Reliable Data Storage Research Articles

Edge Word-Line Reliability Problem in 3-D NAND Flash Memory: Observations, Analysis, and Solutions

The 3-D flash memory is gradually becoming the mainstream nonvolatile storage medium due to its high capacity and high performance. However, interlayer interference during 3-D flash programming leads to significant differences in the error characteristics of edge and inner word lines; interlayer interference becomes more pronounced as the number of stacked layers increases, seriously affecting data storage reliability. In this study, many actual tests were conducted on triple-level cell (TLC) and quad-level cell (QLC) flash memory, which are the mainstream storage media in the current consumer market, to obtain the edge and inner word-line threshold voltage data under the interference of different factors, such as retention loss and read disturb; then, the threshold voltage difference between the edge and inner word lines under different conditions was quantitatively analyzed. An edge word-line reliability optimization strategy is proposed based on the read-reference voltage extra offset (RRVEO). Experimental results show that this strategy can reduce the edge word-line raw bit error rate (RBER) by more than 90% and eliminate the reliability difference between inner and edge word lines without significant overhead, thus significantly improving the data storage reliability of flash memory.

MediChain: Medical Record Management System

Abstract: Currently, Electronic Health Records are managed using a client-server architecture by which healthcare providers retain data stewardship. But this strategy has problems with security and privacy, a single point of failure, fragmented data, and susceptibility. Blockchain is a brand-new, developing technology for distributed databases that uses cryptography to ensure the security, incorruptibility, and integrity of data. These characteristics allow secure and reliable data storage. Blockchain-based record management system uses smart contracts to ensure the privacy of patients. This health record management platform will store the user’s hospital, lab, pharmacy, and insurer records. It will increase the speed of information storing and exchange So that all patients can easily access individual medical records in different hospitals and clinics. This will help doctors and patients with diagnoses and also various insurance companies to check the medical records by getting access to records from the platform and also this will help the researchers and scientists.

The Noisy Drawing Channel: Reliable Data Storage in DNA Sequences

The Noisy Drawing Channel: Reliable Data Storage in DNA Sequences

BSDP: Blockchain-Based Smart Parking for Digital-Twin Empowered Vehicular Sensing Networks With Privacy Protection

The popularity of vehicles brings parking issues, especially in the downtown area. To tackle these issues, the concept of smart parking is presented, which utilizes IIoT devices and Vehicular Sensor Networks (VSNs) to monitor the available parking spaces and nearby traffic conditions. Unfortunately, the centralized architecture of existing solutions cannot guarantee data reliability. Besides, some privacy issues still violate the VSN participants' sensitive information. We propose a novel <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</u> lockchain-based <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</u> mart parking scheme in <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</u> igital-twin empowered VSNs with <underline xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P</u> rivacy protection, named BSDP. In BSDP, the Digital Twin Network is introduced to monitor and predict traffic conditions nearby a parking lot. The blockchain and smart contract are utilized to achieve reliable data storage and correct parking response, respectively. Besides, the privacy of both driver and VSN participants can be protected. Experimental result shows that the proposed BSDP scheme achieves acceptable efficiency in resource-constrained vehicular networks.

PartitionChain: A Scalable and Reliable Data Storage Strategy for Permissioned Blockchain

Blockchain, a specific distributed database which maintains a list of data records against tampering and corruption, has aroused wide interests and become a hot topic in the real world. Nevertheless, the increasingly heavy storage consumption brought by the full-replication data storage mechanism, becomes a bottleneck to the system scalability. To address this problem, a reliable storage scheme named BFT-Store (Qi <i>et al.</i> 2020), integrating erasure coding with Byzantine Fault Tolerance (BFT), was proposed recently. While, three critical problems are still left open: (i) The complex re-initialization process of the blockchain when the number of nodes varies; (ii) The high computational overload of downloading data; (iii) The massive communication on the network. This paper proposes a better trade-off for blockchain storage scheme termed PartitionChain which addresses the above three problems, maintaining the merits of BFT-Store. First, our scheme allows the original nodes to merely update a single aggregate signature (e.g., 320 bits) when the number of nodes varies. Using aggregate signatures as the proof of the encoded data not only saves the storage costs but also gets rid of the trusted third party. Second, the computational complexity of retrieving data by decoding, compared to BFT-Store, is greatly reduced by about <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$2^{18}$</tex-math></inline-formula> times on each node. Third, the amount of transmitted data for recovering each block is reduced from <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O(n)$</tex-math></inline-formula> (assuming <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$n$</tex-math></inline-formula> is the number of nodes) to <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O(1)$</tex-math></inline-formula> , by partitioning each block into smaller pieces and applying Reed-Solomon coding to each block. Furthermore, this paper also introduces a reputation ranking system where the malicious behaviors of the nodes can be detected and marked, enabling PartitionChain to check the credits of each node termly and expel the nodes with misbehavior to the specific extent. Comparing with BFT-Store, our scheme allows blockchain system to suit dynamic network with higher efficiency and scalability.

