Relief Formation Research Articles

Особливості антропогенних форм рельєфу гірничопромислового комплексу Полонського району Хмельницької області

The paper analyses the aspects of formation of anthropogenic landforms of the mining complex in Polonsky district in Khmelnitsky region in Ukraine. The morphological and morphometric features of denudative and accumulative forms of anthropogenic relief, which develop as a result of mining, are explored. In particular, the Glibochiv kaolin quarry near the urban-type settlement of Poninka and granite-migmatic quarries near Polonne town, as well as dumps of loose rocks, mounds of broken stone, grus, sand and soil, and numerous wells, drilling holes and hollows in places of unauthorized extraction of sand and clay are investigated. It was established that anthropogenic landforms, which appear on the sites of mining, are constantly changing under the influence of exogenous processes of relief formation. On their surfaces and slopes the development of erosion (which is especially active on the slopes of dumps), scree formation and aeolian processes take place. These, in turn, lead to the formation of numerous erosive gullies, furrows, talus deposits, separate humps of necks and wind ripples. It was found that on the slopes of quarries, made up of loose material, and adjacent to them areas (especially covered with vegetation), a significant role in the relief formation is performed by a biota. Here, in particular, there are such forms of biogenic relief as turf nano-hills and micro-strands, holes and twisty nano-strands and nano-basins, which are the result of activity of field mice, separate earth anthills, burrowing nests and mounds created by coastal swallows. In addition, near the individual quarries and places of unauthorized use of the bowels of the earth there are “cow trails”.

Запись поляризационных голограмм в полимерных пленках с азокрасителями и азополимерами

Abstract Based on polymers with the addition of azo dyes as chromophores and azopolymers with the same covalently linked chromophores, recording media for polarization holography are created and their properties are studied when recording holograms of a plane wave front with parallel and perpendicular polarization of recording rays. It is found that the diffraction efficiency and the storage time of holograms are much longer in recording media with films of azo polymers in comparison with polymeric solid solutions of azo dyes. In the latter case, the energy of light is spent only for the trans – cis isomerization of azo dye molecules during exposure of holograms and the polymer chains do not undergo deformation with the formation of a surface relief in the polymer film. Therefore, it is preferable to use recording media based on solid solutions of azo dyes in dynamic polarization holography.

Scale-invariant patterns of damage development in AMg6 alloy under consecutive dynamic and gigacycle loading

A study of fatigue crack growth kinetics in aluminum alloy AMg-6 in gigacycle fatigue mode at preliminary dynamic deformation has been carried out. The relevance of the statement is determined by the critical applications of estimating materials and structural elements resource of aircraft gas turbine engines in terms of flight cycle with random dynamic effects. Preliminary loading of samples was carried out by the dynamic tension on Hopkinson-Kolsky rod split at strain rates up to ~103 s-1 subsequent gigacycle loading on the ultrasonic testing machine Shimadzu USF-2000 quantitative analysis and fractography of fractures based on the data from profilometry and scanning electron microscopy. The authors propose an original form of kinetic equation which relates the rate of the fatigue crack growth with changes in the stress intensity factor. The scale invariance of defect structures responsible for the formation of the fracture surface relief under gigacycle fatigue loading was found out to be related to the power exponent of the Paris law.

Гістоструктурні показники перешийку яйцепроводу гусок у продуктивному періоді першого циклу яйцекладки

The oviducts of the geese of large grey breed of 8 - 13 months of age were investigated. The macroscopic parameters of the organ were determined in each group. For histological studies, the samples of oviduct isthmus were fixed in a 10% aqueous formalin solution. The histological slides were staining by the following methods: hematoxylin and eosin, tricolor method (by Mallory), methyl green-pyronin (by Brashe), PAS-reaction and alcian blue. It was established that the period of egg-laying in the goose of a large grey breed began at the age of 10 months with the peak of egg-laying at the 11th - 12th months of age. Oviducts of geese of the 8th and 9th month of age are not macroscopically differentiated into divisions. Structural features of the wall of the oyiduct isthmus were determined at the microscopic level. The thickening of the isthmus wall occurred proportionately to the mucous membrane and muscle membranes. The beginning of the formation of the secretory apparatus of the isthmus came from the age of 8 to 9 months of the geese. Since the age of 10 months, the parameters of the thickness of the mucous membrane and the height of folds have not veraciously changed. It is a feature of the completion of the relief formation of mucous membrane and the secretory apparatus. There was a maximum increasing of the diameter of the glands of the mucous membrane for geese of this age group. It is an indicator of the completion of the differentiation of the glandular apparatus of the isthmus at the time of the start of the egg-laying. The morphometric indices of lumen epithelium and glands decreased by almost 1.4 times when egg, surrounded by membranes, is presented in the isthmus. It is caused by the extrusion of the secret and the formation of the material of the subshell membranes. The height of the folds of the mucous membrane and the diameter of the tubular glands in the geese of 13 months of age did not veraciously change, with a decreasing of egg productivity on 35%. Wherein, the thickness of the mucous membrane even increased. Such dynamics of morphometric indices is the result of accumulation and stagnation of the secret in the cytoplasm of glandular cells.

