Relief Parameters Research Articles

SEM Measurements of the Dimensions of Relief Structures in the Technological Process of Manufacturing Microcircuits

The problems of measuring the dimensions of relief elements on a scanning electron microscope (SEM) in the technological process of manufacturing microcircuits are considered. The first problem is related to the fact that the increase in the SEM during operation can vary over a wide range depending on the measured dimensions. The second problem is that the probe diameter determined in the SEM calibration process differs from the diameter used in operational measurements. The third problem is related to the fact that it is not known which relief parameter is measured in the SEM probe defocusing method. It is shown that to solve the first problem, it is necessary to calibrate the mark on the image using structures with a trapezoidal profile and large angles of inclination of the side walls. The solution of the second problem is based on the method of defocusing the SEM probe: determining the dependence of the sizes between certain points on the SEM signals on the probe diameter and extrapolating this dependence to the zero value of the diameter. The third problem is solved with the help of a virtual scanning electron microscope.

Coupling MCDM-based ensemble and AHP for the sustainable management of erosion risk in a tropical Sub-Saharan basin

Intensified erosion threats are one of the major ecological problems ravaging global basins. To address this problem, it is crucial to identify erosion-prone areas at the sub-watershed level. In this study, a seven multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) models ensemble was developed to prioritize sub-watersheds in the Anambra Basin based on erosion risk. The integration of the MCDM models with the Analytical Hierarchical Process and Geographic Information System with 23 geomorphometric parameters (specifically 12 linear, 6 shape, and 5 relief parameters), enabled a comprehensive ranking approach. The accuracy of the models was tested using normalised Spearman's rank correlation to compute a uniform sub-watershed ranking. The results revealed that the study area is a 7th order basin with drainage densities between 0.54 km/km2 to 0.62 km/km2, average peak flow between 88 m3/sec to 361 m3/sec, texture ratio between 2.54/km to 11.25/km, and mean basin slope values between 10.9° to 22.2°. Out of the eight sub-watersheds, as indicated by the MCDM models, H returned the highest aggregate rank (1st), making it the top priority for erosion risk mitigation while B ranked the least (8th) suggesting the presence of some environmental conditions that are less erosion prone. The top-ranked MCDM models, MOORA (multi-objective optimisation based on ratio analysis) and COPRAS (complex proportional assessment), show that they are the best options for managing erosion in the Anambra Basin. These findings offer prospects for sustainable erosion risk control at the sub-watershed level and a scientific basis for resource management for basins with similar characteristics around the world.

Spatial distribution and density of dolines in External Dinarides of Bosnia and Herzegovina

As the distinctive features of karst terrain, dolines are frequently regarded as diagnostic indicators of karst landscapes. Since the beginning of the karst scientific research in 19th century, dolines have consistently captured the attention of geographers, geologists, and geomorphologists. Geomorphological research provides valuable knowledge about the spatial distribution of dolines, their characteristics, origin and development. These features not only serve as significant structural and geomorphological indicators, but also as indicators of karst evolution. One of the most significant and frequent research approaches in the study of dolines in modern geomorphology involves analyzing their spatial distribution. The main objective of this research is to determine the spatial distribution and density of dolines in the External Dinarides of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and make an analysis of the geological structure and morphometric features of the terrain as influential factors of distribution. A digital database was created based on a 1 : 25,000 topographic map, where points on the map denote the positions of the doline areas. The data on doline positions were manually adjusted for digital analysis, which was performed by using the ArcGIS 10.1 software package. The findings indiate that the morphometric relief parameters have a considerable impact on the distribution of dolines. Higher doline density is observed in the areas characterized by Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones within the karst plains of the middle hypsometric belt.

