Religious Research Articles

Social Impacts of Child Marriage in Grobogan Regency, Central Java Province, Indonesia

Background: The prevalence of child marriage in Indonesia has more than doubled in the last three decadesbut is still one of the highest in the East Asia and Pacific region. In the Grobogan District in 2016 anincrease in the number of marriages at an early age in women was 36.5 percent. This study is a qualitativenaturalistic study. The main data source of this study is the results of Focus Group Discussions, interviewsand observations and also supported by secondary data in the form of previous research results. The reasonfor early marriage is mostly due to the incidence of pregnancy outside marriage in adolescents. It is suspectedthat there is a relationship between early marriage, low level of education and poverty. Religious education,morals and strict control from parents, schools and communities must be done with a variety of strategies,because most of the reasons for early marriage are getting pregnant first.

Perubahan Pola Kehidupan Masyarakat Asli Terhadap Pertumbuhan Industri Tekstil Di Desa Lojikobong Kecamatan Sumberjaya Kabupaten Majalengka

The existence of industrial estates can also trigger population mobility, namely there are immigrants to areas around industrial estates. The presence of immigrants will influence a shift in social behavior in the level of solidarity between local residents and migrants who carry their values ​​and behavior with the local community. As a result, the weakening and diminishing of solidarity in terms of mutual cooperation is a result of the busyness and the large number of people who spend time at work. Busyness is what makes people pay less attention to the religious field as well. The method used by the writer in preparing this research is qualitative. Data collection using data collection techniques and tools as observation, interviews and documentation. Some data analysis techniques are data reduction, display data, and drawing conclusions. The existence of an industrial area in Lojikobong Village, Sumberjaya District, Majalengka Regency has implications for changes in the behavior of the surrounding community, namely in the behavior of mutual cooperation in the fields of environmental cleanliness, public interest and disaster management. Behavioral changes resulting from the establishment of industrial estates are in the economic life they get. It can be seen from the people's lifestyle which is shown in consumptive behavior, because the entry of industry automatically opens job opportunities for the surrounding community. Then factory workers in addition to getting a basic salary, also get income from overtime work and other profitable factory policies. Changes in behavior in the religious field prior to the presence of industrial estates such as routine recitation, yasinan and congregational prayer. Public enthusiasm for participating in the series of religious activities seems high.
 Abstrak
 Keberadaan kawasan industri juga dapat memicu terjadinya mobilitas penduduk yaitu terdapat penduduk pendatang ke daerah sekitar kawasan industri. Keberadaan penduduk pendatang akan berpengaruh terhadap pergeseran perilaku sosial dalam tingkat solidaritas antara penduduk lokal dan penduduk pendatang yang membawa tata nilai dan perilakunya dengan masyarakat setempat. Akibatnya melemah dan melunturnya solidaritas dalam hal bergotong royong diakibatkan dari kesibukan dan banyaknya masyarakat yang menghabiskan waktu di tempat kerja. Kesibukan itulah yang membuat masyarakat menjadi kurang perhatian terhadap bidang keagamaan juga. Metode yang digunakan penulis dalam penyusunan penelitian ini adalah kualitatif. Pengumpulan data dengan teknik dan alat pengumpulan data sebagai yaitu observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Beberapa tekhnik analisis data yaitu data reduksi, data display, penarikan kesimpulan. Keberadaan kawasan industri di Desa Lojikobong Kecamatan Sumberjaya Kabupaten Majalengka berimplikasi pada perubahan perilaku masyarakat disekitarnya yaitu dalam perilaku bergotong royong pada bidang kebersihan lingkungan, kepentingan umum dan penanganan musibah. Perubahan-perubahan perilaku akibat berdirinya kawasan industri adalah dalam kehidupan enonomi yang mereka peroleh. Nampak dari gaya hidup masyarakat yang ditunjukkan pada perilaku konsumtif, karena telah masuknya industri otomatis terbukanya peluang kerja bagi masyarakat sekitar. Kemudian pekerja pabrik selain mendapatkan gaji pokok, mendapatkan juga penghasilan dari kerja lembur serta kebijakan-kebijakan lain dari pabrik yang menguntungkan. Perubahan perilaku dalam bidang keagamaan sebelum hadirnya kawasan industri seperti pengajian rutin, yasinan dan sholat berjamaah. Antusias masyarakat untuk mengikuti rangkaian kegiatan keagamaan tersebut nampak tinggi.

