Relevant Texts Research Articles

Comparison of automatic summarization of texts in Russian

The subject of the research in this article is the generalization of texts in Russian using artificial intelligence models. In particular, the authors compare the popular models GigaChat, YaGPT2, ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Bard, Bing AI and YouChat and conduct a comparative study of their work on Russian texts. The article uses datasets for the Russian language, such as Gazeta, XL-Sum and WikiLingua, as source materials for subsequent generalization, as well as additional datasets in English, CNN Dailymail and XSum, were taken to compare the effectiveness of generalization. The article uses the following indicators: ROUGE, BLEU score, BERTScore, METEOR and BLEURT to assess the quality of text synthesis. In this article, a comparative analysis of data obtained during automatic generalization using artificial intelligence models is used as a research method. The scientific novelty of the research is to conduct a comparative analysis of the quality of automatic generalization of texts in Russian and English using various neural network models of natural language processing. The authors of the study drew attention to the new models GigaChat, YaGPT2, ChatGPT-3.5, ChatGPT-4, Bard, Bing AI and YouChat, considering and analyzing their effectiveness in the task of text generalization. The results of the generalization in Russian show that YouChat demonstrates the highest results in terms of the set of ratings, emphasizing the effectiveness of the model in processing and generating text with a more accurate reproduction of key elements of content. Unlike YouChat, the Bard model showed the worst results, representing the model with the least ability to generate coherent and relevant text. The data obtained during the comparison will contribute to a deeper understanding of the models under consideration, helping to make a choice when using artificial intelligence for text summarization tasks as a basis for future developments.

Does Luke Replace “Son of God” with Non-filial Language?

In 2005 missiologist Rick Brown argued on the basis of Synoptic parallels that, in a few cases, Luke translates Son of God language with non-filial language, especially the term “Christ.” The argument supported the practice of using non-filial renderings of Son of God language in Bible translations made for Muslims, the stated intent being to convey the meaning of the text more clearly and to avoid offense and misunderstanding. This article tests Brown’s claim, mainly by considering the literary relationships between the Synoptic Gospels and by examining every Lukan parallel of Markan and/or Matthean Son of God language used with reference to Jesus. The results of the investigation contradict Brown’s thesis, showing that the relevant Lukan texts do not provide direct support for the rendering of Son of God language with non-filial language.

The Future of ChatGPT in Medicinal Chemistry: Harnessing AI for Accelerated Drug Discovery

AbstractArtificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a transformative tool in various fields, including medicinal chemistry and drug discovery. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) technologies in medicinal chemistry has revolutionized drug discovery processes. Among AI models, ChatGPT (Generative Pre‐trained Transformer) has shown remarkable capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. This review article delves into the potential applications and prospects of ChatGPT in the domain of medicinal chemistry, focusing on its contributions to drug discovery, compound design, virtual screening, target identification, and optimization of pharmacokinetic properties. ChatGPT′s ability to generate contextually relevant text makes it a valuable tool for data mining and analysis of vast chemical and biological information repositories. In this review article, the authors have discussed the challenges and ethical considerations associated with the implementation of ChatGPT 3.5 in medicinal chemistry research. Authors also extend their acknowledgment to ChatGPT (version 3.5) for its contribution in furnishing responses to the prompt, thereby shedding light on the applications of ChatGPT in the field of medicinal chemistry. The authors have analyzed the responses of ChatGPT.

Structure-Aware Multimodal Sequential Learning for Visual Dialog

With the ability to collect vast amounts of image and natural language data from the web, there has been a remarkable advancement in Large-scale Language Models (LLMs). This progress has led to the emergence of chatbots and dialogue systems capable of fluent conversations with humans. As the variety of devices enabling interactions between humans and agents expands, and the performance of text-based dialogue systems improves, there has been recently proposed research on visual dialog. However, visual dialog requires understanding sequences of pairs consisting of images and sentences, making it challenging to gather sufficient data for training large-scale models from the web. In this paper, we propose a new multimodal learning method leveraging existing large-scale models designed for each modality, to enable model training for visual dialog with small visual dialog datasets. The key ideas of our approach are: 1) storing the history or context during the progression of visual dialog in the form of spatiotemporal graphs, and 2) introducing small modulation blocks between modality-specific models and the graphs to align the semantic spaces. For implementation, we introduce a novel structure-aware cross-attention method, which retrieves relevant image and text knowledge for utterance generation from the pretrained models. For experiments, we achieved a new state-of-the-art performance on three visual dialog datasets, including the most challenging one COMET.