ВПЛИВ МОРФОМЕТРИЧНИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ РЕЛЬЄФУ НА ПЛОЩУ ПОВЕРХНІ ЗЕМЕЛЬНИХ ДІЛЯНОК ЛІСОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ

A plot of land is characterized by the following main attributes: purpose, location and turning points coordinates, regulatory monetary value and area. The exact value of the plot area is required for keeping land data and entering informationinto the State Land Cadastre; as well as to determine the real amount of land tax or rent. For forest and agricultural lands, the area also determines the amount of cultivation and the obtained products.Based on the analysis of literature sources, the established goal was to check the possibility of using Earth remote sensing data to generate digital relief models of plots in order to estimate their area. An important task was to establish the quantitative difference between the surface area of the land plot and the area of its horizontal projection using the example of large forested parcels. Five sites were selected for research, which are located in the Volyn, Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions of Ukraine. Using Google Earth, Global Mapper, and Surfer software, digital relief models of the objects were generated and visualized. At the next stage, the main relief parameters of the sites, as well as the values of the areas of their surfaces, were determined. It was established that for the specified land plots, the physical surface area is larger than the area of its horizontal projection by 1.15-87.83 hectares or from 0.1 to 7.7 %.Therefore, the surface area depends on the morphometric parameters of the relief, namely the steepness and its roughness. For large parcels of agricultural and forestry purposes, it is recommended to take into account the area of their surfaces; to enter it as a separate parameter in the land cadastre. To increase the accuracy of the surface area calculation, it is necessaryto use a digital terrain model with a smaller grid step. To generate such DEMs, we can use aerial photography materials.

МОНИТОРИНГ КАК НАУЧНАЯ ОСНОВА СОВРЕМЕННОГО КОРМОПРОИЗВОДСТВА

Sown grasses stand height was monitored in an agricultural landscape in 2019–2021. The agroecological test plot was located within a terminal moraine hill. The aim of monitoring was to study the influence of the characteristic features of various landscape structures (differentially exposed slopes, landscape sections within them, and soil cover variegation) on plant height. The studies were carried out across an agroecological transect (a field crossing the main landscape positions of a moraine hill) at 120 sample points located 10 m apart. The height of red clover and timothy grass was determined nine times during the development of the perennial herbage over 1 to 3 years of its life. The statistical treatment of data revealed that the maximum effect on the spatial variability of plant height is produced by slope exposure. A significant influence of landscape factors has been proved only for the temporal dynamics of timothy grass height, whereas the features of clover growth do not depend on relief and soils parameters. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to develop a system of adaptive placement of grass stands in an agricultural landscape making it possible to manage the quantity and quality of fodder.

Evaluation and Mitigation of Flash Flood Risks in Arid Regions: A Case Study of Wadi Sudr in Egypt

Flash floods threaten the lives of people and properties in different regions around the world, especially in arid and semi-arid regions due to infrequent flood events. The current study aims to assess the geomorphological parameters of Wadi Sudr, South Sinai in Egypt to evaluate flash flood risks and provide adequate mitigation methods. This study presents an integrated method that combines geographic information system (GIS) and watershed modeling system (WMS) with HEC-HMS to visualize and assess flood events in the study area. Different morphologic parameters of the watershed were determined, including linear, areal, and relief parameters. GIS was used to analyze the satellite images and determine the characteristics of the valley to get the extension and number of stream orders in the valley, then WMS was used to estimate rainstorms and basin characteristics, as well as estimate the amount of rain that causes flooding. HEC-HMS program was used for hydrological demonstration and precipitation overflow estimation. The morphometric analysis provided a quantitative portrayal of the Wadi Sudr watershed. Wadi Sudr has 4029 streams connected with seventh order of streams spread over an area of 547.45 km2. Based on the results of morphologic and hydraulic parameters of the watershed, two locations of protection dams were suggested. A comparison between the two locations was made to select the best location based on some criteria, including storage capacity, water depth behind the dam, width and shape of the valley, and the area covered by water stored in the reservoir. The comparison between the two locations showed that the first location is more appropriate for dam construction based on the examined criteria. The valley shape in the first location is more regular than in the second. The first location provided higher storage capacity and water depth in front of the dam than the second. The area covered by water and the width of the valley is less than the second. The stability of the dam at the first site could be higher and the cost of construction could cost be less than the second due to these reasons. A comparison was made using the weighted linear combination (WLC) method, which consists of 13 criteria to determine the suitability index (SI) in order to select the best location from the proposed locations. SI proved that the first location is better than the second. The designed dam in the selected site could be cost-efficient to protect the study area from flood risks and harvesting water that can be used in different purposes. This methodology can be applied in different areas for mitigating flash flood risks.