Os espaços cemiteriais enquanto lócus para a atividade turística: o potencial do cemitério do Campo Santo em Salvador (BA)

Os cemitérios ou necrópoles se constituem em importantes sítios culturais das cidades, tanto pelo valor simbólico que possuem, em termos da expressão da memória e da religiosidade, como por sua influência na paisagem. Este estudo abarca o processo de formação das primeiras necrópoles e os caminhos que contribuíram para a concepção do modelo de cemitério adotado no tempo presente. Soma-se a isso, as análises das práticas e hábitos que conceberam a esses importantes sítios culturais, o valor simbólico presente na memória, na religiosidade e na paisagem arquitetônica das cidades e sociedades. Objetiva-se contribuir com as discussões que tratam sobre espaços não tradicionais com grande potencial de atratividade turística, neste caso, o patrimônio artístico da arquitetura funerária existente nos cemitérios. A metodologia adotada abrangeu a revisão bibliográfica e análise crítica dos principais teóricos sobre a temática, buscando relacionar os aspectos sobre a visitação e o turismo em cemitérios. O objeto empírico do estudo foi o Cemitério do Campo Santo, o mais antigo cemitério público de Salvador e um dos mais antigos do Brasil. Observa-se na pesquisa, que o turismo cemiterial, a exemplo do ocorrido no Campo Santo, surge como possibilidade de exploração de um espaço urbano repleto de simbolismo e apelo cultural, ampliando o leque de atrativos turísticos da capital baiana.

15세기 프랑스 성사극 시작법의 의도와 효과

15세기 프랑스 성사극 시작법의 의도와 효과

Is Nietzsche’s ideal mood religious?

Is Nietzsche’s ideal mood religious?

Comorbidades psiquiátricas e risco de suicídio em usuários de substâncias psicoativas

OBJETIVO: identificar a presença de comorbidades psiquiátricas e risco de suicídio em usuários de substâncias psicoativas atendidos em serviços de saúde. MÉTODOS E MATERIAIS: Estudo exploratório descritivo realizado com 56 usuários de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) de um município da Mesorregião Noroeste do estado do Ceará. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram: Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), questionário de avaliação de depressão (PHQ-9) e o Índice de Rico de Suicídio (IRIS). A análise por meio de estatística descritiva. RESULTADOS: 78,6% (n=44) eram do sexo masculino, 69,6% (n=39) solteiros e 66% (n=39) dos usuários tinham filhos. Destes 80,4% (n=45) apresentaram rastreamento positivo para transtorno não psicóticos, 82,1% (n=46) com presença de depressão, 69,7% (n=39) apresentaram elevado risco de suicídio, com ênfase na presença de perda recente marcante (n=41; 73,2%) e religiosidade ausente (n=29; 51,8%). CONCLUSÃO: observa-se alta frequência de comorbidades psiquiátricas nos usuários de SPA, sobretudo transtornos não psicóticos e depressão. Quanto aos aspectos referentes ao risco de suicídio, a maioria apresentou elevado risco para tal comportamento.

Biblical Reflections on Contemporary Western and Russian Theological Turns - Centering on Russian Religious Studies of Literature -

Biblical Reflections on Contemporary Western and Russian Theological Turns - Centering on Russian Religious Studies of Literature -

Pemberdayaan Anak-Anak Usia SD dalam Bidang Keagamaan sebagai Penunjang Kegiatan Sehari-Hari Berbasis Masjid di Desa Bandorasa Wetan Kecamatan Cilimus Kabupaten Kuningan

