Relief Formation Research Articles

Повреждаемость ниобия импульсными потоками ионов гелия и гелиевой плазмы

The damageability of niobium by pulsed fluxes of helium ions (HI) and helium plasma (HP) in the Plasma Focus (PF) setup was studied at a flux power density qi ~ 108 W/cm2 and qp ~ 107 W/cm2, respectively, and pulse duration τi ≈ 30 – 50 ns and τp ≈ 100 ns. In the implemented irradiation conditions the erosion of the material is observed associated with the evaporation of the surface layer (SL), which occurs somewhat more intensively in the central part of the irradiation zone under the action of the most high-energy fluxes of HI and HP. The typical features of the damageability of the niobium SL under the considered irradiation conditions are revealed. These include: melting of SL with the formation of a wavy surface relief and a large number of blisters of two types — gas-filled and with destroyed shells, as well as the presence of microcracks. The appearance of blisters was associated with the formation of complexes based on the combination of implanted helium atoms with vacancies and interstitial impurity atoms (C, O, N, etc.) and their subsequent growth and coagulation in the liquid phase under pulsed action of energy fluxes on the irradiated Nb surface. Some of the microcracks formed in the SL under the action of thermal stresses coincide with the sliding lines of the material that arise under the action of high-speed plastic deformation. A network of such microcracks creates a block structure on the Nb surface. In the irradiated surface layer of niobium, zones of columnar crystals and a cellular microstructure of the surface are found, in which the average cell size is ~ 100 nm. It was shown by the method of numerical simulation that in the indicated zones the process of solidification of the SL proceeded through directional crystallization at a high speed, which reached ~ 35 m/s near the irradiated surface.

Поселение Лысый Елбан-1 в Верхнем Причумышье (Ельцовский район Алтайского края)

The Upper Chumyshye is a region that unites two different orographic zones — the Biysk-Chumysh upland and the Salaiork Ridge. Currently, it is one of the most researched archaeological neighborhoods. The peculiarities of the formation of the Chumysh Valley led to the formation of a valley-beam relief with a large number of expressive microdolines, capes and small tributaries. Many of these relief elements were used by the ancient population of the region to organize settlements and necropolises. This article is devoted to the publication of materials of the settlement complex of the early Iron Age in the Bald Elban tract.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ТЕКТОНИЧЕСКОЙ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ ЗАПАДНО-ТИХООКЕАНСКОГО РЕГИОНА: ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ЛИТОСФЕРНЫХ ВИХРЕЙ

Using the example of the West Pacific Segment of the Earth, the interrelation of vertical and horizontal tectonic movements is considered – the most important and far from being solved at present problem of geotectonics. An overview of the concept of the global ordering of various forms of the earth's surface as an end result of the action of geodynamic forces is given. The author's developments concern the issues of the origin of structures associated with the interaction and influence of endogenous forces on the formation of a regional relief. The main tools for its study were structural-geomorphological methods and lineament analysis. It has been established that: 1) all tectonic dislocations contain both horizontal and vertical components of the velocity of movement, and the former dominate in the structure formation of the region; 2) the end result of their interaction is vortex and other nonlinear (ring, spiral, arc, etc.) deformations of the lithosphere, which constitute the main type of structural elements of the region; 3) they are often accompanied by magmatic activation of the tectonosphere in the form of convective movements and / or «floating» of plumes; 4) the sea and oceanic depressions of the Western Pacific are, in essence, funnels of convective cells, which, under the conditions of shear velocities of the movement of interacting geoblocks of the lithosphere, were structured into the form of tectonospheric eddies. A model of convection of a three-layer tectonosphere is proposed, the movement of which in the gravity field is caused by local decompaction and a decrease in the viscosity of a piecewise inhomogeneous medium. The outlined concepts allow us to consider the tectonic evolution of the West Pacific region as the formation of a lithospheric mega-vortex in the continent-ocean junction zone. Its development is associated with the energy interaction of the mantle and the upper shells (tectonospheres) of the Earth, which is due to the unstable regime of the planet's rotational dynamics.