Agroforestry-Enhancing Typification of Agricultural Territories as a Basic Condition for Increasing the Efficiency of Protective Afforestation

Upgrading the scale of agricultural production and the effectiveness of protective afforestation is based on the strategy of identifying similar crop production conditions. The given research identifies the territories that require different approaches to forest reclamation. The research is based on the use of remote data as well as geoinformation research methods. The area for investigation is the territory of the right bank of the Khoper River in the Volgograd region. This territory is characterized by the distribution of the most fertile soils in the world, southern chernozems and typical chernozems. The study area is a long-standing historical center of agricultural production, and the task of protecting and increasing the fertility of cultivated soils is very urgent for this territory. The investigation of the catchment areas for identifying spatial patterns is an important methodological aspect of the present research. The studies were carried out within the network of catchments in ravines and gullies. The parameters of the areas of each catchment were used to calculate the specific indicators characterizing the territory. Mapping the territory of the research area made it possible to identify the range of parameters which characterize the erosion process as well as the parameters that cause its development. The studies of the interdependence of land structure and relief parameters made it possible to identify the processes for evaluating the agroecological state of the territories and their typification. These parameters include: erosive dissection, km/km2; the density of ravine tops, units/km2; the area of arable land in the catchment located on slopes with a steepness of more than 3°, %; and the nonforested area of slopes with a steepness of more than 8°. The values of indicators estimated on the basis of statistical scoring procedures became the basis for the allocation of four groups of conditional agroecological states of territories: normal, risk, crisis, and disaster. These groups differ in the set of reclamation measures used and their focus and scope.

Soil-geomorphological mapping of Samoylov Island based on UAV imaging

Soil-geomorphological mapping is a reliable tool for analyzing the patterns of soil distribution in various parts of Earth’s surface. Cryogenic and watershed areas are the most dynamic landscapes with relatively rapid transformation under the influence of climate change and river activity. The soil-geomorphological map obtained by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imaging, classical soil sections, geomorphological observation, and determination of the main chemical parameters of soils are presented. Mapping of the spatial distribution was performed using QGIS 3.22, SAGA GIS 7.9.1, and ArcGIS 10.6 software. The investigation of soil cover was performed according to WRB soil classification. From the obtained data, four types of soils were identified due to their position in the relief and chemical parameters. The dominant soil type is Folic Cryosol (Siltic) (41.1%) which is formed on the periglacial landscape of wet polygons on Samoylov Island. The application of high-resolution UAV imaging to construct soil-geomorphological maps is the most relevant method for analyzing soils formed in cryogenic, watershed, and mountainous landscapes. Based on SOC distribution, it was found that the highest SOC content corresponds to Holocene terrace (Cryosol and Histosol soil types), in areas that are not subject to the flooding process. According to the analysis of the chemical composition of soils, it was found that the main elements accumulating in the soil are SiO2, Al2O3, CaO, and K2O, which have a river origin. The soil-geomorphological maps can be used to analyze the reserves and contents of organic and inorganic components with high accuracy.

Prioritization and identification of vulnerable sub-watersheds using morphometric analysis and an integrated AHP-VIKOR method

Abstract This study used satellite imagery datasets to extract various morphometric parameters in a geospatial environment to prioritize problematic areas in the Rarhu watershed of Ranchi district, Jharkhand, India. Two decision-making methods, the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and VIKOR (VIseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje), were integrated to prioritize different sub-watersheds. The Rarhu watershed has an area of 630 km2 with an elevation ranging from 210 to 824 m. The NASA Digital Elevation Model (NASADEM) was used to extract drainage networks which were verified from Survey of India (SOI) toposheets. To prioritize 21 sub-watersheds using a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) method, 11 morphometric parameters were selected from linear, areal, and relief parameters. The VIKOR method prioritized sub-watersheds using AHP criteria weights, which are classified into four priority levels ranging from very high to low. In addition, performing sensitivity analysis validated the robustness of the decision-making model. As per the analysis, Rarhu watershed was found to have an elongated shape and a highest 6th order stream with a dendritic pattern of streams. It is estimated that watershed degradation is around 36.17% in the study area, with very high priority needs for soil and water conservation measures. Using the results of the study, policymakers, watershed planners, watershed development programme, and soil and water conservation programme projects can identify vulnerable sub-watersheds that require urgent adaptation of soil and water management control measures.

