Religious Confessions Research Articles

Brought to Book: Print in Ireland, 1680–1784 by Toby Barnard

Reviewed by: Brought to Book: Print in Ireland, 1680–1784 by Toby Barnard Ian Higgins Toby Barnard. Brought to Book: Print in Ireland, 1680–1784. Dublin: Four Courts, 2017. Pp. 395. €C50. Brought to Book is an account of what was written, printed, published, possessed, and read beginning in Restoration Ireland and ending in 1784, when a new law curtailed the presses. It magisterially achieves its ambition to retrieve the social, financial, and human contexts of print in Ireland in this period. The book does not have an overt overreaching argument, being more an anatomy of the print culture, but it draws out implications from the vast collection of materials surveyed. The arrangement of the book is partly chronological, geographical, and thematic. Chapters address the book trade, writers, and readers in the 1680s, in Dublin from 1690 to 1784, and in the North and South. There are chapters on education, and on how print reflected on the Irish past, the present, and the future. A chapter focuses on print and on various religious confessions. The chapters on the literary print culture, "Entertainments" and "Writers and Readers," will be of particular interest to readers of The Scriblerian. Each chapter is densely packed with information and the range of subjects covered is vast. Brought to Book is a work of extraordinary archival excavation and erudition. It draws on the quantitative possibilities enabled by the ESTC, but its detailed descriptions and rich assemblage of references derive from a scholarly lifetime in the archives and display its author's astonishing command and recall of primary sources in print and manuscript and of the extant scholarly literature. This is a study of Ireland's Anglophone print culture, not of the indigenous, predominantly oral, Irish-language culture of the native Catholic and Jacobite majority. For that culture, and for the small corpus of Irish-language printed works, the reader must turn to the work of other scholars referred to in the footnotes. Mr. Barnard observes that "alongside lively literary cultures in English, the vitality and variety of those in Irish flourished." One of the many paradoxes pointed to in this book is that while printing in the period was in the language of the victors, older nonprinted modes of communication remained salient and reached where print did not. The familiar arguments—commercial, technical, and political—are offered to explain why there was little printing in Irish. The oral culture of the monoglot Irish Catholic majority was not linked with literacy in Irish. The Irish population was mostly poor, so a commercial market for Irish books was deemed unlikely. It was also believed that standard Roman type was not appropriate for Irish characters, which required a special Gaelic type, so Irish presented printers [End Page 179] with technical difficulties. The Irish language was associated by the state with disaffection, rebellion, and barbarism. Mr. Barnard does report efforts to bring the vernacular into print in bilingual texts and considers such publishing events as The Reliques of Irish Poetry (1789) by Charlotte Brooke. But English was the language of print in this period, and print "consolidated and deepened the advance of English, completing what government, law, bureaucracy, trade, the Churches and education encouraged or decreed." The "permeation of the English language did not, however, make Ireland English." Authors who sought publication in print wrote in English, and those who wanted payment for their work and wider notice sought publication in England (since between 1710 and 1800 copyright existed for writers published in England but not in Ireland). Mr. Barnard's account of English print culture in Ireland generally eschews exaggeration and encourages caution, proportion, and accuracy. The assumed importance of print is qualified, questioned, or queried in his often skeptical account of its impact. After all, print failed to make the Irish English or to convert the Catholic majority to Protestantism. Mr. Barnard reminds us of "the continuing power of talk, recitation, song, spectacle, ritual and seeing to reach where print could not." The account of the notable Dublin bookseller John Smith, active in the early and middle eighteenth century, is illustrative of Mr. Barnard's cautious consideration. Smith had radical associations and sold Whiggish material, but...

Mercantile and Religious Mobility between Byzantines, Latins and Muslims, 1200-1500: On the Theory and Practice of Social Networks

This paper combines documentary evidence with concepts and tools of historical network science and social theory in order to explore phenomena of (especially) mercantile mobility and religious conversion in the late medieval Byzantine world. The intensification of commercial exchange and the multiplication of contact zones between ethnic and religious identities in the 13th to 15th centuries, both due to the growth of the activity of Italian merchant communities as well as due to the Mongol expansion across entire Asia, facilitated the change of places of residence and/or of religious confession for elite as well as non-elite members of these societies. With the help of network analytical and sociological concepts, potential underlying mechanisms such as the »social infrastructure« for these phenomena are described. In general, the last centuries of the relationship between Byzantium and the West saw the intensification of processes of individual and community-wide religious change, which equally shaped the following early modern period of Mediterranean history.