Особенности повреждаемости и модифицирования поверхностных слоев алюминия и его сплавов мощными потоками энергии в установке Плазменный фокус

The results of the analysis of damageability and modification of the structural-phase state of the surface layers of aluminum and its alloys by powerful flows of fast high-energy ions and high-temperature plasma in Plasma focus devices, as well as using pulsed laser radiation. Pure Al, an alloy of the Al – Mg – Li system, a duralumin alloy, and a composition of a ceramic coating Al2O3 on an Al substrate are considered. It is shown that in the regime of Al irradiation with a power density of q ≈ 106 – 107 W/cm2 in the nano- and microsecond range of pulse durations, ultrafast crystallization of melted surface layer occurs with the formation of a wavy surface relief and the structural fragments of sub-microcrystalline and nanoscale size. After the action of deuterium plasma flows on a duralumin alloy tube located along the axis of the Plasma focus device a modification of the structural-phase state of the alloy is observed: the initial two-phase state of an αAl-solid solution of copper in aluminum and inclusions of the second phase of CuAl2 became fine-grained and single-phase due to the dissolution of CuAl2 particles in the melt. Irradiation of an alloy of the Al – Mg – Li system containing (wt %) 2 % Li and 5 % Mg at q = 5·106 W/cm2, t = 50 – 100 ns after four pulsed impacts of fast ions and deuterium plasma led to the modification the structural-phase state of the surface layer of the alloy, associated with an increase in the content of magnesium oxide and a decrease in the crystal lattice parameter of the Al-based solid solution. The formation of spherical cavities due to the evaporation of lithium into the internal micropores of the surface layer was also found. The low damage and structural stability of Al2O3 ceramics on an Al substrate under beam-plasma impacts in plasma focus device with a radiation power density q ≤ 108 – 109 W/cm2 in the nano- and microsecond range of pulse duration is noted. At the same time, the Al2O3/Al composition was unstable to pulsed laser radiation in the free-running mode (q = 105 – 106 W/cm2, t = 0.7 ms) and Q-switch mode (q = 107 – 108 W/cm2, t = 80 ns). In both cases the coating peeled off from the substrate.

ПІДВИЩЕННЯ ЕКСПЛУАТАЦІЙНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ ДЕТАЛЕЙ МАШИН РЕЛЬЄФАМИ ПОВЕРХНІ

The article discusses the direction of improving the operational properties of machine parts by applying regular reliefs to the surface/ Purpose - to develop a model, plan and methodology for experimental studies of regular reliefs and create their classification by purpose and methods of obtaining. The object of research - regular reliefs on the surface of machine parts. The hierarchy of the main factors that affect the profile of reliefs formed by triangular grooves is determined. This is the normal penetration force of a linear indenter, hardness and elongation of the experimental material. The optimization parameter is the groove depth. A mathematical model and research plan have been developed 23. The methodology and devices for conducting experiments are determined. These are hydraulic presses, linear indenters, optical microscopes, microhardness testers, test materials, instruments, and measuring instruments. Materials for research: alloyed and stainless steel, gray and malleable cast irons, bronze and brass, aluminum and titanium alloys. Classifications of reliefs according to the methods of obtaining and destination are developed. Production methods are based on cold plastic deformation and cutting. The basic methods for the study are static methods: the introduction of a dividing element with discrete drawing and a single protrusion of the shaped mandrel during reduction. The dependence of the depth and double angle of the relief groove on the normal force is shown. A new method for obtaining the surface of a part, including the alternation of supporting platforms and grooves is proposed. The method is carried out using machining and subsequent deformation pulling. A distinctive feature of the method is the use of an intermediate elastic sleeve. KEYWORDS: REGULAR RELIEF, COLD PLASTIC DEFORMATION, LINEAR INDUCTOR, SURFACE OF PARTS, COATING, MODEL OF FORMATION OF RELIEF.