Analysis of Morphometric Parameters of the Drainage Network and Road Network of the Ribeirão Paraíso Watershed, Jataí - GO

Studies related to morphometric analysis are extremely important for hydrogemorphological knowledge in watersheds. However, most rural roads are not considered in these analyses. Therefore, the objective of this article was to verify if the relations between the drainage network, the relief parameters, and the road network indicate changes in the drainage dynamics of a watershed occupied by agricultural use. The sugarcane crop is an influencing factor in the increase in rural roads in the watershed and arrived in the region from 2009 onwards. Therefore, the time frame of 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020 was chosen for the investigation. Bibliographic research and quantitative measurements were used as a methodology to extract information from the drainage network and road network through morphometric parameters. For this, ArcGIS® 10.6.1 and Excel 2019 software were used. As a result, it was identified that the watershed has a fourth-order river hierarchy; its area is 903.6 km², the drainage density is 0.45 km/km², and when rural roads were included in the analysis in 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, corresponding to 2.1, 2.2, 2.4, and 3.1 km/km², respectively. Thus, the average density of roads in the period was 84% higher when considering only natural drainage, increasing mainly after the insertion of sugarcane in the scenario. Therefore, it is concluded that the analysis of morphometric parameters is essential to generate new knowledge about the studied watershed. Rural roads should be included in the analysis since they influence the hydrogeomorphological aspects of the watersheds. In this case, the increase in drainage density is directly related to the increase in roads and sugarcane. With the inclusion of these in the morphometric analysis, the watershed increases its drainage capacity, significantly altering the hydrological response in hydrographic watersheds.

Dynamic Modeling, Optimization and Experiment for a High-Speed Spur Gear Set

This study proposed a novel methodology for reducing the vibration of a high-speed spur gear pair (up to 30,000 rpm) by performing multi-objective optimization of the peak-to-peak loaded transmission error (PPLTE) under three assembly conditions. The optimum tip relief parameters for the high-speed spur gear set were studied by considering the practical manufacturing tolerances on the gear shaft and bearing bores. First, the PPLTE under three assembly conditions was determined by loaded tooth contact analysis. Multi-objective optimization with a genetic algorithm was used to determine the optimum linear tip relief parameters, minimizing the PPLTE under three assembly conditions by 70%. Moreover, the dynamic characteristics of the original and optimum designs were simulated and compared under ideal conditions as well as axial misalignments. The optimum design exhibited a >50% reduction in the peak RMS of acceleration at the natural frequency. Finally, dynamic experiments were performed and the RMS values of the acceleration at various speeds were computed for comparison. The results from both dynamic simulation and experiment indicated that the optimum design exhibits superior dynamic characteristics to the original design.

Coupling Analysis of Water Injection Softening-Precursor Information Prediction of Coal-Rock Mass Based on Energy Conduction

To further refine the rationality of pressure relief measures, the pressure relief measures are transformed from engineering scale to laboratory scale. In this paper, the static load is applied by uniaxial compression, and the difference in the energy evolution process of loaded coal samples is compared using pressure relief at an indoor scale. The test results show that the pressure relief state of water injection can meet the conditions well and reduce the impact tendency of the whole coal samples. In addition, try to analyze the reasons why it is difficult to accurately predict the formation of rockburst in coal roadway by analytical means. Due to the special structure of coal, it can be found that both natural and saturated conditions can meet the conditions in the state of water injection and pressure relief, while in the dry state, the conditions cannot be met; that is, the precursor signals of disaster cannot be accurately picked up, and finally, the failure of coal samples cannot be accurately predicted. However, on the laboratory scale, the natural coal samples are in the state of adsorption in the air after sampling, and the coal bodies near the deep underground working face tend to have low water content due to the development of pores and fissures and the influence of self-weight of mining disturbance. The research in this paper provides theoretical support for the subsequent determination of pressure relief parameters, and the related research conclusions are of great significance.