Blockchain Data Scalability and Retrieval Scheme Based on On-Chain Storage Medium for Internet of Things Data

The combination of blockchain and internet of things (IoT) technology realizes reliable storage of IoT data. However, the data stored on the blockchain (on-chain) face the problem of poor scalability and inefficient retrieval. In this paper, the on-chain data scalability schemes based on transactions and smart contracts are first proposed. Subsequently, on the basis of the above on-chain data scalability scheme based on transactions, an on-chain data index based on skip lists is proposed to improve the retrieval efficiency. The experimental results show that both the on-chain data scalability schemes achieve on-chain data scalability while reducing storage overhead. Meanwhile, the on-chain data index based on skip lists has significantly improved dynamic range retrieval efficiency and reduced the time complexity of single data retrieval to O(log(n)).

Performance Analysis of Concatenated Coding to Increase the Endurance of Multilevel NAND Flash Memory

The increasing storage density of modern NAND flash memory chips, achieved both due to scaling down the cell size, and due to the increasing number of used cell states, leads to a decrease in data storage reliability, namely, error probability, endurance (number of P/E cycling) and retention time. Error correction codes are often used to improve the reliability of data storage in multilevel flash memory. The effectiveness of using error correction codes is largely determined by the model accuracy that exhibits the basic processes associated with writing and reading data. The paper describes the main sources of disturbances for a flash cell that affect the threshold voltage of the cell in NAND flash memory, and represents an explicit form of the threshold voltage distribution. As an approximation of the obtained threshold voltage distribution, a Normal-Laplace mixture model was shown to be a good fit in multilevel flash memories for a large number of rewriting cycles. For this model, a performance analysis of the concatenated coding scheme with an outer Reed-Solomon code and an inner multilevel code consisting of binary component codes is carried out. The performed analysis makes it possible to obtain tradeoffs between the error probability, storage density, and the number of P/E cycling. The resulting tradeoffs show that the considered concatenated coding schemes allow, due to a very slight decrease in the storage density, to increase the number of P/E cycling up to 2–2.5 times than their nominal endurance specification while maintaining the required value of the bit error probability.

Adaptive Bitline Voltage Countermeasure for Neighbor Wordline Interference in 3D NAND Flash Memory-Based Sensors.

Three-dimensional NAND flash memory is widely used in sensor systems as an advanced storage medium that ensures system stability through fast data access. However, in flash memory, as the number of cell bits increases and the process pitch keeps scaling, the data disturbance becomes more serious, especially for neighbor wordline interference (NWI), which leads to a deterioration of data storage reliability. Thus, a physical device model was constructed to investigate the NWI mechanism and evaluate critical device factors for this long-standing and intractable problem. As simulated by TCAD, the change in channel potential under read bias conditions presents good consistency with the actual NWI performance. Using this model, NWI generation can be accurately described through the combination of potential superposition and a local drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effect. This suggests that a higher bitline voltage (Vbl) transmitted by the channel potential can restore the local DIBL effect, which is ever weakened by NWI. Furthermore, an adaptive Vbl countermeasure is proposed for 3D NAND memory arrays, which can significantly minimize the NWI of triple-level cells (TLC) in all state combinations. The device model and the adaptive Vbl scheme were successfully verified by TCAD and 3D NAND chip tests. This study introduces a new physical model for NWI-related problems in 3D NAND flash, while providing a feasible and promising voltage scheme as a countermeasure to optimize data reliability.