СТРУКТУРА СКЛОНОВОЙ ЛОЖБИННОЙ СЕТИ КРИОЛИТОЗОНЫ В ОКРЕСТНОСТЯХ г. АНАДЫРЯ

Water runoff on the slopes of the permafrost zone passes through a network of hollows of various structures and patterns in plan. This is clearly distinguishable on aerial and satellite images, but often poorly distinguished on the ground. The study is aimed at recognizing the reasons for the difference in the structure of the drainage network, which is necessary for understanding the mechanisms of surface runoff generation and the modern relief formation in the permafrost areas. In the vicinity of Anadyr (Chukotka, Russia), three morphological types of the hollow network were identified. In the areas of distribution of each type of hollow network field observations were made, and the morphometric characteristics of the slopes to which they are associated were obtained from the digital surface model and satellite images. Each type of the hollow network corresponds to definite range of altitude, the type of relief, the slope gradient and profile, the composition of the deposits, and the depth of seasonal thawing. It has been established that although all types of troughs are used by temporary streams, they have different mechanisms of development. The hollows with a fan structure form the densest parallel network with a distance of 10–40 m apart. These are characteristic of concave slopes of interfluves with close bedding of bedrock and are the result of fluvial modeling of irregularities formed as a result of uneven sliding of the slope material (gelifluction). The intertwining troughs are confined to the slopes of the volcanic hills, the steepest of the studied ones. Fresh silty sediments have been observed at their bottoms and their formation is associated with erosional processes. Single hollows located at a considerable (200–300 m) distance from each other are formed in loose quaternary deposits with a developed network of ice-wedge-polygons. The role of thermokarst is significant in their deepening.

The Role of Traditional Viticulture and Winemaking in the Development of the Geopark in Racha Region

The main goal of my research is to introduce you to the Racha viticulture and wine-making territory. The region has a complex geological and geomorphological structure, which has greatly influenced the formation of relief formation, as well as the culture and traditions of the region. This is an area that meets all the requirements of a geopark, because a geopark is not just a geological area, and it is a connection between man and the earth at all levels. Exactly these connections are well identified in the field of this study. The presented viticulture microzone is located on both sides of the Rioni River, although the taste of grapes in the microzone varies from north to south, which does not depend on just one specific geographical component. Soil chemical composition, landscape characteristics, geological characteristics, terrain types, and more are important. Racha Viticulture - Wine Zone and its recognition play an important role in the development of geotourism. What is already creating new jobs is a new economic activity and an additional source of income, economic benefits. Also, the region is mountainous and characterized by severe depopulation. It is possible to limit emigration through research and development in this area.

Modern exogenous processes in the mountains of Cisbaikalia

Lake Baikal and its shores become attractive for tourists. The growth of tourist flow forces the stakeholders to develop new territories and water areas, create a tourist infrastructure, involve more natural resources, but also concern about safety of tourists. In the ridges of the Baikal region as in most mountainous countries hazardous exogenous processes present a danger to tourists. We studied modern processes and prepared to their mapping in order to identify areas which are subject to one or another exogenous process and intensity of their occurrence at two key areas in the Baikal and Barguzin Ranges. We arranged field expeditions, analyzed remote sensing data of the Earth, used meteorological data, studied geological structures, made morphometric mapping, and took samples for chemical analysis of sediments, mapped plant groups, measured areas, lengths, and depths of relief forms created by exogenous processes. The results obtained led to the creation of large-scale maps of main exogenous processes of relief formation, intensity of their course, length and action mode and to the adjustment of meteorological parameters, absolute heights and slopes, tectonics and ancient glaciation. Our study determined the patterns of exogenous processes, areal, linear, fan-shaped, pointed and diffused. Development of certain types of exogenous processes in the mountains of Cisbaikalia is due to seismic activity, high vertical and horizontal dissection of the relief, and the peculiarities of climatic conditions. Paying attention to them will ensure avoiding catastrophic impact on the recreational development of the mountainous territories of Cisbaikalia.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ЛАНДШАФТНОГО РАЗНООБРАЗИЯ В СУБНИВАЛЬНО-НИВАЛЬНОМ ПОЯСЕ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОЙ ЧАСТИ БОЛЬШОГО КАВКАЗА

This article analyzes the features of the landscapes of the subnival-nival belt of the Greater Caucasus within Azerbaijan, compiled schematic maps of individual high-mountain massifs using materials from the interpretation of large-scale aerial photographs. The main landscape units of the territory, as well as exogenous factors of relief formation, influencing their formation and the possibilities of carrying out economic activities in high-mountainous regions, have been identified.