ON THE PARTICULARITIES OF THE SPREAD OF CHISTIANITY IN CAMBODIA IN THE XIX–XXI CENTURY

Introduction. This paper analyses the spread of Christianity in Cambodia – a rarely studied issue in Russian and Western oriental studies. Cambodia is a country where Buddhism is the state religion and has traditionally been adopted by the vast majority of its population. An analysis of the activity of Christian missions in Cambodia through a long historical period (XIX–XXIs centuries) allows for a deeper appreciation of the core issues for South East Asian countries in the XXI century, namely religious conversion and religious tolerance. The purpose of the article is to consider the reasons behind the lack of any significant enthusiasm towards Christianity among Cambodia’s population through the XIX–XX centuries as well as the impetus behind the growing conversion to Christianity in the XXIs century. Materials and Methods. The article is based on an analysis of the memoirs of French travelers and Christian missionaries of the XIX century as well as documents of the Ministry of Cults and Religion of Cambodia and the Cambodian press. The author uses both general scientific and special-historical methods: dialectical, comparative-historical and chronological. Results. The author shows that during the colonial period French Christian missionaries accepted the extreme unwillingness of the native population to convert to Christianity. At the time this could be explained by the prevalence of deeply held Buddhist ideas and traditions. By the end of the XX century Christianity began to attract a segment of the Khmer population, due to a whole host of pragmatic and ideological reasons. Given growing activities of various Christian organizations in Cambodia their influence is highly likely to increase over time. Conclusions. The analysis of the situation in Cambodia demonstrates that overall, the process of conversion to Christianity is unlikely to trigger a considerable change in the field of religion, especially considering that Buddhism still enjoys widespread state support. The vast majority of the Cambodian population shows a high degree of tolerance towards other religious confessions. Thus, the growth of Christian organizations has not so far led to a rise in negative attitudes. Keywords: Cambodia, Buddhism, Christianity, religious conversion, propaganda of Christianity, Christian missions, religious tolerance.

The Psychometric Properties of a Romanian Version of the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS 15)

Objective: The aim was to validate a Romanian version of the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS 15) and to determine its psychometric properties in religious and highly religious people. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in different religious confessions. The sample consisted of 146 (67.9%) Orthodox, 58 (27.0%) Seventh-day Adventists, 3 (1.4%) Catholics, one (0.5%) Pentecostal, and 7 (3.4%) others. Data were collected on the Romanian version of the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS 15), the Religious Belief Assessment Questionnaire (CACR), and the Moral Behavior Assessment Questionnaire (CACM). Results: The scale’s reliability analysis revealed an overall Cronbach’s alpha of 0.93. This demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. The Spearman correlation between the CRS scale’s total score and that of the Intimate and Expressive Religious Belief Assessment Questionnaire indicated positive levels of convergent validity. The Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) revealed good discriminative validity and the confirmatory analysis revealed a satisfactory fit. Conclusions: The validated Romanian version of the Centrality of Religiosity Scale (CRS 15) is a valid and reliable measure in detecting the centrality of religiosity.

Koliivshchina: problems of interpretation

Koliivshchina: problems of interpretation

Religion, Society And Theological Perspectives On Peace: A Contemporary Phenomenon

The Christian bible is replete with instances where peace is encouraged preached. A cursory look at the life of Jesus the founder of Christianity one sees him as an epitome of peace. Before his birth, he was called ‘Prince of peace.’ After his birth, peace was the conveying message ‘Peace to men and women of goodwill.’ The religion he founded is a religion of peace. This explains why in his ministry, he called ‘peacemakers children of God’ (Matthew 5:9) In spite of these, there are religious and ethnic conflicts among people of various religious confessions. The question arises: from where do these conflicts that threaten the peace of humanity come? The article focused on the social function of religion but discussed in detail the theological perspectives on peace. It also surveyed the efforts religious leaders have made to bring about peace especially through reconciliation. The article recommends national reconciliation for true peace to reign in Nigeria. In order to facilitate this discussion, historical method was adopted which hinges on analytical and critical approaches. The article is hopeful that peace is achievable if all become peacemakers and lovers of one another irrespective of religion, ethnicity and political affiliations.

