Relief Of Anxiety Research Articles

Mental and behavior disorders among combatants in Ukraine

in Ukraine, the significant participants of the “anti-terroristic operation” (ATO) need to provide a system of psychiatric, psychotherapeutic assistance.The 6 groups of disorders:– non-pathological reaction (Z65.5);– pathological reactions (F43.0);– neurotic disturbances (F45);– psychotic disturbances (F44);– PTSD (F43.1);– chronic personality changes (F62.0).The system of complex assistant was provided. Step 1: emergency psychological assistance. It is carried out on the basis of crisis intervention, that is defined as the emergency and urgent medical and psychological first aid, aimed at the return of the victim to the adaptive level of functioning, preventing progredient development of mental disorders, reducing the negative impact of a traumatic event.Step 2: medical and psychological support. The purpose is the relief of mental and behavioral disorders, prevention (secondary and tertiary), psychological maladjustment, progressive course of mental disorders, with the purpose, rational, suggestive, cognitive behavioral (CBT), and others. The aim of psychotherapy is to support the patient's assistance, processing traumatic material revaluation of the crisis, a change of attitude, increased self-esteem, develop realistic perspectives and active life position. It is important to restore a sense of competence and design future in which you can use a good past experiences. Step 3: the primary goal of treatment is relief of anxiety and fear, stress, adaptation to the human life and activity in conditions of continuing psychogenic. The most effective method of psychotherapy in these cases is CBT. Step 4: supportive. All steps developed by multimodal model of psychotherapy.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

Relax: Stress and Anxiety Relief

FINDING TIME to relax can be difficult. Research published in the journal Current Opinion in Psychiatry suggests that chronic stress and anxiety can damage those areas of the brain that deal with memory and thinking, so relaxation is important.

Sedative effect of central administration of Coriandrum sativum essential oil and its major component linalool in neonatal chicks

Context Coriandrum sativum L. (Apiaceae) (coriander) is an herb grown throughout the world as a culinary, medicinal or essential crop. In traditional medicine, it is used for the relief of anxiety and insomnia. Systemic hydro-alcoholic and aqueous extract from aerial parts and seeds had anxiolytic and sedative action in rodents, but little is known about its central effect in chicks.Objective To study the effects of intracerebroventricular administration of essential oil from coriander seeds and its major component linalool on locomotor activity and emotionality of neonatal chicks.Materials and methods The chemical composition of coriander essential oil was determined by a gas-chromatographic analysis (> 80% linalool). Behavioural effects of central administration of coriander oil and linalool (both at doses of 0.86, 8.6 and 86 μg/chick) versus saline and a sedative diazepam dose (17.5 μg/chick, standard drug) in an open field test for 10 min were observed.Results Doses of 8.6 and 86 μg from coriander oil and linalool significantly decreased (p < 0.05) squares crossed number, attempted escapes, defecation number and distress calls, and significantly increased (p < 0.05) the sleeping posture on an open field compared with saline and were similar to the diazepam group.Discussion and conclusion The results indicate that intracerebroventricular injection of essential oil from Coriandrum sativum seeds induced a sedative effect at 8.6 and 86 μg doses. This effect may be due to monoterpene linalool, which also induced a similar sedative effect, and, therefore, could be considered as a potential therapeutic agent similar to diazepam.

Relax: Stress and Anxiety Relief app

Finding time to relax can be difficult. Research published in the journal Current Opinion in Psychiatry has shown that chronic stress and anxiety can damage areas of the brain dealing with memory and thinking – so relaxation is important.