Efforts to empower mosques are as centers for religious activities, education and social services. But in reality, the function of a mosque with a worldly dimension does not have a maximum role in the development of the Islamic ummah and civilization. In order to preserve and develop a mosque, innovative thoughts and ideas are needed as well as the willingness of all parties, especially its managers. The main problem of this research is how to empower elementary school children in the field of mosque-based religion in Bandorasa Wetan Village, Cilimus District, Kuningan Regency. The type of research used in this thesis is qualitative research, with the aim of knowing the empowerment of elementary school children in the field of mosque-based religion in Bandorasa Wetan Village, Cilimus District, Kuningan Regency by making previous observations and collecting data as well as interviews and documentation. The results of this study explain that community empowerment at the Great Mosque of Al-Huda, Bandorasa Wetan Village is able to foster and educate the community and children through mosque committee programs developed through the religious field, namely sunset recitation culture, congregational prayer movements, socio-religious competitions. and parenting activities. The research implication is for the general chairman of the great mosque al-Huda, Cilimus District along with representatives and members of the board in maintaining the performance that has been done and developing education, religious, social activities, especially for elementary school age children as an effort to discipline themselves and teaches the virtues of the mosque.
 Abstrak
 Upaya memberdayakan masjid adalah sebagai pusat kegiatan keagamaan, pendidikan dan layanan sosial. Namun dalam kenyataannya, fungsi masjid yang berdimensi duniawiyah kurang memiliki peran yang maksimal dalam pembangunan umat dan peradaban Islam. Dalam rangka untuk melestarikan dan mengembangkan masjid kiranya diperlukan pemikiran dan gagasan inovatif dan sekaligus kemauan semua pihak terutama para pengelolanya. Pokok permasalahan penelitian ini adalah bagaimana pemberdayaan anak-anak usia SD dalam bidang keagamaan berbasis masjid di Desa Bandorasa Wetan Kecamatan Cilimus Kabupaten Kuningan. Jenis Penelitian yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah penelitian kualitatif, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui pemberdayaan anak-anak usia SD dalam bidang keagamaan berbasis masjid di Desa Bandorasa Wetan Kecamatan Cilimus Kabupaten Kuningan dengan cara melakukan observasi sebelumnya dan mengumpulkan data serta wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan bahwa pemberdayaan masyarakat di Masjid Besar Al-Huda Desa Bandorasa Wetan mampu membina dan mendidik masyarakat dan anak-anak melalui program-program panitia masjid yang dikembangkan melalui bidang keagamaan yaitu budaya magrib mengaji, gerakan solat berjama’ah, lomba social keagamaan dan kegiatan parenting. Implikasi penelitian adalah kepada ketua umum masjid besar al-Huda Kecamatan Cilimus beserta dengan wakil dan anggota-anggota pengurus dalam mempertahankan kinerja-kinerja yang telah dilakukan dan mengembangkan edukasi, kegiatan keagamaan, sosial, khususnya untuk anak-anak usia SD sebagai upaya pendisiplinan diri dan mengajarkan muatan keutamaan masjid.

A comparative assessment of the spiritual health behaviors of the Iranian muslim in the COVID-19 pandemic with religious evidence

Background and Aim: Based on religious beliefs, the Iranian Muslim follow the lifestyle of the Prophet and the Imams The aim of this study was to comparatively evaluate the spiritual health behaviors of the Iranian Muslim in the COVID-19 pandemic with religious evidence Methods: This comparative study was conducted in the period from March 1, 2020, to the end of May 2020 in Tehran, Iran Without intervening in the research samples, the researchers observed, recorded, examined and compared their individual and social behaviors with religious evidence Data collection methods were semi-structured interviews, observation, taking notes from published papers, website surveys and social networks Data were analyzed by conventional content analysis Results: Religious beliefs, as a moral motivating factor, had a positive effect on the health behaviors and spiritual health of people in the biological crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic Community adherence to health standards, spiritual self-care, home care, and family participation in health services at prevention levels were consistent with scientific findings and religious evidence Muslim people avoided doing things that endangered their own health or the health of others Conclusion: The adaptation of health behaviors of the research samples with religious evidence shows the effect of adherence to Islamic rules on the individual and social behaviors of Iranian Muslims, which can be recommended for followers of other Abrahamic religions © 2020 Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences All rights reserved

Cuidados de enfermagem com pacientes terminais em um hospital de alta complexidade de Teresina-PI