POTENSI BANJIR BANDANG MENGGUNAKAN ANALISIS MORFOMETRI DI DAERAH ALIRAN SUNGAI KLAGISON KOTA SORONG

Flash flood is water level increases rapidly in the river beyond flood level and occurs due to extreme weather. It's happened quickly without warning. The Klagison Watershed in Sorong City has grown rapidly and often had flooded. Settlements dominate almost on watershed areas and there are many hills that are deforested due to mining activities upstream. This study aims to examine the morphometric conditions and to analyze the spatial distribution of the potential flash flood in the Klagison Watershed of Sorong City based on morphometric analysis. GIS is used to obtain morphometric parameters such as linear, relief and aerial parameters. The correlation coefficient between each morphometric parameter was calculated using Pearson Correlation. Determination of potential flash flood areas using the priority zone formula. The result shows that the Klagison watershed has high erosion potential and large runoff based on morphometric analysis. This can be seen in the high value of the texture ratio (T) and low Constant channel maintenance (C) so that the runoff volume is also large. The Lof value in all sub-watersheds is small, which means that surface runoff will quickly to the channel. The flash flood potential in the Klagison watershed is very low (Sub-watershed 1 and Sub-watershed 5), moderate (Sub-watershed 3 and Sub-watershed 4), high (Sub-watershed 2) and very high (Sub-watershed 6 and Sub-watershed 7). It means that Sub-watershed 2, Sub-watershed 6 and Sub-watershed 7 need management priorities related to disaster mitigation.
 Keywords: flash flood; morphometry; watershed

GIS-BASED MODELING OF CAESIUM-137 CONTENT IN SOIL MATERIAL APPLIED TO COMPUTE PLOWED SOIL LOSSES

Abstract. The paper describes and discusses possibilities for soil loss estimation in the area of an arable slope using the radiocaesium method, GIS-based analysis, and very high resolution satellite imagery. The interdependences between caesium-137 activity, catchment area value, and the (sign of) profile curvature were estimated using GIS facilities. Interdependencies were estimated for four zones of an agricultural field located in the basin of the Sukhaya Orlitsa River in the Oryol district of the Oryol region (central part of European Russia). The zones were delineated according to differences of surface structure. Special attention was paid to the analysis of the caesium-137 and humus lateral and vertical (in the 0–25 cm arable soil layer) distribution in the area of agricultural field located on the slope of southern exposure. Overplowed soils were detected in one of the delineated zones. Overplowed soils are a type of degraded soils. This soil type was formed under conditions of applying a small amount of fertilizers for the period from 1991 to 2017 in agricultural fields remote from the central estates. In the studied area, the humus content in the arable horizon of plowed gray forest soil was reduced to 4%. The specific activity of caesium-137 does not exceed 140.0 Bq/kg (with its value at the reference plot of 174.7 Bq/kg). The radiocaesium method and estimations of morphometric parameters of topographic relief applied to the computation of soil runoff rate, made it possible to formalize the description of soil losses depending on in-the-relief position of the point, and to compile maps of soil runoff for each of the zones in the field. It was found that the area of overplowed soils is characterized by the largest soil losses (reaching 20 t/ha per year or more). Compiled map can allow to undertake a differentiated approach to the reclamation arrangement of the territory in the analyzed area. If enough fertilizers are applied, the productivity of the overplowed soils can be restored in the future.