AMAZON S3 STATIC WEBSITE HOSTING

Nowadays, especially in period of energetic crisis, it is very important to get reliable data storage and uninterrupted access to websites. Considering that the world’s mainstream is using the clouds services for educational, scientific, business purposes it is important to explore features of hosting websites in major cloud service providers. One of the leader’s vendors in cloud servicing is Amazon with its Web Services (AWS). AWS offers hosting solutions such as Lightsail, Amplify Console, Simple Storage Service (S3) and Elastic Cloud Computing, from simple static websites to complicated dynamic, The article deals with the method of hosting static websites. Simple Storage Service was used for this purpose. The method has many benefits: the service is simple, cheap, scales well, manages everything and has great integration with other AWS services. This method is the best for websites that do not contain server-side scripting, like PHP or ASP.NET. It is ideal for websites that change infrequently, such as personal, promo, startup websites, websites of small businesses and organizations. The article focuses on how set permissions, properties and policies of AWS S3 bucket for hosting a website. But usage of S3 bucket alone provides only http connection. That’s why to deploy secure connection and speed up delivery of the static content was proposed to use AWS CloudFront service. CloudFront is content delivery network service, that uses the latest version of Transport Layer Security Protocol and saves files in the cache for 24 hours. The article shows how to configure CloudFront distribution to serve https requests for an Amazon S3 bucket. Configuration S3 bucket REST API endpoint was used as the most secure case. As a result, latency was reduced, security was improved due to traffic encryption and the content of S3 bucket was kept private.

Load Redistribution-based Reliability Enhancement for Storage Area Networks

Storage area networks (SANs) are one of the prevalent reliable data storage solutions. However, cascading failures triggered by data overloading have become a major threat to SANs, preventing the desired quality of service from being delivered to users. Based on our preliminary works on studying the impacts of data loading on the reliability performance of SANs, this paper advances the state of the art by implementing node degree-based load redistribution strategies to enhance the SAN reliability, thus mitigating or even preventing the occurrence of cascading failures during the mission time. Load-based and reliability-based node selection rules are considered, which choose nodes with the highest load level and the lowest reliability for load redistribution, respectively. The relationship between data loading and reliability of an individual SAN component is modeled using the accelerated failure-time model with the power law. The SAN reliability is assessed using a combinatorial decision diagram-based approach. The application and effectiveness of the proposed load redistribution strategies are demonstrated and compared through a case study of an SAN with the mesh topology.

Double Rainbows: A Promising Distributed Data Sharing in Augmented Intelligence of Things

The Augmented Intelligence of Things enables many edge or end devices in the Internet of Things (IoT) to perform machine reasoning to make decisions, thus become more intelligent. For healthcare enterprises, huge physical data generated by smart devices facilitate to iterate their products. However, traditional data sharing models based on cloud outsourcing meet many security challenges, such as data confidentiality, reliability, and privacy protection, and most existing schemes have high computational complexity for the utilization of time-consuming cryptographic operations, such as bilinear pairing, which is not suitable for those resource-constrained IoT devices. To tackle the abovementioned issues, we present Double Rainbows, a promising data sharing scheme based on pairing-free searchable encryption. It is constructed on the cloud-edge-end architecture, supporting computing task transfer and reliable data storage and retrieval. The experimental results show that it outperforms in efficiency and exhibit more security functionalities.

МЕТОД ПАРАМЕТРИЧЕСКОГО СИНТЕЗА КРИПТО-КОДОВЫХ СТРУКТУР ДЛЯ КОНТРОЛЯ И ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ЦЕЛОСТНОСТИ ИНФОРМАЦИИ

The purpose of the work is to develop a method for monitoring and restoring the integrity of information in secure multidimensional data storage systems that ensures the stability of the systems under consideration under the destructive influences of an intruder and disturbances in the operating environment. Research method: in the course of the research, the scientific and methodological apparatus of the theory of algebraic systems was used in conjunction with the methods of cryptographic information protection and the mathematical apparatus of coding theory to implement the procedures of crypto-code transformations. Models of reliable data storage systems were studied to justify the feasibility of procedures for ensuring the confirmed integrity of the processed information. Results of the study: a method for formalized representation of information in secure multidimensional data storage systems used in the interests of information and analytical systems, which makes it possible to visually describe the developed structures for monitoring and restoring data integrity under the destructive influences of an intruder and disturbances in the operating environment. A mathematical model of the process of monitoring and restoring data integrity based on crypto-code transformations based on the aggregation of cryptographic methods and methods of error-correcting coding is presented. Combining well-known classical solutions to ensure data integrity will reduce the introduced redundancy, as well as expand the functionality of secure information and analytical systems, which consists in confirming the reliability of restoring the integrity of distorted or lost data without additional costs of their repeated control by cryptographic methods. The proposed model takes into account the structure of multidimensional representation of information in the considered data storage systems of information and analytical systems. Scientific novelty: the developed method of parametric synthesis of crypto-code structures for monitoring and restoring the integrity of information in secure multidimensional data storage systems differs from the known ones by obtaining optimal crypto-code structures due to the rational aggregation of cryptographic and code transformations in the parameter space of the considered data storage systems. Crypto-code structures formed on the basis of building multidimensional hash codes and performing transformations in extended Galois fields provide cryptographic control and restoration of information integrity with the possibility of flexible introduction of redundancy and confirmation with cryptographic reliability of information integrity after the restoration procedure