Cuidados paliativos referem-se ao tratamento que pretende melhorar as condições para o bem-estar físico e psíquico dos pacientes e de seus familiares durante o enfrentamento de doenças terminais, a partir do reconhecimento precoce, da análise religiosa e do abrandamento da dor com base nos aspectos de ordem física, espiritual e psicossocial. O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer os cuidados realizados pelos enfermeiros com os pacientes terminais em um hospital de alta complexidade em Teresina-PI. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, de caráter descritivo. A pesquisa foi realizada em todas as unidades de internação que apresentavam pacientes terminais. Participaram do estudo onze enfermeiros que realizavam assistência direta aos pacientes terminais. Utilizou-se um roteiro com perguntas direcionadas para a caracterização dos entrevistados, guiadas para as questões norteadoras. A análise dos dados foi executada por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin. A realização de medidas de conforto, alívio da dor, apoio psicológico e comunicação terapêutica com estabelecimento de vínculo entre profissionais, família e paciente são fatores extremamente importantes para indivíduos que enfrentam uma doença terminal. A atuação da equipe de Enfermagem no cuidado paliativo contribui para a manutenção da qualidade de vida de pacientes terminais e a partir disto, verifica-se a necessidade de profissionais qualificados e especializados para atuarem no cuidado a essa clientela dentro de instituições hospitalares de saúde.

Religious Harm and Finding Forgiveness.

Religious Harm and Finding Forgiveness.

An exploration of psychological contract violation and calling experienced by religious ministers

Although individuals who experience a vocational calling tend to be less receptive to psychological distress causing burnout, depression and turnover the prevalence of these cases are on the rise among religious ministers. This hitherto unexplained phenomenon is investigated in this study by exploring psychological contract violation experience with religious ministers in South Africa. A total of 11 participants were interviewed using a narrative approach, forming a qualitative study exploring the content of calling, expectations created by calling in reaction to it and the perceived violation of these expectations in the vocational setting. The result indicates that religious ministers do indeed experience psychological contract violation that leads to a host of negative effects. Opsomming: ‘n Ondersoek na psigologiese kontrak skending- en roeping ervaring by geestelike leiers. Alhoewel individue wat ‘n roeping ervaar die geneigdheid het om minder vatbaar te wees vir psigologiese stress wat uitbranding, depressie en omkeer-intensie voorafgaan, is daar ‘n toenemend hoër voorkoms hiervan by geestelike leiers. Hierdie onverklaarde fenomeen word in hierdie studie ondersoek deur psigologiese kontrak verbreking ervarings onder geestelike leiers in Suid Afrika te ondersoek. ‘n Totaal van 11 deelnemers is by wyse van narratiewe onderhoude ondervra om ‘n kwalitatiewe studie te doen wat die inhoud van roeping, verwagtinge vanuit die roeping en beleefde skending van hierdie verwagtinge in die loopbaankonteks te ondersoek. Die resultaat dui daarop dat geestelike leiers wel psigologiese kontrak skending ervaar wat negatiewe gevolge inhou.

A espiritualidade como ferramenta no enfrentamento do HIV/AIDS

Objetivo: Analisar a espiritualidade como uma ferramenta terapêutica no convívio com o vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida/Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida (HIV/AIDS), na qualidade de vida e na saúde mental e emocional das pessoas que vivem com HIV/AIDS (PVHA). Métodos: Estudo quanti-qualitativo que utilizou como população de estudo 10 usuários regularmente acompanhados pelo Centro de Orientação e Aconselhamento Sorológico/ Centro de Testagem e Acolhimento (COAS/CTA). Estes pacientes foram submetidos a uma entrevista estruturada que visava entender a relação deles com a religiosidade e com a espiritualidade. Resultados: Foi observado que 100% dos entrevistados acreditavam em um ser superior, embora 30% deles não possuíssem nenhuma religião. A espiritualidade pode atuar como um fator negativo ou positivo no enfrentamento da doença, visto que algumas pessoas podem encarar a doença como um castigo divino, enquanto outras veem na religião um amparo para o enfrentamento da sua condição, se sentindo aceitos e amados por um ser superior. Conclusão: Quando a relação com a espiritualidade ocorre de maneira positiva, ela é vista como suporte para a superação da situação crônica de cuidado. Porém, quando a relação é negativa, o paciente tem nesta um fator a mais de culpa e sofrimento.