Research on Optimal Design of Pressure Relief Blasting Parameters of Middle Rock Pillar in Near Vertical Coal Seam

In order to prevent the occurrence of rockburst accident caused by the stress concentration of the middle rock pillar in the near-vertical coal seam and affect the mining of the lower coal seam in the known goaf, taking Wudong coal mine in Xinjiang as an example, based on the special geological and mining conditions of the mine, through the simulation experiment and numerical analysis of similar materials, the variation law of the stress distribution of the middle rock pillar with the increase in mining depth is analyzed. A presplitting blasting pressure relief technology of drilling a construction chamber in the middle of the rock column is proposed to form a buffer layer in the rock wall and effectively prevent the continuous downward movement of stress. In order to achieve the optimal blasting effect, the finite element numerical simulation software GTS NX is used to carry out the chamber rock mass hole blasting simulation experiment, the three influencing factors of blasting effect, such as charge quantity, blast hole diameter, and blast hole row spacing, are comprehensively considered, and the optimal pressure relief blasting parameters with the radius of borehole blasting crack circle and the width of plastic zone as the index are determined. The experimental results show that under the condition of determining the physical and mechanical parameters of coal and rock, the blast hole diameter has become the main control factor affecting the blasting pressure relief effect, followed by the charge amount. Through 9 groups of orthogonal tests, the optimal combination of the three indexes is 6 kg charge, 150 mm hole diameter and 10 m hole row spacing. The practical engineering application results of the combination are tested by downhole transient electromagnetic detection (TEM), and it is found that the pressure relief effect is obvious. The preliminary conclusions of the study have guiding significance for the pressure relief and erosion prevention of the middle rock pillar in Wudong mine and provide experimental methods and theoretical basis for the determination of blasting pressure relief parameters in other mines.

Morphometric Analysis of Dhasan River Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India, Using Remote Sensing and Arc GIS Techniques

The morphometric study of a basin is essential for a better understanding of the geological nature and groundwater conditions of that area. This study emphasizes on the identification of the types of drainage pattern determined by Arc GIS technology and computation of various parameters of morphometric analysis. The scarcity of water for irrigation and domestic purposes is the major issue in the Dhasan river area. The drainage network has been prepared from the SRTM DEM (30 m) using hydrology tools of Arc GIS 10.2.2. The GIS techniques have been used to evaluate various morphometric aspects which include linear, aerial and relief parameters. The field of research shows a dendritic drainage pattern because the entire area is a hard rock formation. The basin drainage density is 1.13, suggesting a very coarse grain texture that demonstrates homogeneous rock type and low surface runoff. This study incorporates the probability of the suitability of hydrogeological conditions that can be taken care of to use groundwater for domestic, industrial and irrigation purposes.
 HIGHLIGHTS
 
 SRTM DEM (30 m) has been used to prepare a map and to measure relief characteristics of the Dhasan basin
 Using Arc GIS 10.2.2 hydrology tools, various morphometric parameters have been computed
 Quantitative evaluation of the region helps identify the drainage network, location of the region, slope, topographic relief and other characteristics

Morphometric deterministic model for prediction of sediment yield index for selected watersheds in upper Narmada Basin

Soil erosion is common and has a wide range of spatiotemporal variability. It is crucial in determining sediment output, which is essential for proper watershed management. In this research, we propose morphometric deterministic models (MDM) for prediction of sediment yield index using morphometric parameters of 49 watersheds from Upper Narmada Basin of Madhya Pradesh state, India. For this purpose, Shuttle Radar Topography Mission generated Digital Elevation Model was used to extract and analyze 12 morphometric parameters including linear, aerial, and relief parameters. Principle Component Analysis has been applied for the most effective parameter estimation. The linear and nonlinear MDM were discovered to be suitable for the field of sediment research due to the high value of R2 (over 70%). The sediment yield forecasting is critical for taking the appropriate management measures in the watershed to reduce the sediment load in the reservoir and extend the life of the structure.