Структурно-геоморфологическая зональность Владимирско-Нижегородского региона и ее геоэкологическое значение

The cyclic relief, neotectonic structures, geodynamically active zones (GdAZ) and exogenous geological processes have been investigated in the Vladimir-Nizhny Novgorod region. For the first time, six leveling surfaces were identified in the relief and the structure of four river terraces was considered. The analysis of obtained data made it possible to identify neotectonic structures of different types and classify them into three neotectonic regions. The boundaries of these areas are GdAZ, which are considered as crossing, superimposed and shear structures. Based on the cycling of relief formation, the total for the latest stage and stepwise amplitudes and rates of deformations are calculated. An increase in the rates of uplifts from the Miocene to the present is characteristic. Intensive development of suffusion-karst processes tends to specific types of relief and zones of disturbances, which are considered dangerous and environmentally significant for the territories of important engineering facilities

Stratigraphy and tectonic evolution of Late Miocene - Quaternary Basins in Eastern Albania: A Review

The new stratigraphic data and tectonic evolution of the Late Miocene-Quaternary basins developed in Eastern Albania are presented. The reviewed stratigraphic data for deposits filling the Ohrid, Prespa and Devolli basins show that they began to form in Late Miocene. The stratigraphic evidences from eastern Albania are confronted with the stratigraphic data from the lake basins in western North Macedonia and northwestern Greece that all show the same age of infilling. The Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Eastern Albania consists of two phases of extensional deformations, the first in Middle Eocene-Late Miocene (Pannonian/Tortonian) and the second starting in Late Miocene (Pontian s. l.). The two phases are separated by a short compressive phase at the Late Miocene (end of Pannonian/Tortonian) or pre-Pontian s. l. time. In Late Miocene (Pontian) began forming the system of the Ohrid, Prespa and Devolli basins developed along the Drini fault zone. The Korça, Kolonja, Kukesi and Tropoja basins began to form since Pliocene and the Peshkopi Basin since Early Pleistocene. Finally, only the Ohrid and Prespa lakes are still active. The Late Miocene-Pleistocene basins were filled by lacustrine, lacustrine-fluvial and terrestrial sediments of the great thickness and of varied lithology: conglomerates, gravels, sandstones, sands, claystone and marls with lignite seams. Molluscs, microflora and flora, ostracods and vertebrates are found. The Lake Ohrid is a tectonically active graben formed during two main phases of deformation: (1) a trans-tensional phase which generated a pull-apart basin, and (2) an extensional phase which leads to its present geometry. All basins in Eastern Albania are situated in a basin and range-like (graben and horst) geodynamical setting. The inferred stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of Late Miocene-Quaternary basins in Eastern Albania as well as the relief formation and thermochronological data show that the Late Miocene-Quaternary period which led to the recent geological structure of Albania and its rapid relief formation, can be accepted as ‘Neotectonic period’.

Fabricating Femtosecond Laser-Induced Periodic Surface Structures with Electrophysical Anisotropy on Amorphous Silicon.

One-dimensional periodic surface structures were formed by femtosecond laser irradiation of amorphous hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) films. The a-Si:H laser processing conditions influence on the periodic relief formation as well as correlation of irradiated surfaces structural properties with their electrophysical properties were investigated. The surface structures with the period of 0.88 and 1.12 μm were fabricated at the laser wavelength of 1.25 μm and laser pulse number of 30 and 750, respectively. The orientation of the surface structure is defined by the laser polarization and depends on the concentration of nonequilibrium carriers excited by the femtosecond laser pulses in the near-surface region of the film, which affects a mode of the excited surface electromagnetic wave which is responsible for the periodic relief formation. Femtosecond laser irradiation increases the a-Si:H films conductivity by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude, up to 1.2 × 10−5 S∙cm, due to formation of Si nanocrystalline phase with the volume fraction from 17 to 28%. Dark conductivity and photoconductivity anisotropy, observed in the irradiated a-Si:H films is explained by a depolarizing effect inside periodic microscale relief, nonuniform crystalline Si phase distribution, as well as different carrier mobility and lifetime in plane of the studied samples along and perpendicular to the laser-induced periodic surface structures orientation, that was confirmed by the measured photoconductivity and absorption coefficient spectra.