The effect of emotional freedom technique on stress and anxiety in nursing students: A pilot study

Stress and anxiety have been identified as significant issues experienced by student nurses during their education. Some studies have suggested that the stress experienced by nursing students is greater than that experienced by medical students, other non-nursing healthcare students, degreed nurses, and the female population in general. A recently introduced energy type therapy, emotional freedom technique (EFT), has shown some success in reducing symptoms of anxiety, stress, and fear in a variety of settings. The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of EFT in decreasing anxiety and stress as a potential intervention to assist students in stress management. The study used a mixed method design of both qualitative and quantitative measures. Quantitatively, in a one group pretest-posttest design, participants received group instruction in the technique and were encouraged to repeat it daily. Self-reported anxiety was measured at baseline, and then weekly for four weeks using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The qualitative survey was completed by participants at the end of the study in order to capture a more subjective experience. The pilot study was conducted in a two-year college in the southeastern region of the United States. All enrolled nursing students in an associate degree nursing program were invited to participate. Participation was voluntary, resulting in an original convenience sample of thirty-nine nursing students (N=39). Data collection instruments included a demographic questionnaire, pretest State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). A qualitative questionnaire was also administered at the end of the four weeks. STAI and PSS were administered weekly. Data analysis using RMANOVA was performed at the second, third and the fourth week. Decreases in anxiety as measured on both the STAI and PSS were statistically significant (p=.05). For PSS, STAI state and trait data, the reduction in self-reported stress was statistically significant with a mean difference baseline to week 4. Qualitative data suggested that nursing students experienced a decrease in feelings of stress and anxiety including a decrease in somatic symptoms. Overall, findings suggested that EFT can be an effective tool for stress management and anxiety relief in nursing students.

Psychedelics.

Psychedelics (serotonergic hallucinogens) are powerful psychoactive substances that alter perception and mood and affect numerous cognitive processes. They are generally considered physiologically safe and do not lead to dependence or addiction. Their origin predates written history, and they were employed by early cultures in many sociocultural and ritual contexts. After the virtually contemporaneous discovery of (5R,8R)-(+)-lysergic acid-N,N-diethylamide (LSD)-25 and the identification of serotonin in the brain, early research focused intensively on the possibility that LSD and other psychedelics had a serotonergic basis for their action. Today there is a consensus that psychedelics are agonists or partial agonists at brain serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptors, with particular importance on those expressed on apical dendrites of neocortical pyramidal cells in layer V. Several useful rodent models have been developed over the years to help unravel the neurochemical correlates of serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor activation in the brain, and a variety of imaging techniques have been employed to identify key brain areas that are directly affected by psychedelics. Recent and exciting developments in the field have occurred in clinical research, where several double-blind placebo-controlled phase 2 studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy in patients with cancer-related psychosocial distress have demonstrated unprecedented positive relief of anxiety and depression. Two small pilot studies of psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy also have shown positive benefit in treating both alcohol and nicotine addiction. Recently, blood oxygen level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetoencephalography have been employed for in vivo brain imaging in humans after administration of a psychedelic, and results indicate that intravenously administered psilocybin and LSD produce decreases in oscillatory power in areas of the brain's default mode network.

Music listening for anxiety relief in children in the preoperative period: a randomized clinical trial.

ABSTRACTObjective:to investigate the effects of music listening, for 15 minutes, on the preoperative anxiety levels in children undergoing elective surgery in comparison with conventional pediatric surgical care. Method:randomized controlled clinical trial pilot study with 52 children in the preoperative period, aged 3 to 12 years, undergoing elective surgery and randomly allocated in the experimental group (n = 26) and control group (n = 26). Anxiety was assessed in both groups by the application of the modified Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale and measurement of the physiological variables, upon arrival and 15 minutes after the first measurement. Results:there was a statistically significant difference in preoperative anxiety between the two groups only in relation to the physiological variable, since the respiratory rate of preschool children in the experimental group reduced in the second measurement compared to the control group (p = 0.0453). The experimental group showed a statistically significant reduction in anxiety levels after 15 minutes of music listening (p = 0.0441), specifically with regard to the behavioral domains of activity, vocalization, emotional expression and apparent awakening state. Conclusion:music listening emerges as a potential nursing intervention for relief of preoperative anxiety in children undergoing surgical procedures. RBR-7mcr59.

The effect of acupressure at third liver point on the anxiety level in patients with primary dysmenorrhea.