A Liturgical Analysis of Quaker/Shaker Meeting Houses : Insights for Korean Protestant Church Architecture

The meeting houses of Quakers and Shakers are not widely seen as significant in the liturgical history of church architecture, and research on them concentrates mainly on their historical and architectural aspects. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the significance of Quaker- Shaker meeting houses and to find potential insights for modern churches, specifically Korean Protestant Churches. The Quaker meeting house is evidence of a Quaker theology which does not emphasize social orders and symbols. The Quakers’ worship tradition, summarized in 'Waiting for the Presence of the Holy Spirit,' centers on direct encounters with God and fellowship with the congregation, rejecting rites or symbols seen as unnecessary. Wood and brick were generally used for a simple floor plan, and two doors were created for the male and female members to have independent meetings. The Shaker meeting house is similar to that of the Quakers. Shakers provides for a more flexible space based on the characteristics of their worship, which emphasizes singing and dancing. The Quaker/Shaker meeting houses show close relationships between theology, worship and architecture. Practicality and simplicity are preeminently integrated to eliminate unnecessary or excessive decoration. Equality between men and women and the active participation of the whole congregation are values are also made evident by these architectural features. These features provide today's Christians insights into the essence of church architecture: that the theological and religious confessions of the community must be realized in the physical form of the church. It reminds us of the importance of hospitality, inclusiveness, participation, simplicity and beauty in church architecture.

The motive is a violation of the equality of citizens, depending on their race, nationality, religious beliefs, disability and other grounds

The article explores the forms of motives as an obligatory sign of the subjective side of the offense provided for in Art. 161 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine.In particular, the motives of hatred or enmity give the act a different qualitative characteristic related to the violation of the principle of constitutional equality of citizens regardless of their biological and social characteristics. Violation of this principle means that it has discrimination, which is prohibited in any form by the norms of international and national law.The illegibility of the legislative design art. 161 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine on the definition of the motive of this crime is one of the reasons for its lack of application in practice.The legal definition of the motives of hatred and enmity is assessed, subjective. These motives are specific in their socio-psychological content. It is hardly possible to find any other motive, which from the point of view of its inner essence and form of manifestation would be so diverse and would cause such difficulties in the definition.Hatred (enmity) as the motive of the crime provided for in Part 1 of Art. 161 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, has different shades: political, ideological, racial, national, religious, and hatred (enmity) with respect to certain social groups.Religious hatred or enmity is connected, first of all, with intolerance to believers of other religious confessions, which the guilty person perceives hostilely, being based on erroneous creeds and ideas. However, it can also manifest itself in a strong dislike for the victim because of his atheistic worldview or belonging to the agnostic.As a result of the study, motivated by racial, national, religious hatred and enmity, it is suggested to understand internal motives expressing a strong dislike for a certain race, nationality, religious denomination and cause the perpetrator to cause physical, material or moral harm to the victim in connection with his attitude towards religion, belonging to a particular race or nationality.

A Secularização Política: uma quarta via

No mundo ocidental da contemporaneidade têm coabitado diversos modelos de secularização com implicação direta na relação das confissões religiosas com o espaço público de natureza política. Todavia, mesmo o mais acolhedor desses modelos para com a esfera religiosa implica, nem que seja implicitamente, uma neutralização da dinâmica religiosa que deve ser interrogada. O texto que aqui se apresenta procura questionar se tais modelos são suficientes para respaldar seja a própria autonomia do homem, seja a especificidade legítima da esfera política, bem como interrogar-se se esses mesmos modelos são eficazes para um diálogo político internacional com atores que não compartem os mesmos racionais.

