age. In giving attention to issues around manhood, Eddy was signaling the necessity as well as potentiality of Christian spirituality to be a source of health and empowerment for modern man.

СОСТОЯНИЕ СФЕРЫ МЕЖКОНФЕССИОНАЛЬНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ В Г.ОМСКЕ (ПО РЕЗУЛЬТАТАМ СОЦИОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО МОНИТОРИНГА)

The strengthening of the role of religion in post-Soviet Russian society, the growing dynamism and instability of processes in the religious sphere led to the inclusion of the religious situation in the range of priority areas of modern religious studies. Of particular relevance is the systematic study of the dynamics of the religious situation in large cities, which are characterized by a complex multi-confessional composition of the population and an accelerated pace of social life. These include the West Siberian city. Omsk: from the very beginning of its history (XVIII century), representatives of different faiths – Orthodox, Muslims, Lutherans, Catholics, Jews, etc. - lived together in it. In the post-Soviet period, there was an increase in the heterogeneity of the composi- tion of citizens on religious grounds. As a result, according to official data From the Department of the Ministry of justice of the Russian Federation for the Omsk region, as of January 2020, only 110 registered religious organizations (excluding religious groups) operate in Omsk, representing 23 confessional areas. Under these conditions, both the scientific and practical significance of monitoring the ethnoconfessional situation in Omsk, which is carried out on an institutional basis, is obvious – in particular, it is provided for in the Plan of main measures to ensure interaction with national-cultural and religious associations operating on the territory of Omsk for 2018 – 2020, approved by the decree of the Omsk city Administration of December 29, 2017. No. 1426-p. The article analyzes the main results of a sociological study conducted as part of the monitoring of the ethnoconfessional situation in Omsk in 2020, commissioned by the city Administration by the Center for humanitarian, socio – economic and political research-2 (GEPICenter-2). It is concluded that at present, traditional positive stability and harmony are preserved in the sphere of inter-confessional relations in Omsk. At the same time, attention is drawn to the growing negative attitude in the public opinion of Omsk residents towards new religious movements and non-traditional confessions in Russia.

Eliminating Religious and Philosophical Exemptions: The Next Step in Ontario's Campaign against Vaccine Hesitancy.

Ontario families are required to provide up-to-date vaccination records as children begin schooling. Exemptions are allowed on both medical and nonmedical (religious or philosophical) grounds. In a recent report, Toronto Public Health (2019) called for an end to nonmedical exemptions - a proposal some allege infringes the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms right to freedom of religion and conscience. This paper explores whether and to what extent vaccine refusal is protected under the Charter and argues that the elimination of nonmedical exemptions can be justified under Section 1 of the Charter. The issue of mandatory vaccination may take on special urgency in the coming months and years, if and when a vaccine is found for COVID-19.

Commentary on Burwell v. Hobby Lobby

Burwell, et al., v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., et al., decided in 2014, broke ground in its unprecedented articulation of religious person-hood rights for commercial entities, posing challenges to reproductive justice and the foundations of anti-discrimination law. The case addressed whether the Affordable Care Act’s (ACA) contraceptive mandate should yield to a Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA) claim by for-profit corporations objecting on religious belief grounds to providing health insurance coverage for contraception to employees. Concluding that the corporations seeking exemptions were “persons” for free exercise purposes under RFRA, the Court held that U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) regulations interpreting the ACA contraceptive coverage requirement violated RFRA by substantially burdening the exercise of religion. The Hobby Lobby re-write by Anthony Kreis underscores the far-reaching implications of the original decision by connecting the reproductive health access questions at stake to the day to day conditions in women’s lives and broadly systemic impacts of the Hobby Lobby decision for marginalized communities. In so doing, the rewritten opinion sets the stage for deeper consideration of Hobby Lobby’s challenge to the health and well-being of women, communities of color, lower-income communities, and other marginalized groups.

Muslim Female Healthcare Personnel Dress Code: A Proposed Guideline

Introduction: The struggle of Muslim women to comply with Islamic teaching while working in the healthcare sector has been a long-standing issue. Following the case of a Muslim nurse who was allegedly fired for non-adherence to the short-sleeve uniform rule, the Malaysian Muslim Consumers Association highlighted the need for a uniform guideline to prevent similar instances. Yet, no guideline has been issued to date. Materials and Methods: This conceptual study employed library research method to gather relevant materials. Library research was able to retrieve guidelines from seven Muslim-minority countries but none from Muslim-majority countries. Document analysis of the materials gathered was undertaken. The different guidelines were compared, with special reference to awrah-related issues. Results: Several major issues that healthcare personnel dress code considers are the safety, health, cleanliness, and comfort for both patients and healthcare personnel. Islamic dressing requirement is not only in line with clinical practice but Islam also highly promotes maintenance of safety, health, cleanliness, and comfort. The widely adopted ‘bare below the elbows (BBE) policy is the only practice that may contradict Islamic rules. However, some healthcare institutions in Muslim-minority countries allow modifications of uniform rules on religious grounds; some of the modifications are not observed in Muslim-majority countries. When providing direct patient care that requires BBE, the use of disposable over-sleeves is a good alternative to adhere to both clinical and Islamic standards. Conclusion: Healthcare personnel dress code policy that is concordant to both clinical and Islamic standards is possible although it may require greater resources.