Background:Primary dysmenorrhea may lead to severe anxiety and pain relief during menstruation may reduce the anxiety levels. This study was aimed to determine the effect of acupressure at third liver and placebo points on the anxiety level in patients with primary dysmenorrhea.Materials and Methods:This clinical trial was conducted in parallel in the control and treatment groups for three menstrual periods at the dormitory of Kashan University of Medical Sciences between March and June 2012. Students with pain score equal to or greater than 4 were selected and divided into groups based on severity of pain using a randomized block design with the allocation ratio of 1:1. Acupressure was applied in two acupoints including third Liver point (Liv3) and placebo points. Spielberg (STAI) anxiety questionnaire was completed before and after intervention. Randomization, subjects, and data analyzer were blinded to the analysis. Chi-square tests, t-test, Mann-Whitney, paired sample t-test, and univariate analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.Results:Mean [standard deviation (SD)] values of apparent anxiety levels before and after intervention for liv3 were 45.100 (9.769) and 38.100 (10.608), respectively. For the control group, they were 41.200 (9.795) and 38.900(10.140), respectively. Difference was significant only in the intervention group (P < 0.001). Hidden anxiety did not show a significant change before and after intervention. There was no difference between groups in apparent or hidden anxiety after intervention.Conclusions:Pressure on liv3 point reduces anxiety. As there are no previous studies on this topic, further studies with more samples are recommended.

Small Nettle: Evaluation of Its Anxiolytic Effect in the Elevated Plus-Maze and Open Field

Background: Anxiety is a serious disorder affecting the world population. The most widely prescribed medications for anxiety disorders are the Benzodiazepines; however, they have prominent side effects. Thus, interest in alternative medicine that affects the ‘mind’ is growing. Among medicinal plants, Urtica urens has been recommended for relief of anxiety in Morocco folk medicine. Methods: The anxiolytic activity was evaluated with the adult mice by the elevated plus maze (EPM) and Open Field (OF) models of anxiety. The efficacy of the plant extract (100-600 mg/kg) was compared with the standard anxiolytic drug diazepam (1 mg/kg i.p.) Results: In the EPM, aqueous extract at 400mg/kg showed an anxiolytic effect by increasing the time spent on open arms and the percentage of open arm entries compared to control group. In an open field test aqueous extract of U. urens (400 mg/kg) increased the central area crossing, the time spent and number of rearing in the center of arena. Conclusions: These results provides support for anxiolytic activity of Urtica urens, in line with its medicinal traditional use, and may also suggest a better side-effect profile of Urtica urens relative to diazepam.

Baby-Gaze: A neurobiological method of anxiety relief in trauma

Baby-Gaze: A neurobiological method of anxiety relief in trauma

What is the Impact of the Implementation of an Evidence Based Procedural Sedation Protocol in the Emergency Department?

Background: Procedural sedation and analgesia (PSA) enables emergency physicians to provide pain and anxiety relief for many procedures. However, PSA introduces an independent risk factor and requires continuous monitoring. Recently, we applied the principles of knowledge translation (KT) to develop and implement a PSA protocol in our ED. Objectives: To evaluate the impact of a PSA protocol developed and implemented using KT principles on changes in ED physician practices with respect to length of monitoring time in resuscitation area, complication rate, medication types and doses. Methods: Design: Pre- Post retrospective chart review. Setting: Adult tertiary-care academic centre. Participants: Patients who underwent PSA in the ED as per physician billing code from September 2008 to August 2010. The Pre protocol implementation was from Sept 2008 to Aug 2009 and the Post was from Sept 2009 to Aug 2010. One of the authors (NM) reviewed all charts and recorded patient information such as sociodemographics, past medical history, allergies, monitoring time, complications, medication and doses. Pre and post periods information was compared using two-sample T-test and Chi-square test as appropriate. Results: There were 318 billing codes for PSA from September 2008 to August 2010 of which the 150 occurred during the Pre protocol period and 134 during the Post protocol implementation period. Excluded were 34 patients due to lack of documentation. There were no statistical differences in Pre vs. Post for baseline characteristics (mean age+standard deviation (52+20 vs. 53+22 years), male gender (54% vs. 53%), with a past medical history (36% vs. 47%) and allergies (16% vs. 15.7%)). As well no differences in outcomes with respect to complication rate (7.4% vs. 9.9%) and medication types (70% vs. 65% Ketafol, 23% vs. 23% propofol) and doses used. However, monitoring time in minutes recorded from time of first medication given until patient was moved out of resuscitation area was significantly reduced during the Post period (Pre period: mean 49 (95% CI: 42-56) versus Post period: mean 19 (95% CI: 17-21). Conclusion: The implementation of the PSA protocol using KT principles resulted in a significant and important decrease in monitoring time required for PSA thus liberating important resources in busy EDs.