Il decennio 1958-1968: un decennio importante per la storia dei rapporti tra Stato e chiese in Italia

SOMMARIO: 1. Premessa: fatti privati ed eventi storici di un decennio importante nella storia italiana - 2. Una tavola rotonda sul decennio 1958-1968 - 3. La disciplina costituzionale sui rapporti tra Stato e confessioni religiose. Un saggio recente sull’art. 7 della costituzione - 4. Nuova attenzione al tema dei rapporti tra Stato e Chiesa cattolica alla fine degli anni Cinquanta - 5. Il processo al Vescovo di Prato - 6. Il concilio Vaticano II e le trasformazioni della societa italiana negli anni sessanta - 7. La morte di Togliatti. Le tendenze della giurisprudenza - 8. Il dibattito culturale e politico sulla riforma della legislazione ecclesiastica. 1958-1968: an important decade in the history of the relationship between “Stato e chiese” in Italy ABSTRACT: Individuals and experiences that, in the years between 1958 and 1968, had an important influence on the civic and political growth of the author. The experience of the participation in a conference on the historical period of the decade from 1958 to 1968. The constitutional provision on relations between the State and the Catholic Church in second post-war Italy, seen in the evaluation of a book published in 2017: critical considerations. New focus was given to the issue of relations between the State and the Catholic Church in the late fifties. The trial of the Bishop of Prato in 1958. The Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965 and the transformation of Italian society in the 1960s. The death of Togliatti on 21st August 1964 and the political consequences for Italy. Tendencies in the jurisprudence on the theme of relations between the state and religious confessions. The cultural and political debate on the reform of ecclesiastical legislation. After 1968, in Italy as in other countries, the phenomenon of extraneousness between the legal state and the real state is highlighted.

Гибридная модель государственно-церковных отношений в современной России

The article considers the phenomenon of hybrid nature of state-church relations in modern Russia. The type of the political regime in today's Russia has its effect on the religious confessions found within the country. The type of their relations imitates the cooperative model, being in fact, authoritarian one.

Pravoslavni hrišćani i demokratija u Srbiji

In a significant part of scientific literature and popular works intended for a wider audience, the relationship of Orthodoxy and democracy is often posed as a discussion of two opposing concepts. We can call this 'the thesis of incompatibility', which contains the view that the Orthodox Church has formed dominant Orthodox societies, so that it now faces difficulties in democratization and democratic consolidation. In order to understand the real impact that the membership of Orthodoxy has on democracy, it is necessary, in our opinion, first of all to pay attention to the attitudes of the Orthodox people themselves or to their value orientation, and on that basis consider the proposed explanations (in) compatibility of contemporary interpretation of Orthodox learning and democracy can really be applied to the context of a majority Orthodox society. In this case, we will consider the situation in Serbia, the multiethnic and multiconfessional majority Orthodox state. For our considerations, the parameters of religiosity (religious belief, attitudes towards religious confession and personalized religiosity) are important, as well as the attitude towards various proposed forms of organization of the political community. Based on the data from this study, we have defend four models of political culture. Although the thesis of incompatibility based on our results can be questionable, the data we analyzed still can not draw a clear conclusion that the Orthodox in Serbia have a strong preference for a democratic model of political culture and an appropriate level of participation. They can also be interpreted by a system of values that has been left behind by a society in which much space in the public sphere was left to Orthodox religiousness.

Peculiarities of attributing success and failure in representatives of different religious confessions (based on Muslims and Orthodox Christians case)

Peculiarities of attributing success and failure in representatives of different religious confessions (based on Muslims and Orthodox Christians case)

Protección de datos: entre el derecho a la intimidad y la autonomía de las confesiones religiosas. El caso finlandés y el español (a propósito de la Sentencia Jehovan Todistajat del TJUE)

The recent judgement issued by the Court of Justice of the European Union (Grand Chamber) marks a jurisprudential shift with regard to the right to privacy, via the protection of personal data, and the autonomy of religious confessions. Not only does this paper analyse the content of the judgement and the relationship between the two rights, it also explores new European legislation regarding the protection of personal data, and offers a comparative account of the assumption implicit in the Court decision in relation to parish baptismal records in Catholic churches in Spain.