Report on the activities of the society of neuropathologists and psychiatrists at the imperial Kazan University for 1897

By this year, the Society begins the seventh year of its activity, which in the past year was expressed in the following. In 1897, the Society had 8 meetings; including 1 year, 1 emergency and 6 regular. In the next scientific posts, 14 messages were sent on the following subjects: 1) V.P. Kovalevskiy. The volume of changes in the nerve cells of the intervertebral nodes during irritation of the peripheral nerves. 2) M.M. Maevskiy. A case of epidemic insanity on religious grounds. 3) K. A. Arnstein. Remembrance of the volume by I. Kh. Akerblom. 4) V.I. Zhestkov. A case of hysterical aphasia. 5) N.E. Grinstein. To the innervations of the bladder. 6) N.N. Poroshin. The volume of changes in the automatic nerve nodes of the heart under the influence of chloroform. 7) N.M. Popov. A case of erythrophobia. 8) E.A. Genika. Folie deux case. 9) H. M. Popov. To casuistic traumatic neuroses. 10) P.A.Mislavskiy. About bilateral conduction in nerves. 11) K.A. Arnstein. Experience in the taxonomy of nerve endings. 12) D.V. Polumordvinov. Method of coloring Nissl'evskih tel. 13) I.M.Dogel. About the influence of music on the nervous system of man and animals. 14) M. M. Maevskiy. Demonstration of the epileptic brain. In addition, in the last year of D.V. Polumordvinov uttered a rch under the title: "Our information about the processes that lie in the basis of the active state of the nerves".

Menstrual Taboos: religious Practices that Violate Women’s Human Rights

Abstract Some world religions consider menstruation a taboo and impose different restrictions on menstruating women. This article argues that menstrual prohibitions based on religious grounds present a unique threat to women’s human rights. Although it is acknowledged that freedom of religion is an important human right, it is contended that, when it comes to a natural biological process like menstruation, it is the rights of women that must prevail in the clash between women’s human rights and freedom of religion.

‘Hyper’-Urbanisation and migration: A security threat

Migration is often presented as a threat to national sovereignty and state security. It is time to formulate an alternative discourse - Urbanisation leading to migration (internal) and security threats in the state. ‘Hyper-Urbanisation’ in the form of ‘Smart Cities’ which involves rapid infrastructural development, and advanced capital investments occasionally becomes drivers for a threat to security. It is essential to look at the relation between Urbanisation and Migration from a security point of view.Urbanisation often leads to the exclusion of the village communities from the national mainstream development program. The exclusion and politicisation of migrants on the religious and political grounds causes resentment, making them anti-establishment. This paper aims to look at the relationship between urbanisation and internal migration and the challenges of health, education, employment, lack of natural resources and security threat. The paper discusses the two theories of Culture of Poverty theory and Social Disorganization theory and elaborates about the challenges that migrants face in the urban spaces causing denial of integration.

Asia Bibi v. The State: the politics and jurisprudence of Pakistan’s blasphemy laws

This paper provides a critical appraisal of the Supreme Court judgement in the long-running and infamous case against Asia Bibi, a Pakistani Christian woman, accused of blasphemy in 2009. While the judgement is hailed as a landmark ruling, this paper argues that apart from acquitting the accused, it changes little else in the political and legal landscape of the country. The judgement relies on colonial assumptions about the nature of religious conflict in order to defend the blasphemy laws of Pakistan. This approach of the court tacitly affirms the discourses on the Islamic identity of the state that justify the marginalisation of religious minorities. The judgement reinforces the death penalty for blasphemy even as it recognises the almost ubiquitous misuse and problematic nature of Section 295-C of the Pakistan Penal Code. The court defends both the existence and the perpetuity of blasphemy laws pre-eminently on religious grounds rather than the constitution. This magnifies the grievances of Muslims ahead of the objections and concerns religious minorities in Pakistan have long raised. The court fails to seriously engage with the question of how the constitutional rights and liberties of religious minorities can be preserved so long as the law continues to endure.

The Road Taken: ICCPR and discriminatory restrictions on religious freedom

This short note, written in the aftermath of the Harvard Human Rights Journal 2020 Symposium on the right against discriminatory impact based on religion, looks at one choice available for law-appliers under the ICCPR: Whether to address claims of discriminatory restrictions on religious freedom as cases of discrimination on religious grounds or impermissible intervention with freedom of religion. As will be shown below, the Human Rights Committee (HRC) – the treaty body responsible for monitoring compliance with the ICCPR – has taken a position going in one direction (towards reliance on freedom of religion); whereas other national and international law-appliers have gone in the other directions. At an abstract level, such a choice has implications that exceed the specific questions discussed in the Symposium. For example, it provides us with insights about the structure of human rights norms, and about the methods of interpretation used by different norm-appliers. It also offers interesting lessons about the differences between the protection afforded to human rights at the national and international levels.