Spatio-temporal Analysis of Landscape Dynamics of the Selenga Middle Mountains (A Case Study of the Ubur-Dzokoi Hollow)

We investigated the landscapes and vegetation cover of the Ubur-Dzokoi hollow of the Selenga middle mountains. It was found that according to the physical-geographical zoning, the study area is a hummocky terrain of dry steppe landscape. The geosystems of the hollow include steppe and forest-steppe communities. Barchan relief formation is due to human activities and the dynamics of the wind regime. An analysis of key morphometric parameters of hollow relief is carried out based on the SRTM digital elevation model. As a result of the automated classification of Landsat TM multispectral images with a further identification of landscape types, multitemporal (for the years 1990, 2000 and 2010) landscape maps are created. These maps are validated by field landscape and geo-botanical investigations. The algorithm of the ISODATA unsupervised classification method was used, which allows the outlines with non-contrast structure of spectral brightness to be identified. The maps show clear changes in vegetation cover, indicating a decrease in the forest area, a gradual replacement of sedge-forb steppe communities with free-standing trees as well as an increase of sand deposits on unused arable and fallow lands. The spatial structure of vegetation on aeolian landforms was studied. It was concluded that their main component is psammophyte vegetation. We have made 25 geobotanical descriptions. The floristic composition of the coenocomplex includes 52 species of higher vascular plants. The ecological structure of the florocoenocomplex was identified on the basis of analyzing groups of plants in relation to the factor of soil moisture content. The method of ordination was used to determine the ecological differentiation of vegetation. To identify the spatial and structural organization of vegetation used geobotanical profiles and geobotanical descriptions of the sites, and satellite imagery. A large-scale (1:10 000) vegetation map for aeolian landforms was compiled. A correlation of the species in environmental groups showed a predominance of xerophytes (48%).

Scientific Rationale for The Development of Low-Intensity Irrigation Systems in Azerbaijan

The results of the study revealed that the mismatch intensity rain rate of water absorption into the soil formation of a surface relief and soil erosion, uneven and shallow soaking imperfection open irrigation system at a superficial irrigation, the need for different irrigation methods in the growing and not growing periods, low coefficient land utilization, high cost of irrigation and other features are, to a certain extent in conflict with the requirements of watering cultivated with techniques for / of crops in an area at the deep groundwater.

Методика выявления и разрешения градостроительных конфликтов и противоречий развития на уровне муниципального района

В исследовании предлагается к развитию конфликтологический подход для достижения целей устойчивого развития, повышения эффективности территориального планирования и управления территорией региональной системы расселения в условиях рыночных отношений. Разработана методика выявления и разрешения градостроительных конфликтов и противоречий развития на уровне муниципального района. Она включает четыре этапа: 1) периодизацию пространственного освоения территории в исторической ретроспективе как результат возникающих и эволюционирующих конфликтов, повлёкших градостроительные противоречия развития на территории; 2) качественную и количественную оценку ресурсного потенциала территории; 3) выявление и классификацию градостроительных конфликтов и противоречий развития территории; 4) применение существующих и разработку новых методов разрешения конфликтов интересов и ценностей с целью моделирования различных вариантов землепользования.
 Разработанная методика апробирована на примере муниципальных районов Белгородской области. Изучены особенности административно-территориального деления Белгородского края, которые характеризуют устойчивые во времени территориальные единицы с различными видами народнохозяйственной деятельности. Осуществлена индикативная интегральная оценка ресурсного потенциала территории и топологический анализ муниципальных районов Белгородской области и выявлены исторические, пространственные и функциональные закономерности, а также градостроительные конфликты и противоречия, возникающие в процессе освоения территории в XXI веке. Проведена интегральная оценка ресурсного потенциала территории муниципальных районов Белгородской области и выявлены градостроительные противоречия развития территории в XXI веке. Для разрешения градостроительных конфликтов и противоречий развития на уровне муниципального района предложены усовершенствованные методы: метод разрешения социальноинфраструктурных противоречий развития территории;метод формирования восстановительного рельефа нарушенных территорий; метод формирования природного ядра на основе овражно-балочных ландшафтов, - и апробированы на территориях Белгородского, Шебекинского и Яковлевского муниципальных районах. Разработан и апробирован метод гармонизации интересов и ценностей путём поиска компромисса между участниками градостроительной деятельности для территорий с различной функциональной нагрузкой на примере разработки концепции градостроительного развития межмуниципального природного парка на территории Белгородского и Шебекинского районов[1]
 
 [1] Работа подготовлена в рамках Программы развития опорного университета на базе БГТУ им. В.Г. Шухова.