Q-методология в изучении «слабой религиозности»

Q-методология в изучении «слабой религиозности»

A história do colégio jesuíta de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro no século XVI

Este estudo tem por finalidade analisar a implantação e o percurso histórico do Colégio de São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro, localizado na região da Baía de Guanabara. Para isso, adotou-se a metodologia bibliográfica e documental, na qual foram analisados artigos, cartas jesuítas e escritos de Serafim Leite (1890—1969). A pesquisa é justificada pela necessidade de compreender como ocorreu a organização do ensino nos primórdios da educação brasileira. Deste modo, podemos refletir sobre o passado, o presente e o futuro dentro da perspectiva da ruptura e da continuidade. Com os resultados obtidos, é possível perceber que os intensos conflitos, na Baía de Guanabara, significaram o desenvolvimento da cidade do Rio de Janeiro e a instauração da instituição escolar. Por meio das discussões, podemos refletir sobre a área da história e a historiografia da educação. Essa permeia as investigações históricas sobre os fenômenos educativos escolares, a estrutura do colégio e os conteúdos lecionados pelos padres jesuítas aos seminaristas que, futuramente, cumpririam a função de transmitir a fé católica e ensinar as crianças indígenas. A alfabetização e os ensinamentos religiosos, que aconteciam nas casas de bê-á-bá, aos meninos nativos, eram primordiais para desenvolver o hábito da leitura da Bíblia e converter o gentio à fé cristã. Considera-se que a colonização do Rio de Janeiro só foi possível devido a dois fatores: a Coroa Portuguesa e a Igreja Católica. Enquanto a administração portuguesa pretendia expandir seus territórios e se beneficiar dos produtos oferecidos pelas novas localidades encontradas, as ações dos padres jesuítas eram de expansão do Cristianismo que havia sofrido repressão pelo protestantismo.

Religious Pluralism Discourse in Public Sphere of Indonesia: A Critical Application of Communicative Action Theory to Inter-religious Dialogue

This paper examines religious pluralism discourse in post-Reformasi Indonesia. Though there is general consensus about the importance of maintaining inter-religious harmony, there are still various perspectives and arguments on the idealization of dealing with religious diversity in society. The differences are found not only between the advocates and opponents of religious pluralism but also among proponent groups of religious pluralism. This paper looks at how religious organizations for inter-religious harmony struggle for legitimating their religious pluralism ideals in society. In this context, this paper, by using Habermas’ theory of communicative action, focuses on the characteristics of their efforts to communicate with others in the public sphere. It examines inter-faith dialogue done by NGOs’ activities and arguments, focusing on their validity claims for justifying religious pluralism. This paper argues that some conceptions and presuppositions of this theory need to be critically assessed and modified in analyzing these NGOs’ discourse so that it can be appropriately applied to the Indonesian context in which religion has substantial power to influence people’s thoughts and behaviors. Particularly it will point out 1) the problem of universalized rationality, 2) power relation and strategic action, and 3) the role of religious reason in public discourse.
 [Artikel ini mengkaji diskursus pluralisme agama di era pasca-Reformasi Indonesia. Meski ada kesepakatan akan pentingnya membangun harmoni lintas agama, tapi pada tataran praktiknya masih ada pelbagai perspektif dan argumentasi dalam menyikapi keanekaragaman agama dalam masyarakat. Perbedaan ini tidak hanya ditemukan di kalangan mereka yang kontra, tapi juga di kalangan mereka yang pro pluralisme agama. Artikel ini bermaksud meneliti bagaimana organisasi agama yang memperjuangkan harmoni lintas agama berjuang memancang ide-ide ideal mereka terkait pluralisme agama di masyarakat. Dalam konteks ini, penelitian ini mengacu pada teori communicative action-nya Habermas dan fokus memantau karakteristik organisasi-organisasi tersebut dalam berinteraksi satu sama lain di ruang publik. Artikel ini bermaksud menguji sejauh mana dialog antar-agama dilakukan oleh organisasi-organisasi ini, terutama validitas klaim mereka dalam menjustifikasi pluralisme agama. Artikel ini berargumen bahwa konsepsi dan asumsi dari teori-teori tersebut perlu ditinjau ulang secara kritis untuk bisa diterapkan dalam konteks Indonesia, di mana agama masih memiliki kekuatan potensial untuk mempengaruhi pemikiran dan perilaku masyarakat. Secara khusus artikel ini akan membahas 1) problem rasionalitas universal, 2) relasi kuasa dan aksi strategis, serta 3) peran logika agama di ruang (diskursus) publik.