Development and distribution of aeolian processes within the Belgorod region, their impact on the environment

The paper describes the results of the study of development and distribution of aeolian processes within the Belgorod region, as well as their impact on the environment. A description of natural and anthropogenic factors causing wind erosion is given. The relevance of the work lies in the intensification of deflation; in this regard, there is a need for a deeper study of this topic and the search for solutions to neutralize or eliminate negative consequences. The purpose of the study is to give a detailed description of relief formation caused by wind activity, to assess the consequences of manifestation of aeolian processes on the ecological situation. The author of the paper reveals the process of soil change, which occurs by the destruction of the earth’s surface due to strong winds, the speed of which can exceed 15 m/s. Winds carry aeolian material in the form of a dry suspension from the center of blowing over long distances. The research used the methods of system analysis. The ideas and principles of geomorphology and landscape science were the main methodological basis of the study. The concept of geosystem natural-economic monitoring was also used by the author. Conclusions. The main reasons for emergence and rapid activation of deflation processes are human economic activity and non-compliance with agrotechnical measures. When drawing up plans to eliminate the negative consequences of wind erosion, the main attention should be paid to improving soil protection measures, taking into account the peculiarities of natural landscapes and principles of ecology. The author of the paperidentifies the areas of distribution of aeolian processes within the territory of the Belgorod region. It is noted that aeolian processes affect the climate and the environment, worsen the condition of agricultural lands in the region.

Chronology and environmental context of the early prehistoric peopling of Kamchatka, the Russian North Far East

The paper summarizes the current evidence on the post-glacial peopling of Kamchatka based on the latest investigations of Ushki V—currently, the earliest and most informative human occupation site complex on the peninsula. The refined 14С site chronostratigraphy and the geo-contextual multi-proxy records indicate at least four stages of the prehistoric settlement, with the most ancient radiocarbon-dated to ∼11300 yr BP (13300 cal yr). The more recent ones encompass the time period from the Pleistocene/Holocene transition to mid-Holocene with the sequenced inhabitation dated to 11330–10350 14С yr BP (13320–12022 cal yr), 10240–9485 yr BP (12225–10131 cal yr), 8608–7645 yr BP (9135–8413 cal yr), and about 5725–4055 yr BP (6679–4406 cal yr). The regional tephrochronology provides the most accurate time assessment of the occupation habitat evolution in a dynamic neo-volcanic landscape leading to the formation of the present relief. The principal archaeological tephra layers, being the key absolute markers associated with the time-equivalent volcanic eruptions, are: SH1 (265 yr BP), SH2 (950 yr BP), SH3 (1400 yr BP), SH5 (2500 yr BP), SH8300 (8300 yr BP) from the Shiveluch volcano; OP (1500 yr BP) from the Baranii Crater (the Opala volcano); KS1 (1800 yr BP), KS2 (6000 yr BP) from the Ksudach volcano; BZ (2100–2300 yr BP) from the Bezymianny volcano; IАv5 (6500 yr BP) from the Avachinskiy volcano; HG (6900 yr BP) from the Khangar volcano; and PL (8600 yr BP) from the Ploskie Sopki (Ushkovsky) volcano. The early settlements took advantage of the high natural (food and raw material) resource diversity. The cultural inventories show a progressive environmental adjustment illustrated by the mixed stone-working technologies retaining archaic Palaeolithic techniques accompanied by new microlithization elements. The appearance of ceramics about 7000–5000 cal years ago, presently the earliest in the Russian North Far East, relates to the emergence of the more sedentary Early Neolithic tradition. The Ushki locality has key importance for the regional scheme of the prehistoric peopling of the Kamchatka Peninsula and the adjoining areas of NE Pacific Asia and Alaska.

How Long Has It Taken for the Physical Landscape to Form? Conceptions of Spanish Pre-Service Teachers

This paper analyses the conceptions of a group of students about geological time and its relation to physical landscape formation, focusing on the frequency and rate of a number of geological processes that have shaped our planet over time and that are involved in the formation of the current relief. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire that was administered to 199 university students from a Spanish public university. A total of 185 of them were pre-service teachers and 14 were geology students. Results demonstrated that pre-service teachers had trouble correctly answering questions about the current relief, but especially those questions related to landscapes throughout the history of Earth. Data analysis was done, taking into account pre-university students’ tuition, and results showed that those who had taken a high school branch of sciences and technology obtained better results than those who had taken a humanities and social sciences branch. These latter also obtained better results than those who had taken arts as a high school branch. Furthermore, pre-service teachers had difficulties mastering mid-time magnitudes, which ended up making it difficult for them to understand how the physical landscapes were formed. Finally, from the obtained results, some curricula implications are discussed.