Determinación del estado actual del conflicto del uso del suelo en santander, colombia

Colombia es un país que cuenta con microclimas que influyen en la formación del relieve y la topografía. Infortunadamente, los usos que se le dan al suelo no corresponden al planteamiento de los Planes de Ordenamiento Territorial (POT), debido a la ausencia de estudios que los soporten. Lo anterior hace necesario determinar el estado actual del conflicto del uso del suelo en Santander. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se hizo una revisión bibliográfica referente al tema, incluyendo variables de: uso del suelo definido de acuerdo al POT, uso del suelo, área de uso del suelo, porcentaje de conflicto de uso del suelo y el nivel de conflicto. Se encontraron dos zonas relacionadas a la protección ambiental determinada en el POT, mientras que solo se registran zonas únicas destinadas a actividades: pecuarias, cobertura vegetal, vegetación arbórea, zona agrícola, zona de conservación, zona de cultivos y zona minera. Además, la zona de mayor extensión fue bosques con 82262802,60 Ha y la menor fue de reserva o protección, con 12.900 Ha. La práctica de actividades invasivas en el páramo de Santurbán, evidencia la ineficiente gestión de permisos por parte de autoridades ambientales. Santander, de acuerdo al IGAC, se ubica en el octavo lugar en conflicto de uso del suelo, con un valor de 58 por ciento.

Masking coating formation by the focused ion beams method for plasma chemical treatment

The application of the focused ion beams method makes it possible to obtain modified surfaces serving as a masking layer for subsequent processing of semiconductor materials. The use of plasma chemical etching as a method for profiling modified surfaces makes it possible to obtain cleaner surfaces than for liquid etching. In this paper, experimental studies of a masking coating formation were carried out using a focused ion beams method on a scanning electron microscope, followed by a relief formation by the plasma chemical etching method. The effect of local surface treatment of silicon by the focused ion beams method on the etching rate of the treated regions by the method of plasma chemical etching was examined. Samples with the formed regions were obtained, which demonstrated masking and stimulating properties during plasma chemical etching. The structures height after plasma chemical etching varied from 10 to 266 nm.

Conditions for Obtaining Finishing Materials from Wood with a Relief Pattern on the Front Surface

In the article the questions devoted to the study of the process of bonding a new type decorative material embossed plywood, substantiated the possibility of improve the appearance by creating a volumetric pattern on its front surface when using molds with different thickness in cross section. Use as raw materials little used at the present time of wood of soft deciduous species will enhance the resource base of woodworking and building industry. The causes of occurrence of cracks when bonding the embossed plywood. Proved that the highest tensile stresses occur at the contact edges with the wood. Invited to sluglett edges of the mold to reduce tensile stresses. On the basis of theoretical research of processes of formation of deformations and stress relief when gluing plywood wood whose texture-defined conditions, ensuring its integrity, the formation of three-dimensional pattern on the front surface of the finishing material.

Polarization holography for direct surface grating patterning on chalcogenide nanomultilayers

In present work the one-step direct relief formation of diffraction gratings using As2S3–Se nanomultilayers were studied. We have carried out a study of the polarization sensitive recording properties of the chalcogenide glasses in form of nanomultilayers. Nanomultilayers deposition, samples structure and recording process peculiarities were discussed. The surface relief gratings were patterned into nanomultilayers by method of polarization holography. It was shown that surface relief vector holographic gratings formed by two ±45°polarization states and by left-right circular polarizations are phase gratings. The kinetics of diffraction efficiency of both phase and intensity gratings were compared. The possible explanations based on dielectrophoretic forces existing in fluidic systems or H. Fritzche’ model supposing the presence of minimum isotropic volume with the anisotropic structural units are discussed. The method offers the advantage of the fabrication of relief structures with one-step processing, without the necessity for any subsequent processing steps.