3D documentation of Old Turkic Altai runiform inscriptions and revised readings of the inscriptions Tuekta-V and Bichiktu-Boom-III

30 Old Turkic runiform inscriptions in the Altai Mountains were digitalized by means of 3D technologies during field research in 2017. How the inscriptions were carved as well as their locations in hardly accessible areas required a solution that would combine a detailed 3D documentation of rock surfaces with mobility and freedom from external power supply. Digital photogrammetry proved to be the optimal choice for achieving highquality documentation using inexpensive hardware and free software for further data processing. The advantages of 3D documentation of Altai runiform inscriptions are illustrated by the examples of two Old Turkic runiform inscriptions: Tuekta-V and Bichiktu-Boom-III. The 3D results made it possible to propose new readings of these inscriptions based on the revised composition of their runiform signs. It turns out that the Bichiktu-Boom-III inscription might contain a very rare usage of a religious term that can shed light on the history of religious confessions in the area at the time of the creation of those inscriptions.

GLOBALIZATION OF CULTURE: CONTRADICTIONS AND DEVELOPMENT TRENDS

It is shown that in connection with the globalization of the modern world, conditioned, first of all, by the rates of introduction of information technologies, in development of culture clearly lag of civilization progress appeared from scientific and technical. Civiliza-tion progress submits to other conformities to law, that is related not to dying off all tra- ditional, but with his cultivation. In this connection the problem of harmonization of in- novative and traditional forms of culture needs a study. One of variants of decision of this problem globalization of culture that understands as unity of variety would become plural- ism of cultural forms within the framework of single universal cultural space.Attention is accented on that development of technologies and forming of openness of access to different information allows to avoid temporal outage, that was peculiar to the processes that took place before. It assists creation of informative global society unreserved the scopes of the separate states. Information, knowledge become the major resource of globalization presently.Marked, that the process of globalization, sent to creation of the only, integrated so- ciety, that functions through general informatively-economic networks, is capable to decide many problems, that arise up on the way of development of humanity, and on the whole estimate this process positively. It is underlined that globalization of culture is a process of integration of separate national cultures in an only world culture on the basis of devel- opment of transport vehicles, economic connections and facilities of communication. Globalization of culture in the modern world – it dialectical contradictory process, in that tendencies of integration and differentiation, conflicts and collaboration, universal and particularly does not eliminate each other, but are mutually providing for progress trends. Globalization of culture and her contradiction it is suggested to examine in two measuring: in the scale of society, and also in the scale of the system of societies.Marked, that important for understanding of complication and contradiction of process of globalization of culture there are tendencies in the modern world, directions after that development of global public process comes true: cultural polarization, cultural assimila- tion, cultural hybridization and cultural isolation. Grounded, that the dialogue of cultures historically arises up in the process of communication of representatives of different cul- tures (national and ethnic) or between subcultures within the limits of clearly certain space-temporal continuum. Such co-operation takes place under right culture, what tra- ditional for subjects communications. These norms of culture, as a rule, have symbolic, sign character. In the process of globalization the methods of co-operation of different cultures are various enough. Exactly an analysis of methods of co-operation of cultures in the process of globalization, in opinion of authors of the article, is the most perspective approach, because allows to systematize all possible variants of dialogue of cultures, in- cluding those that were considered before.Drawn conclusion, that globalization of culture in the modern world is a difficult, dialectical contradictory process, in that tendencies of integration and differentiation, conflicts and collaboration, universalization and particularity does not eliminate each other, but are mutually providing for progress trends. Examining the problems of global- ization, it is necessary to remember, that a culture of any society is the difficult system the elements (by subsystems) of that are traditional and innovative cultural forms, subculture of different social associations, groups, religious confessions and others like that. Except the certain lines of unity, between the elements of the social and cultural system, and alsobetween cultures on the whole, there are certain differences that at co-operation of subjects in the process of globalization can acquire the different states: from integration (interpen- etration) to the conflict.In the process of globalization, objectively there are communications between the representatives of different cultures (national and ethnic) or between subcultures. Research- ers distinguish, as a rule, a few basic methods co-operations of cultures, as a result of that or social and cultural experience of people and concords is enriched, or ethnic cultural contradictions become sharp. Basic among them are: actualization, cultural expansion, cultural diffusion, synthesis of cultures and others.

Involuntary Confessions of the Flesh in Early Modern France. By Nora Martin Peterson.