Application of the Atomic Layer Etching technique to remove broken layers after plasma-etched GaAs surface treatment

The work considers the application of focused ion beam techniques for the formation of nanoscale structures, as well as the atomic layer etching method for removing layers with surface defects. Also in the work, modeling of the formation of structures by the FIB method on the GaAs surface was used to determine the depth of penetration of atoms into the structure under certain experimental conditions. This method of forming defect-free structures was developed for the formation of a nanoscale surface relief for the subsequent growth of quantum dots by the method of drop molecular beam epitaxial.

Method of Convex Marking of the Surfaces of Steel Products Using a Pulsed 50-W Infrared Fiber Laser

Convex linear structures of various configurations with a height up to 200 μm and a depth up to 100 μm and point structures with a height up to 500 are formed on the surface of steel samples using a 50-W pulsed nanosecond fiber laser with a wavelength of 1.064 μm without filler wires or powders. The structures are formed from the irradiated steel material by controlling the melt dynamics. The possibility of forming braille on a steel surface using this technology is shown. The results are promising for a number of industries, where electron-beam machines and high-power laser sources are prohibitively expensive and a high rate of relief formation is required.

Production, annihilation and migration of point defects in cyclic straining

Interactions of mobile dislocations in persistent slip bands with ladder-like structure are analyzed and production rates of point defects, preferably vacancies, are derived. Previous resistivity measurements in copper single crystals and polycrystals are used to derive the growth of vacancy concentration during cyclic loading at low temperatures. The parameters of the growth law are derived from the initial growth rate and saturated vacancy concentration. The consequences of vacancy production in localized cyclic straining on the surface relief formation are analyzed. At very low temperature vacancies are produced and annihilated only athermally and vacancy concentration saturates. Localized deformation in persistent slip bands produces high vacancy concentration which outcomes in formation of tiny extrusions. At ambient and slightly elevated temperatures vacancies are steadily produced and migrate from the persistent slip bands to the matrix. This results in formation of persistent slip markings consisting of extrusions and intrusions. The shape of extrusions and intrusions depends on the on the dislocation arrangement in the PSB and in the neighbor matrix and their history during cyclic straining. Fatigue cracks start from sharp-edged intrusions.

Modern exodynamic processes of relief formation under conditions of anthropogenic impact on the territory of the Klyazma river basin

The basin approach is the basis of this study of the factors of modern relief formation. Modern exogenous morphogenesis of landscapes of the river basin and its parts is not well researched. In this regard, the study of the dynamics of exogenous processes characteristic of the landscapes of the Klyazma river basin in areas with different types and degree of anthropogenic impact is relevant. Based on the results of field geomorphological studies, locations of modern relief-forming processes (hydromorphism, karst, ravine erosion, landslide formation, lateral erosion of rivers) that are most characteristic of the study areas have been identified and mapped.

Gravitational Collapse of Anteclises and Its Probable Impact on the Neotectonics of Platforms and Passive Continental Margins (by the Example of the East European Platform)

Abstract —Structural and geological research has shown that the extension of the Russian Plate caused a neotectonic transition of the deformed material from the Voronezh and Volga–Kama anteclises to neighboring syneclises, primarily the deepest Peri-Caspian syneclise. The resulting geologic structures and landforms morphologically resembled landslides, but their large (up to many hundreds of kilometers) lateral sizes excluded the influence of exogenous processes and made it necessary to treat this event as a gravitational collapse involving a significant crustal mass. This phenomenon was previously considered for orogens only, but the conditions for its appearance here existed too: In the late Cenozoic, the East European Platform experienced a collisional pressure from the southern boundary of the Eurasian Plate, which led to a gravitationally unstable uplift. The collapse was best manifested in the zones of junction of anteclises and syneclises, where lenses of the thickened continental crust are thinned beneath anteclises. This fact, along with the published modeling data, gave grounds to state that the platform collapse was favored by the lenticular crustal structure: The light crustal lenses forming anteclises floated up under compression and diverged under subsequent decompression. Gravitational extension and subsidence in the anteclise apexes was compensated by compression near the syneclises, where folded dislocations and neotectonic ramparts formed. It has been established that a gravitational collapse results in a specific paragenesis of platform structures and morphostructures, which can help to identify its manifestations in other places and to estimate the relationship between the relief formation and tectonics. In general, the data obtained suggest a relationship between the recent activity of passive continental margins and the gravitational collapse of the largest lenses of the continental crust.