The Emergence of New Religious Movement and Threats to Social Harmony in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara

In the post-reformation era, a new situation of religious life has challenged the Indonesian people at large. Several conflicts arose in many areas to dispute socio-religious harmony. Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, is not an exception. In this area, the conflict occurs along with the presence of new religious groups within society. Through a phenomenological approach, this research deals with some religious groups, such as Lembaga Dakwah Islam Indonesia (LDII), Gafatar, Ahmadiyah, Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), and Khilafatul Muslimin in Kupang. These groups have grown significantly under social and state control which keep an eye on them, especially for every political goal concealed behind the movement. They are perceived as a threat to the existence of the government and the state.
 [Indonesia pasca-Reformasi melahirkan situasi baru dalam kehidupan keagamaan. Keharmonisan yang selama ini dibanggakan mendapat ujian oleh berbagai konflik sosial bermotif agama. Konflik keagamaan muncul di berbagai wilayah, termasuk di Kupang, NTT. Konflik ini beriringan dengan munculnya berbagai kelompok aliran keagamaan baru yang selama ini tidak ada di masyarakat. Melalui studi dengan pendekatan fenomenologi dan metode observasi partisipan, ditemukan bahwa terdapat beberapa aliran paham keagamaan seperti Lembaga Dakwah Islam Indonesia (LDII), Gafatar, Ahmadiyah, Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia (HTI), dan Khilafatul Muslimin. Aliran-aliran keagamaan tersebut tidak memiliki akselerasi perkembangan yang signifikan. Masyarakat bersama aparat selalu mengawal, mengawasi serta mendampingi kegiatan-kegiatan keagamaan yang dipandang akan membuat risau ketenteraman sosial. Sekalipun demikian, kelompok-kelompok ini memiliki potensi negatif ke depan karena sebagiannya tidak semata-mata organisasi dengan misi dakwah, tapi juga misi politik yang bertentangan dengan NKRI.]

Cultura y espiritualidad en la vivencia del cáncer de mama y la mastectomía

Introducción: Las cada vez más crecientes cifras de cáncer de mama, la alta supervivencia y la diversidad cultural y religioso-espiritual actual hacen que en la vivencia de esta patología confluyan una gran cantidad de factores que deben ser considerados. Objetivo: Conocer la influencia de los elementos culturales en la vivencia del cáncer de mama y la mastectomía. Metodología: Revisión integradora en bases de datos nacionales e internacionales de bibliografía científica publicada entre 2006 y 2018. Resultados: Los principales hallazgos identificados fueron los aspectos emocionales y sexuales, y su influencia en la vivencia del cáncer de mama/mastectomía , los factores sociales y culturales estresantes en la mujer con cáncer de mama/mastectomía y los mecanismos de adaptación al cáncer de mama en relación a su cultura Respecto a los dos primeros hallazgos, se evidencia pérdida de la feminidad, autoestima y percepción negativa de la imagen corporal así como un descenso de la satisfacción, la funcionalidad sexual y la libido. También temor a la recaída y al cambio de rol familiar en países como Jordania, Líbano y en la cultura afroamericana. En cuanto a los mecanismos de adaptación, la enfermedad es entendida desde lo espiritual como voluntad de Dios en culturas imperantes en Indonesia, Jordania y Hawái, aunque, por el contrario, mujeres en Bahréin conciben el cáncer como un castigo o un mal de ojo. Conclusión: Existe la necesidad de prestar una atención más especializada atendiendo aspectos emocionales y sobre la sexualidad, actuando sobre conciencia social para evitar el estigma que padecen y valorando el significado de la enfermedad y las estrategias espirituales de afrontamiento llevadas a cabo. Estudios futuros podrían profundizar en el abordaje culturalmente competente de esta patología.

부모의 종교성과 자녀 행복의 관계 연구 : 자녀의 종교성과 부모 행복의 이중 매개효과 검증

부모의 종교성과 자녀 행복의 관계 연구 : 자녀의 종교성과 부모 행복의 이중 매개효과 검증

Religious Reformation in the Bengal Renaissance: Prelude to Science Museums in India

Religious Reformation in the Bengal Renaissance: Prelude to Science Museums in India