Inspired by Foucault’s conceptions of ‘confession involontaire’ and ‘confession de la chair’ in Histoire de la Sexualité, i (Paris: Gallimard, 1976), Nora Martin Peterson’s coinage of ‘involuntary confessions of the flesh’ proves extremely rich in this thoughtful examination of ways in which the early modern self was inextricably — and messily — tied to the body. In each of the three parts of the book, she juxtaposes one cultural discourse (religious confession manuals, judicial treatises on torture, courtly handbooks) with one literary text (Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptaméron, Montaigne’s Essais, Lafayette’s La Princesse de Clèves). In the first chapter, Martin Peterson confronts the ways in which confession manuals written for priests ‘highlight the prevalence of the vocabulary of the body in a genre purportedly concerned with the soul’ (p. 4), arguing that religious and involuntary confessions need to be considered from the perspective of both priest and penitent in order to understand the complexities and disturbed boundaries of spiritual and fleshly narratives. In Chapter 2, various nouvelles of the Heptaméron are shown to highlight both verbal and bodily confessions. Drawn from traditions of religious and secular confession, but never being completely one or the other, these examples create what Martin Peterson sees as a new kind of literary confession, which is at all times bodily. Chapters 3 and 4 deal with the limits of the body and the increasingly difficult relationship between torture and truth, first through various (mainly seventeenth-century) treatises on torture and then in the Essais, with particular emphasis on ‘De la conscience’ (ii, 5), in which Montaigne explicitly discusses torture, and ‘Des boyteux’ (iii, 11). Although Martin Peterson’s conclusion to Chapter 4, that ‘reading Montaigne is an active, corporeal process’ (p. 89), is persuasive, it is surprising that she does not contemplate that most body-centred chapter of the Essais, ‘De l’experience’ (iii, 13). The final two chapters juxtapose the French legacy of Castiglione’s concept of sprezzatura (the capacity to conceal artifice by making what one says in the company of others seem nonchalant and effortless) with the Princesse de Clèves, which is concerned above all with confession and dissimulation. Mastery of the self both verbally and bodily in courtly manuals leads to what Martin Peterson calls ‘a dissatisfying impasse’ (p. 113), where involuntary confessions of the flesh would seem to have no place in a courtly context. The choice of La Princesse de Clèves to conclude the book is an excellent one, because many of the themes of the early chapters are brought to the fore here. Moreover, Martin Peterson’s analysis of both the famous aveu scene and blushing reveals genuinely fresh insights. Her argument — that the princess’s verbal confession to her husband of her love for another man is the direct consequence of the deathbed refusal of Mme de Chartres to allow her daughter (having already betrayed herself on a bodily level) to confess her love for Nemours — is particularly inspired. If this impressive book, the first of a series entitled ‘The Early Modern Exchange’, is a sign of things to come, we can look forward to some excellent offerings by other authors.

Geo-Economics of the Eurasian Heartland

This part of the world is a diverse, complex and dynamic region, combining ancient culture and traditions with forward-looking aspirations. Although all eight countries were part of the USSR just quarter of a century ago, now they are living in diverse political models and different economic realities. There are 85 million people of growing population, of over a hundred ethnicities, tens of languages, diverse in religious confessions, literate, educated and entrepreneurial. This is a tremendous potential that now gets its chance to be realized. In this report, we provide an insight into the dynamic geopolitical context of the region influenced by the neighbor and international powers. We also analyze internal dynamics of the region with the special emphasis on the growing security concerns, promising political transition and demographic trends. Finally, we address one of the major impediments to the economic growth and social development of the region - an infrastructure gap. We overview current state of infrastructure development, as well as discuss key infrastructure development initiatives in the region.

Characteristics of financial position of religious organizations in Russia and Italy: constitutional legal aspect

The article gives comparative analysis of approaches towards financing of religious organizations on the part of the state as one of the principles of a secular state. We give interpretation of the principle as of today. The authors attempt to research and define permissible limits of financial sovereignty of religious confessions. The article demonstrates considerable differences in the systems employed in Russia and in Italy. The authors suggest changing not only the mechanisms of providing financial support but also the procedure of rendering the accountancy.