Undergraduate student nurses' lived experiences of anxiety during their first clinical practicum: A phenomenological study

The Fundamental Nursing clinical practicum is an essential module for nursing students. Some feel stress or anxiety about attending this first placement; however, evidence demonstrates that it is rare to explore the feelings of anxiety felt by the nursing students concerning their first clinical practicum. This study was designed to explore student nurses' experiences of anxiety felt regarding their initial clinical practicum while studying for their University degree. A phenomenological approach was used. A university in Southern Taiwan. A purposive sampling of fifteen student nurses with anxiety reactions who had completed their first clinical practicum. Data were collected using a semi-structured guide and deep interview. Data were analyzed using Colaizzi's seven-step phenomenological method. Three themes surfaced in the findings. The first theme was anxiety around their first clinical practicum, which stirred up anxiety about: self-doubt, worry and fear; difficulty coping with the learning process; worry hampered establishing therapeutic relationships with patients; the progress of the patients' illness could not be predicted; and anxiety felt about lecturer-student interactions. The second theme was three phases of anxiety reactions, which included increasing anxiety before clinical practicum; exacerbated anxiety during clinical practicum, and relief of anxiety after clinical practicum. The third theme was coping behaviors. This comprised: self-reflection in preparation for clinical practicum; finding ways to release emotions; distractions from the anxiety; and, also facing their difficulties head-on. The findings could help raise the awareness of lecturers and students by understanding student nurses' anxiety experiences and facilitating a healthy preparation for their initial clinical practicum, consequently proactively helping reduce potential anxiety experiences.

Reward memory relieves anxiety-related behavior through synaptic strengthening and protein kinase C in dentate gyrus.

Anxiety disorders are presumably associated with negative memory. Psychological therapies are widely used to treat this mental deficit in human beings based on the view that positive memory competes with negative memory and relieves anxiety status. Cellular and molecular processes underlying psychological therapies remain elusive. Therefore, we have investigated its mechanisms based on a mouse model in which food reward at one open-arm of the elevated plus-maze was used for training mice to form reward memory and challenge the open arms. Mice with the reward training showed increased entries and stay time in reward open-arm versus neutral open-arm as well as in open-arms versus closed-arms. Accompanying with reward memory formation and anxiety relief, glutamatergic synaptic transmission in dentate gyrus in vivo and dendritic spines in granule cells became upregulated. This synaptic up-regulation was accompanied by the expression of more protein kinase C (PKC) in the dendritic spines. The inhibition of PKC by chelerythrine impaired the formation of reward memory, the relief of anxiety-related behavior and the up-regulation of glutamate synapses. Our results suggest that reward-induced positive memory relieves mouse anxiety-related behavior by strengthening synaptic efficacy and PKC in the hippocampus, which imply the underlying cellular and molecular processes involved in the beneficial effects of psychological therapies treating anxiety disorders.