Conceptions of mountain formation, foulding, fault and the continental drift in geography textbooks between the decades of 1930 to 1960

The conceptions about the origins of mountains, faults, folds or relief are very different if we compare didactic books of Geog-raphy published before and after the elaboration of Plates Tectonics theory. In this article, it was analyzed didactic books from first grade education, which is currently equivalent to the 6th grade of Elementary School 2, published between 1933 until 1961. Obviously, within this article, Plate tectonics theory had not yet been elaborated. However, the academic world was already fa-miliar with the Continental Drift theory, an innovative proposal elaborated at the beginning of the 20th century by German sci-entist Alfred Wegener (1880-1930). According to Wegener, the continents were together millions of years ago, forming a single great mass, called by him of "Pangea". Considering that the books analyzed were published between 1933 and 1961, such works could be expected to contemplate and explain the continental drift theory. However, it was not what it was observed. In addition, the formation of mountains, folds, faults or relief had very different conceptions of what today's students learn.

Evaluation of Bovine-Derived Collagen Membrane in Oral Surgical Mucosal Defects.

The overall purpose of this clinical study is to evaluate the effectiveness of bovine-derived collagen in surgical oral mucosal defects. The study model included thirty-two patients who underwent surgery for benign and malignant lesions of oral cavity in the Indira Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Puducherry, India-from 2012 to 2018. The surgical oral mucosal defects had been reconstructed with a commercially available bovine-derived type I collagen [Surgicoll-Mesh, 0.5mm thick] membrane. The clinical effectiveness of this collagen membrane was evaluated using parameters like haemostasis, pain, epithelialisation, granulation tissue formation and mouth opening as the functional test parameter. The clinical outcome results documented proved that the bovine-derived collagen membrane showed excellent significant results with respect to haemostasis, pain relief, epithelialisation and granulation tissue formation.

Evaluation of sensitivity of Ge9As9Se82 and Ge16As24Se60 thin films to irradiation with electron beam

The interaction of Ge9As9Se82 and Ge16As24Se60 amorphous chalcogenide thin films with electron beam has been investigated. The kinetics of surface relief formation was determined for both film compositions. It was established that for identical electron beam irradiation parameters, the kinetics of relief formation can be correlated with charge accumulation rate, its final value inside films and charge diffusion away from the electron interaction region. Charge model has been used to explain various phenomena during electron beam interaction with studied systems and parameters of this model are determined. Application of studied systems in single stage electron beam lithography is also presented.

Mechanisms of surface formation at treatment with compression plasma flows

The mechanisms of the formation of the surface relief at treatment with intense plasma flows are considered in this paper. The main attention is paid to the formation of a wave-like relief of the surface. On the basis of the presented theoretical model for the formation of wave-like surface relief, it is shown that the inhomogeneous velocity field formed in the melt during its radial motion over the target surface leads to an increase in the elastic energy of the melt. It can be accompanied by the melt decomposition into separate fragments. If the elastic energy is sufficient to form a new surface the fragmentation of the melt takes place. The decomposition of the melt will not be observed if the time during which the elastic energy necessary for decay is stored is less than the characteristic hydrodynamic time. It is shown that the thinner ring of the melt is broken down into smaller fragments with the same difference in the velocities of the outer part of the melt and the inner one. As the velocity difference increases, the fragments become more elongated, which agrees well with the experimental data. Thus, the phenomenon observed in the experiment of the formation of the wave-like relief of the surface was explained.

Features of the surface relief of TiNi alloy in coarse-grained and ultrafine-grained states at room and elevated temperatures

The effect of coarse-grained (CG) and ultrafine-grained (UFG) structures processed by equal channel angular pressing on the formation and features of the surface relief during mechanical tensile tests at room and elevated temperatures was studied. The formation of the UFG structure leads to a significant increase in strength, but the ductility decreases. Coarse-grained samples in the quenched state after tensile tests have a developed relief and microcracks. After tensile testing of the annealed CG sample, a similar situation is observed. On samples in the UFG state, no developed relief and cracks were found. The surface of the UFG sample in the annealed state at a temperature of 500 °C shows a very weak relief, but no cracks are observed. Possible reasons of these effects are discussed.