DEVELOPMENT AND SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION OF AN ALGORITHMIC MODEL FOR BROADCASTING DOCUMENTS ON VARIOUS DEVICES

The work designed, developed and implemented a web application intended for the transmission of electronic documents on various devices among the audience located at a distance from each other. The work is devoted to the development of approaches, algorithms and services for broadcasting documents of various formats on various devices without the use of a projector. Classical methods of data compression and encryption and parallelism were used to build the algorithms. The software is implemented in the JavaScript language using the Node.js and Vue.js frameworks. The MongoDB database is also used to store user data. To display the results of the work, a service was developed for broadcasting documents of various formats through a mobile device to other devices. A convenient software architecture has been developed, which allows you to easily maintain and improve the service in the future. A convenient and clear graphical interface for interaction with the user has been implemented. As you know, the direct use of classical methods and algorithms of data compression and encryption enables reliable use and storage of user data. Among many algorithms, the RSA method was used. The RSA method is a public-key cryptographic algorithm based on the computational complexity of the problem of multiplying large integers. Also, for greater efficiency in the service, parallelism methods and microservice architecture were developed. Their purpose is to distribute the load of the service on different subservices for greater efficiency of the program.

Ethereum-Based Information System for Digital Higher Education Registry and Verification of Student Achievement Documents

Blockchain is a new and modern technology that is gradually being used in various fields due to its ability to decentralize and organize secure and reliable data exchange and storage. One of the related research areas generating increasing interest is the field of education, with particular focus on the digitization and automation of educational management processes and the ability to store and verify digital documents about student progress. The main goal of this study is to develop a platform that creates a unified digital register of students’ educational achievements, which is one of the most pressing issues in the field of education, based on the Ethereum blockchain architecture. Blockchain is expensive; therefore, there is a need to consider performance criteria when evaluating any decision made about the technology, especially the most important aspects such as predicting traffic behavior, estimating transaction costs and providing the necessary indicators of system quality and functionality. However, most research ignores the evaluation of performance indicators, such as throughput, the speed of transactions and the amount of data stored in the Ethereum blockchain database, which are the main evaluation criteria. This paper aims to eliminate this gap by evaluating the performance of the developed platform and by discussing the obtained experimental results. Thus, the main results of this work are the design and deployment of a blockchain platform and the analysis of its transaction costs. We conclude that the proposed blockchain solution is applicable as a system for the accounting and verification of loans and student academic achievements.

PyRS: Cross-platform Data Fault-tolerant Storage Library Based on RS Erasure Code

&lt;p&gt;Erasure code has been used by more and more researchers to solve the problem of efficient, reliable, and fault-tolerant data storage. However, the existing libraries based on erase code can only run on the Linux platform, and some of them need GPU support. This paper implements a cross-platform data fault-tolerant storage library based on RS erasure code, PyRS, which is running on CPU without GPU support and developed in Python. PyRS uses Vandermonde matrix as the coding matrix and Numba and NumPy libraries to speed up and optimize the program. This paper compares PyRS with Jerasure on the same Linux platform. The results show that the encoding and decoding speed of PyRS is 8 times faster than that of Jerasure. The CPU usage rate of both is about 25% and the memory usage rate of PyRS is about 5% higher than that of Jerasure. The same experiments are carried out on PyRS on the Windows platform. Experimental results show that compared with running on the Linux platform, PyRS running on the Windows platform has almost the same speed of encoding and decoding, and its CPU usage rate increases by about 15%, while its memory usage rate decreases by about 5%.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;

TCSE: A Target Cell States Elimination Coding Strategy for Highly Reliable Data Storage Based on 3-D nand Flash Memory