Effects of acupressure on anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

To evaluate the evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quantify the effects of acupressure on anxiety among adults. RCTs published between January 1997 and February 2014, comparing acupressure with sham control, were identified from the databases Science Citation Index/Social Sciences Citation Index, Scopus, PubMed and PsycINFO. Meta-analysis of eligible studies was performed and the magnitude of the overall effect size was calculated for the anxiety outcome. Revised STRICTA (the Standards for Reporting Interventions in Clinical Trials of Acupuncture) criteria were used to appraise the acupressure procedures, and the Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the methodological quality of the studies. Of 39 potentially relevant studies, seven RCTs met the inclusion criteria for review while five studies met the criteria for meta-analysis. All studies reported the positive effect of acupressure on relieving anxiety from the anticipation of surgery or treatment. EX-HN3 (Yintang), HT7 (Shenmen) were the commonest points selected and two studies used bilateral points. The acupressure procedure was generally well reported and studies had a low risk of bias. The combined results of the five trials showed a greater overall reduction in anxiety in the acupressure group than in the sham controls (standardised mean differences (SMD)=-1.11; 95% CI -1.61 to -0.61; p<0.0001 heterogeneity: I(2)=75%; χ(2)=16.17; p=0.003; r=0.485). Acupressure seems to be effective in providing immediate relief of pretreatment anxiety among adults, and has a medium effect size. However, conflicting results were found for the improvements on physiological indicators. More rigorous reporting, including allocation concealment procedure, is needed to strengthen the results.

Reassuringly calm? Self-reported patterns of responses to reassurance seeking in obsessive compulsive disorder

Background and objectivesThe perception of threat and associated feelings of anxiety typically prompt people to seek safety; reassurance seeking is an interpersonal strategy almost universally used to reduce the immediate perception of risk. Excessive Reassurance Seeking (ERS) is considered to be particularly prominent and unequivocally counter-productive in people suffering from anxiety disorders in general and OCD in particular, producing short term relief but a longer term return and worsening of the original anxiety. We evaluated the extent and specificity of the effects of ERS in OCD and mechanisms involved in both anxiety relief and the hypothesized later return of anxiety.. MethodSelf rated effects of reassurance seeking were investigated in 153 individuals with OCD, 50 with panic disorder, and 52 healthy controls, evaluating reactions to the provision and non-provision of reassurance. ResultsReassurance is associated with short term relief then longer term return of both discomfort and the urge to seek further reassurance in both anxious groups; healthy controls do not experience significant resurgence. Greater return of anxiety and urge to seek more reassurance were associated with higher levels of overall reassurance seeking.. LimitationsThe findings were based on retrospective self-report of naturally occurring episodes of ERS; prospective studies and induced behaviours are now needed. ConclusionsNot only is reassurance a quick fix for people experiencing OCD, but in the absence of treatment the only fix! The findings explain why reassurance seeking continues despite advice that it will worsen anxiety problems. Such advice is potentially harmful to patients and their loved ones..

Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety and insomnia in a higher education context

ABSTRACTBackground and Objectives: Anxiety and insomnia can be treated with internet-delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (iCBT). iCBT may be well-suited to students who are known to be poor help-seekers and suffer these symptoms. iCBT can offer easy access to treatment and increase service availability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of anxiety and insomnia iCBT programs in students. Design: A randomized, controlled study. Methods: Students were randomly allocated to intervention (“Anxiety Relief”: n = 43; “Insomnia Relief”: n = 48; control: n = 47). Interventions lasted six weeks. Outcome measures were the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Results: Significant within-group reductions in anxiety (t(31) = 2.00, p = .03) with moderate between-groups (compared to control) effect size (d = .64) and increases in sleep quality (t(31) = 3.46, p = .002) with a moderate between-groups effect size (d = .55) were found for completers of the anxiety program from pre- to post-intervention. Significant within-group increases in sleep quality were found for completers of the insomnia program from pre- to post-intervention (t(35) = 4.28, p > .001) with a moderate between-groups effect size (d = .51). Conclusions: Findings support the use of iCBT for anxiety and insomnia in students, and indicate that further research is needed.

Prenatal Diagnosis Procedures and Techniques to Obtain a Diagnostic Fetal Specimen or Tissue: Maternal and Fetal Risks and Benefits.