ДИСКУСІЙНІ ПИТАННЯ З ІСТОРІЇ РОЗВИТКУ РЕЛЬЄФУ УКРАЇНСЬКИХ КАРПАТ

Today, the most problematic issues of age and genesis of the Ukrainian Carpathian relief are as follows: 1) alignment surfaces and relief stratification; 2) mountain and cover glaciation; 3) formation and restructuring of river valleys; 4) age of volcanic relief. Investigations of alignment surfaces and relief stratification by various researchers during the 20th and 21st centuries have been analysed. The formation of denudation and denudation-accumulative surfaces, as well as relief stratification, is connected with the theory of equilibrium of relief-forming forces. Attention has been drawn to the interesting theory of the development of slopes and river valleys, where the stages of destruction, accumulation and equilibrium alternate in the process of development, as well as to the possible equilibrium between endogenous and exogenous processes: exogenous processes are constantly late in relation to endogenous ones. An interesting concept of the formation of relief stratification for mountainous countries and uplands, which is connected with the erosion and denudation development of relief based on the formation of the decline surfaces on the watersheds, has been highlighted. The data on the role of denudation speed during relief formation in landscape zones for rocks of different lithological and petrographic composition have been proided. A detailed analysis of the ancient glacial relief forms, performed by many researchers, indicates the Mindelian age of glaciation in the Ukrainian Carpathians. A significant contribution to the study of cover and mountain glaciation by the first Ukrainian geomorphologist S. Rudnitsky has been demonstrated. Some issues of the formation and restructuring of the river network have been reconsidered. First of all, it was noted that on all stages of the development of the Ukrainian Carpathian relief, transverse rivers dominated. S. Rudnitsky’s explanation of the volcanic activity in the Pleistocene (the presence of tuffs on the Pleistocene terrace in the valley of the Uzh river) was confirmed. Key words: Ukrainian Carpathians, relief age, denudation, denudation and denudationaccumulative surfaces, cover and mountain glaciation, river valleys, volcanic relief.

Exogenous processes and problems of rational nature management in the Selenga river transboundary basin

The problem of soil degradation as a result of deflation remains particularly relevant for the territory of the Selenga midland. Based on historical data, it led to huge losses in agriculture, the dust storms, sand filling of settlements and roads. The problem of desertification is closely connected with the processes of aeolian relief formation. Therefore, the development of effective policies and practices to prevent desertification requires investigations of geomorphological systems response to climate change and anthropogenic impact. The necessary data can only be obtained in the course of interdisciplinary research involving geography and geology methods and historical materials. This paper presents the data on the dynamics of aeolian relief formation during the Holocene and historical era in the central part of the Selenga midland. Based on the study of soil-sedimentary sections and its radiocarbon dating the stages of soil formation corresponds with an relatively favorable climatic conditions were distinguished. Arid phases correspond to activation of aeolian processes and manifest themselves as horizons of loess and sand deposits overlying the buried soils. The most intense, they were proceeded at the Late Glacial – Holocene border (12.9 – 11.7 kyr BP) and Early Holocene (10.5 – 9.4 kyr BP), in the Atlantic (8.6 – 6.9 kyr BP), beginning (∼ 5.4 – 4.8 kyr BP) and the end (∼ 3.4 – 2.9 kyr BP) of Subboreal period of Holocene. Analysis of historical and literature data revealed the process of farmland degradation into desert landscape, unsuitable for further agricultural use. For this territory results of investigation of the morphological structure, the rate of aeolian landforms formation and particle size distribution of the constituent of sand are presented.

Effect of Pulsed Helium Ion Fluxes and Helium Plasma on the Inconel 718 Alloy

The results of the irradiation of the Inconel 718 alloy with pulsed helium ion and helium plasma fluxes at a power density q = 107 W/cm2 and a pulse duration τ ≈ 100 ns in the Vikhr Plasma Focus setup are presented. The surface layer is not melted under the irradiation conditions. However, a slight increase in q causes melting of local regions in the surface and the formation of a wavy relief. Beam–plasma irradiation results in structural and phase changes in the irradiated surface layer, namely, the precipitation of microinclusions (complex niobium carbides), a redistribution of alloy elements, a slight decrease in the microhardness, and, accordingly, slight softening. These changes in the microstructure and the properties are determined by the melting of the irradiated surface in local regions, partial sputtering of solid-phase regions, and recrystallization in the near-surface layer during pulsed heating for each beam–plasma action.

Nanoscale chiral surface relief of azo-polymers with nearfield OAM light.

An optical vortex with orbital angular momentum (OAM) can be used to induce microscale chiral structures in various materials. Such chiral structures enable the generation of a nearfield vortex, i.e. nearfield OAM light on a sub-wavelength scale, thereby leading to further nanoscale mass-transport. We report on the formation of a nanoscale chiral surface relief in azo-polymers due to nearfield OAM light. The resulting nanoscale chiral relief exhibits a diameter of ca. 400 nm, which corresponds to less than 1/5-1/6th of the original chiral structure (ca. 2.1 µm). Such a nanoscale chiral surface relief is established by the simple irradiation of uniform visible plane-wave light with an intensity of <500 mW/cm2.