With the wide application of NAND flash storage systems in read-intensive memory, the corresponding reliability enhancement strategies for mitigating read disturb become the focus of investigations in recent years. The prior investigations have reported the strategies based on data modulation and verified their effectiveness in mitigating retention loss. The most significant advantage of these strategies is that they can often achieve significant reliability enhancement effect with great read performance, since they are usually based on asymmetric coding. This feature means that they have the potential to be ideal reliability enhancement strategies for read-intensive memory applications. To propose a universal and highly reliable data storage strategy, this article first observes the error modes at the cell-state level under the reliability stresses of retention loss and read disturb with floating-gate (FG) 3-D triple-level (TLC) NAND flash, and then proposes a target cell states elimination (TCSE) coding strategy for further restraining bit errors. In addition, this article for the first time reports the extra bit errors generated in the decoding process of the storage strategies based on data modulation, and defines the concept of transfer factor (TF) for evaluation. By using the proposed TCSE, the experimental results show that the overall bit error rate (BER) can be reduced by 80%–90% on average, compared with the raw random data pattern.

10 Years of Natural Data Storage

Digital data explosion has been driving a demand for robust and reliable data storage medium. The present day digital storage devices presents a big challenge for data scientists to provide reliable, affordable and dense storage medium. In the last decade, natural storage medium such as DNA, bacteria, and protein has been shown as a promising approach for next generation information storage systems. This article is a review that discusses advancements in the natural data storage, which has potential to replace the current physical storage for archival systems and have high storage per unit weight of medium, and is affordable and reliable. Further, the challenges for natural data storage will also be presented. With the international DNA data storage alliance of more than 30 companies and academic alliance in 2020, one would hope that DNA data storage will soon be available commercially in next 5–10 years. The success of the alliance will also motivate researchers to explore the other natural storage medium such as bacteria and protein which are currently in the lab.

The Human-in-the-Loop Data Sensing Architecture Based on Edge Cloud Computing

The cloud system structure is limited by sensor data processing to handle real-time constancy and mobility. To solve such a problem, this paper proposes a system structure based on edge cloud computing and human perception of data in the ring and explores its application in big data analysis. Specifically, a three-layer data flow computing structure composed of a wireless network, edge cloud system, and central cloud system is constructed. In terms of data flow structure, a mobile service structure supporting real-time operation and mobility is proposed. Based on such a structure, an edge cloud data awareness structure is further proposed. Moreover, a flexible storage structure that can be used to support different types of applications is designed to optimize the sensor system and improve the reliability of data storage. The experimental results show that the system structure based on edge cloud terms reduces the server failure rate and total utilization due to the capacity of VMs. Besides, its performance is much better than the existing structure in terms of maintenance and data processing time. Finally, the result of the edge of the cloud computing solution can save 19% on time than the original scheme.

EBRAINS Live Papers - Interactive Resource Sheets for Computational Studies in Neuroscience

We present here an online platform for sharing resources underlying publications in neuroscience. It enables authors to easily upload and distribute digital resources, such as data, code, and notebooks, in a structured and systematic way. Interactivity is a prominent feature of the Live Papers, with features to download, visualise or simulate data, models and results presented in the corresponding publications. The resources are hosted on reliable data storage servers to ensure long term availability and easy accessibility. All data are managed via the EBRAINS Knowledge Graph, thereby helping maintain data provenance, and enabling tight integration with tools and services offered under the EBRAINS ecosystem.

A Proxy-Authorized Public Auditing Scheme for Cyber-Medical Systems Using AI-IoT

Artificial intelligence based Internet of Things enables autonomous communication among social networks and IoT to leverage the promising solution in the modern paradigms. It can provide an interactive platform across the globe to enrich the quality of networking services to the end users. Of late, the expansion of information-centric networking has brought an incredible technique, known as public auditing scheme, for IoT-enabled sensor technologies. It uses a cloud-based medical cyber-physical system (M-CPS) to rely on cloud computing that ensures fast computing and reliable data storage. Since the medical file is so vital to involve precise diagnoses, data integrity and verification have lately become the data auditing tool. To exploit proxy authorizer and trusted auditor, an identity-based proxy authorized outsourcing with public auditing (ID-PAOPA) is proposed. It uses proxy authorization and verification to upload medical data over cloud-based M-CPS. To substantiate the finding, this article provides security proof based on the EC-DLP assumption. Finally, the performance analysis proves that the proposed ID-PAOPA achieves less computation and auditing timing to fulfill the objectives of cloud-based M-CPS.