To provide maternity care providers and their patients with current evidence-based guidelines for maternal risk/benefit counselling for a prenatally identified at-risk pregnancy that requires ultrasound-guided prenatal diagnostic procedures and/or techniques for a genetic diagnosis and for subsequent pregnancy management decisions on questions such as level of obstetrical care provider, antenatal surveillance, location of care and delivery, and continuation or termination of pregnancy. This guideline is limited to maternal risk/benefit counselling and pregnancy management decisions for women who require, or are considering, an invasive ultrasound-guided procedure or technique for prenatal diagnosis. Pregnant women identified as having an increased risk of a fetal genetic abnormality secondary to the process of established prenatal screening protocols (maternal serum±imaging, high-risk cell-free DNA results, abnormal diagnostic fetal imaging, or a positive family history of an inherited condition). These women may require or request counselling about pregnancy risks and benefits of an invasive ultrasound-guided procedure to determine the etiology, diagnosis, and/or pathology for the possible fetal anomaly or anomalies. Published literature was retrieved through searches of Medline, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library in and prior to June 2014 using an appropriate controlled vocabulary (prenatal diagnosis, amniocentesis, chorionic villi sampling, cordocentesis) and key words (prenatal screening, prenatal genetic counselling, post-procedural pregnancy loss rate). Results were restricted to systematic reviews, randomized control trials/controlled clinical trials, and observational studies written in English and published from January 1985 to June 2014. Searches were updated on a regular basis and incorporated in the guideline to June 2014. Grey (unpublished) literature was identified through searching the websites of health technology assessment and health technology-related agencies, clinical practice guideline collections, clinical trial registries, and national and international medical speciality societies. The quality of evidence in this document was rated using the criteria described in the Report of the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (Table 1). Health benefits, side effects, and risks: Patient informed consent, knowledge translation, genetic prenatal risk assessment, anxiety relief, anxiety creation, advocacy, understanding or limitation for fetal testing, pregnancy management choice, pregnancy complication or loss, timely and improved care for birth of a neonate with recognized morbidity. Recommendations 1. The health care provider should counsel the at-risk pregnant woman on the different levels of genetic fetal testing in order for her to have a clear understanding and expectation of the level of testing and type of results that are offered. (III-B) 2. As part of the informed consent process, the health care provider should review with the at-risk pregnant woman the risks and benefits of in utero genetic diagnostic techniques associated with fetal genetic testing options. (III-A) 3. During risk/benefit counselling, the health care provider should advise that the best estimate of the pregnancy loss rate related to: a.amniocentesis is 0.5% to 1.0% (range 0.17 to 1.53%) (I) b.chorionic villus sampling is 0.5% to 1.0% (I) and c.cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical blood sampling is 1.3% for fetuses with no anomalies and 1.3% to 25% for fetuses with single or multiple anomalies or intrauterine growth restriction. (II-2A).

Comparative study of safety and efficacy of Fentanyl and Midazolam combination with Ketamine and Midazolam combination for procedural sedation in pediatric patients

Introduction: Study was planned to compare the safety and efficacy of Fentanyl and Midazolam combination with Ketamine and Midazolam combination for “procedural sedation” in pediatric patients. Methodology: Sixty ASA1and 2 pediatric patients satisfying inclusion criteria were included in the study. These patients were enrolled by convenience sampling. They were randomized to receive ketamine or midazolam/fentanyl. Both the groups were comparable with respect to age, sex and body weight and proposed procedures. Hemodynamic and respiratory changes occurring during sedation, surgical procedure and during recovery, after administration of the test drug were studied. Measures used for efficacy of drug, that is quantification of distress, pain, anxiety, sedation and complications were also evaluated. Results: On Comparison of age, gender, weight at different time intervals of cases between both groups were comparable with respect to age and weight of patients. On comparison of Pulse Rate at different time intervals of cases between K/M and F/M groups. The mean value of Pulse Rate in K/M and F/M groups is statistically significant (p<0.05) only at 5 and 10 minutes after sedation. Comparison of Mean Duration of Procedure and Recovery of cases between K/M and F/M groups shows statistically non-significant difference (p<0.05) in duration of procedures, and statistically significant difference (p<0.05) in duration of recovery. Comparison of complication rate of cases between K/M and F/M groups is statistically non-significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: We concluded that both the drugs were safe to use in pediatric patients in the doses used intravenous. Ketamine / Midazolam regimen is more effective than the intravenous Fentanyl / Midazolam regimen for relief of pain and anxiety in children, resulting in lesser distress scores.