Implications of geomorphometric parameters on the occurrence of landslides in the Kali Valley, Kumaun Himalaya, India

The Kumaun Himalaya registers frequent seismicity, neotectonic behaviour and incessant rainfall which accelerate hillslope processes governing landsliding phenomenon. Within the Kali Basin between Jauljibi and Garbyang, morphometric analysis of 45 fourth order sub-basins were carried out to prepare an erosion potential map of the region. The spatial distribution of 376 landslides including 158 debris slide and 97 rockfalls correlates well with the erosion map depicting 40% landslides in very high zone, 15% in high zone, 33% in moderate zone, 12% in low zone across the Kali Basin. The dominant parameters responsible for the erosion were evaluated using statistical methods such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Agglomerative Hierarchal clustering (AHC). The comparison of PC1, PC2 and PC3 illustrates high erosion activity around the Main Central Thrust (MCT) and within the Vaikrita and Chipplakote formations which strongly reflect the function of basin dimension, bifurcation ratio, drainage density, relief and shape parameters for sub-basins exhibiting high proneness to flooding and typical surface runoff. The PCA results are consistent with AHC, where AHC clusters correspond with PCA factor loadings. Morphotectonic analysis using steepness index (Ksn) and valley floor width to height ratio (Vf) for the Kali and Dhauli rivers were integrated with landslide inventory that indicate the highest landslide density across the active Seraghat-Tintola Fault (STF) near Tawaghat and moderate to high density near topographic fronts of closely spaced active Lasku Fault (LF), Ghatibagar Kalika Fault (GKF) Rauntis Fault (RF) that outcrop within the Lesser Himalayan Sequences(LHS) exposed between Dharchula and Jauljibi.The study provides an understanding of quantitative geomorphometry as an useful approach to identify potentially active zones for slope failures and provide a guide to decision-makers in regional planning and mitigating the landslide hazard in the Kali valley which is developing hub for large scale infrastructural and tourist activities.

Coastal Vulnerability Assessment Along The North Java Coastlines-Indonesia

The north coast of Java is an area with very diverse maritime activities. These high activities threaten the ecosystem and environmental sustainability. Several areas already experience environmental degradation and most of the threats come from ocean pollution, coastal erosion, continuous tidal flood (rob), and coastal land subsidence. Furthermore, the coastal degradation is worsened by climate change which may cause the area more vulnerable to disaster. This study aims at evaluating the coastal vulnerability using weighted coastal vulnerability index (CVIw). The method calculates coastal vulnerability by weighting physical coastal parameters using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). CVIw calculation result shows that the vulnerability is dominant at high (39%) and very high (51%) classes. The high vulnerability occurs in Tangerang, Bekasi, Brebes, Demak, Jepara, Pati, and Rembang Regencies. Meanwhile, very high vulnerability takes place in several regencies: Serang, Karawang, Subang, Indramayu, Cirebon, Tegal, Kendal, Semarang, and Gresik. The parameters of relief, coastal features, tidal range and shoreline give contribution more in coastal vulnerability besides lithology, sea level change, and wave height. Identifying vulnerability in these areas might help local governments to prioritize their action plan in coastal disasters mitigation.

Comprehensive design analysis and verification of space-based short-wave infrared coded spectrometer via curved prism dispersion.

The spaceborne dispersive spectrometer is widely used in environmental, resource, and ocean observations. The coded spectrometer has higher energy advantages than the dispersion spectrometer, so it has great application prospects. In the current study, we developed an off-axis short-wave infrared coded optical system (SICOS) based on curved prism dispersion, and we further explored the design and optimization of the SICOS structure. Finite element analyses of a space-based short-wave infrared coded spectrometer based on curved prism dispersion (SSICS-CPD), including static simulation, modal analysis, sinusoidal vibration mechanical analysis, and random vibration mechanical analysis, were carried out. Simulation results showed that the SICOS support structure had excellent mechanical and thermal stability. As off-axis optical systems cannot meet the requirements of optical position accuracy through centering processing, a point source microscope and three-coordinate measuring machines were employed to complete the high-precision and rapid assembly of the SSICS-CPD. In addition, verification tests of surface shape error, stress relief, random vibration, and optical design parameters were carried out to validate the high stability and imaging performance of the SSICS-CPD. Results showed that the average modulation transfer function in the full field was 0.43 at 16.67 lp/mm, the spectral smile was <0.2 pixels, and the spectral keystone was <0.1 pixels. The design, analysis, assembly, and verification of the SSICS-CPD provide a useful reference for the development of other spaceborne prism dispersion spectrometers.