Remy, Johannes Brothers or Enemies: The Ukrainian National Movement and Russia from the 1840s to the 1870s (review)

SEER, 95, 3, JULY 2017 568 communities in Russia — the Uniates strike me as especially promising — would have offered more opportunities to interpret the story in compelling ways. And whereas the book is explicitly about state policies and practices, the Old Believers themselves remain a bit too spectral in this account. Even so, scholars of religion and especially dissent in Russia, as well as those focusing on governance and state ideology, will benefit handsomely from reading this well-researched book. Department of History Paul W. Werth University of Nevada, Las Vegas Remy, Johannes. Brothers or Enemies: The Ukrainian National Movement and Russia from the 1840s to the 1870s. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, ON, Buffalo, NY and London, 2016. x + 329 pp. Illustrations. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $65.00. The book under review is the result of extended work in the Academy of Finland, at the University of Helsinki and then at different universities in Canada where the author moved in 2009. Covering the period from the 1840s to the 1870s, when mutual antagonism emerged between the Ukrainian national movement and Russian imperial government, the book examines Ukrainian national activism, its relation to Russia and Russian and the imperial policies on the Ukrainian question. Apart from archival materials located in Russia and Ukraine, the study is based on extensive published and existing research literature. Consequently, the author offers a systematic analysis of Ukrainian national activists’ perception of Russia and Great Russians and brings to light archival materials unused by Remy’s predecessors (Alexei Miller, Serhiy Bilenky, Faith Hillis and others) (p. 10). The book has eight chapters, organized chronologically,andissuppliedwitharichbibliography,includingrarearchival and published sources some of which are hard to find, for instance, seven titles prepared in Ukrainian by father Vasyl Hrechulevych (Vasilii Grechulevich) during the years 1849–59 (pp. 298–99). Chapter one provides background material on the emergence of the Ukrainian national movement before the 1840s and outlines the terminological and conceptual framework, including the terms ‘Little Russia’, ‘Little Russian’, ‘Ukraine’, ‘South Rus’’ and ‘South Russian’ (pp. 19–20). The author bases his research on the assumption that the idea of independence did not enter Ukrainian national discourse at the end of the nineteenth century, but in the late 1850s, as discussed in detail in chapter five (pp. 113–56). A special emphasis is placed on the state and status of Ukrainian-language publications, beginning with Ivan Kotliarevsky’s burlesque poem, Eneїda (1798), and works written REVIEWS 569 ‘in a more serious tone’ by Mykhailo Maksymovych, Osyp Bodiansky and especially Hryhorii Kvitka-Osnovianenko and Taras Shevchenko, whose first collection of poems published in 1840 was considered the highest achievement of Ukrainian literature of its time (pp. 15–18). As the author rightly states, despite the importance of historical mythology for the Ukrainian nationbuilding project, language is the litmus test that defines the limits of the prospective nation (p. 15). In the next chapter, Remy argues that the preexisting building blocks of nationhood — history, folk culture, language and religious confession — were first creatively employed by the members of the Slavic Society of St Cyril and St Methodius (Mykola Kostomarov, Mykola Hulak, Vasyl Bilozersky, Taras ShevchenkoandPanteleimonKulish).AstheSociety’sstatutestipulated,Russia was to be one of the constituent republics of the Slav federation, placed on an equal footing alongside the others, while Kyiv was to become the capital of all the Slavs (pp. 22–23). According to Remy, what is significant about this period is the fact that after the Society’s disclosure, the tsarist authorities became alert to the danger of Ukrainian nationalism which impacted a number of subsequent decisions related to censorship (p. 59). Remy defines the years 1855–59 as ‘a period of liberalization’ (p. 61), during which, for example, the Cyrillo-Methodians, who were still serving their sentences, were finally pardoned. Compared to its output during 1846–54, Ukrainian publishing increased sevenfold; Vasyl Hrechulevych published several collections of sermons in Little Russian, and Panteleimon Kulish produced most of his important non-fiction works in Ukrainian with the help of his new Little Russian orthography (p. 66). Aseparatechapter,dealingwiththestereotypingofRussiansintheUkrainian journal Osnova, provides the first systematic study of censorship policies relating to Ukrainian publications (pp. 81–112). As the author...