Adaptation of Subjective Responses to Alcohol is Affected by an Interaction of GABRA2 Genotype and Recent Drinking.

Subjective perceptions of alcohol intoxication are associated with altered risk for alcohol abuse and dependence. Acute adaptation of these perceptions may influence such risk and may involve genes associated with pleasant perceptions or the relief of anxiety. This study assessed the effect of variation in the GABAA receptor genes GABRG1 and GABRA2 and recent drinking history on the acute adaptation of subjective responses to alcohol. One hundred and thirty-two nondependent moderate to heavy drinkers, aged 21 to 27, participated in 2 single-blind, counterbalanced sessions, approximately 1week apart. One session was an intravenous alcohol "clamp," during which breath alcohol concentration was held steady at 60mg/dl (60mg%) for 3hours, and the other an identical session using saline infusion. Subjective perceptions of Intoxication, Enjoyment, Stimulation, Relaxation, Anxiety, Tiredness, and Estimated Number of Drinks were acquired before (baseline), and during the first and final 45minutes of the clamp. A placebo-adjusted index of the subject's acute adaptation to alcohol was calculated for each of the 7 subjective measures and used in a principal component analysis to create a single aggregate estimate for each subject's adaptive response to alcohol. Analysis of covariance tested whether GABRA2 and GABRG1 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes, gender, placebo session, family history of alcoholism, recent drinking history, and the genotype × recent drinking history interaction significantly predicted the adaptive response. Recent drinking history (p=0.01), and recent drinking history × genotype interaction (p=0.01) were significantly associated with acute adaptation of the subjective responses to alcohol for the GABRA2 SNP rs279858. Higher recent drinking was found to be associated with reduced acute tolerance to positive, stimulating effects of alcohol in carriers of the rs279858 risk allele. We postulate that the GABRA2 effect on alcohol dependence may, in part, be due to its effect on subjective responses to alcohol.

WS03.3 Preparing first school entry for a child with cystic fibrosis: Contribution of a group education session

Private interview (PI) between parents (P) and the coordinating nurse (CN) prior to first school entry to document the child's specific needs [Projet d'accueil individualise (PAI)], revealed P's concerns. Objective To work on two adaptive skills: (a) entrusting the child; (b) preparing school admission. Methods A 3-h group education session (GES) with the CN, psychologist and few P. Content: (a) discussion based on personal experience (worries, benefits, strategies for coping); (b) photo-expression methodology pertaining to specific items. The group stimulated interactive discussions and the hosts let P be the actors and find solutions to their problems. The session ended with the PAI, filled out later during the PI. After school, the contribution of the GES was evaluated face-to-face with P and by phone with the director [satisfaction with the session (SS): 0 to 10, questionnaire]. Results GES met P's expectations (n = 10; 9.6±0.7). Main subjects dealt with hygiene, hydration, meals, missed school days and emergency situations; CF was clearly stated. P felt comfortable when talking about these subjects, but the stress scale was 3.4±3.5. All P were highly satisfied with their reception; PAI was correctly implemented (8.5±1.2) and P would encourage their peers to participate in the GES. From the school's point of view, the stress score was 1±2, implementing PAI showed a SS of 8.6±1.3; the child's school entry was satisfactory. Conclusion A GES, by letting P participate in the process, enabled them to better express themselves on their child's disease. This benefit could also be extended to their family and colleagues; further improvement will focus on P's anxiety relief.