Select and Augment: Enhanced Dense Retrieval Knowledge Graph Augmentation (Abstract Reprint)

Injecting textual information into knowledge graph (KG) entity representations has been a worthwhile expedition in terms of improving performance in KG oriented tasks within the NLP community. External knowledge often adopted to enhance KG embeddings ranges from semantically rich lexical dependency parsed features to a set of relevant key words to entire text descriptions supplied from an external corpus such as wikipedia and many more. Despite the gains this innovation (Text-enhanced KG embeddings) has made, the proposal in this work suggests that it can be improved even further. Instead of using a single text description (which would not sufficiently represent an entity because of the inherent lexical ambiguity of text), we propose a multi-task framework that jointly selects a set of text descriptions relevant to KG entities as well as align or augment KG embeddings with text descriptions. Different from prior work that plugs formal entity descriptions declared in knowledge bases, this framework leverages a retriever model to selectively identify richer or highly relevant text descriptions to use in augmenting entities. Furthermore, the framework treats the number of descriptions to use in augmentation process as a parameter, which allows the flexibility of enumerating across several numbers before identifying an appropriate number. Experiment results for Link Prediction demonstrate a 5.5% and 3.5% percentage increase in the Mean Reciprocal Rank (MRR) and Hits@10 scores respectively, in comparison to text-enhanced knowledge graph augmentation methods using traditional CNNs.

The Authority of Administration in Withdrawing Void and Null Decisions

This study focuses on the topic of administrative authority in withdrawing void and null decisions, aiming to understand the mechanisms and powers of administration in this regard through an analytical approach to legal texts and judicial decisions. The study provides a detailed analysis of the foundations and principles governing the administrative authority in withdrawing void decisions, and it reviews the available mechanisms for executing this withdrawal and their practical application. Furthermore, the study also examines the administrative authority in withdrawing null decisions, with an emphasis on analyzing relevant legal texts and judicial rulings to gain a deeper understanding of this authority. The research concludes with important findings regarding the role and authority of administration in this context, along with recommendations for future improvements and the development of administrative policies in this area.

Adherence of Public Officials to the Disclosure of Conflict of Interest While Performing Their Job Responsibilities: A Comparative Study between French and Jordanian Law

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the legal framework regarding the duty of public officials to disclose conflicts of interest and draw lessons from the French experience. It identifies legislative gaps in Jordanian laws concerning the duties of public officials, the nature of conflicts of interest, and the mechanisms for disclosure during and after service. Methods: This study utilized a descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach. It presented relevant legal texts defining the responsibilities of public officials, clarified the nature of conflicts of interest and their cases, analyzed and interpreted their content, and compared them with French law. Results: The prevalence of conflicts of interest can be attributed to the lack of awareness among public officials due to the omission of a mechanism for mandatory disclosure and effective methods to confront these conflicts in Jordanian legislation. Furthermore, administrative control over public officials has not been adequately activated. Conclusions: Legislative frameworks, both preventive and precautionary, are necessary to regulate the disclosure of conflicts of interest in public service. The study recommends adopting the French approach by establishing an independent administrative authority dedicated to public transparency. This authority would declare and publish employees' interests, prevent conflicts of interest, disclose, and mitigate their cases, and enhance transparency between citizens and the administration.

Identification of the network structure of the Hebrew Bible texts based upon the notion of the otherworld and the afterlife

In this paper, we apply the methods of graph theory to reveal hidden relations within the corpus of the Hebrew Bible texts. The structure of relations between different texts was studied based upon their interpretation of the otherworld and the afterlife. We have identified 43 most relevant texts that contained concepts related to the notion of the otherworld and constructed a graph representing the relations between the considered texts. The obtained graph was decomposed into 3 densely connected subgraphs using the Louvain method. An initial interpretation has been given to the results of the decomposition. Furthermore, we used different ranking methods to determine the most important texts forming the network structure of the intertextual connections. It turned out that there is an invariant set of texts that can be interpreted as having the larger influence or importance on the development of the idea of the otherworld. These texts are Proto-Isaiah, Qoheleth, Job, Psalms, and Proverbs as well as 1 Samuel, Ezekiel, and Book of Genesis. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the notions, associated with these texts, reveals that there are several concepts that are likely to be associated with the most influential texts.

The Ten-Year Guarantee of the Contractor and the Engineer on Ensuring the Durability of the Building in the System of Applying the Saudi Building Code: A Comparative Study

This study aims to clarify the personal civil liability of the contractor and engineer for the damage and demolition in buildings and facilities and the defects that may appear during the warranty period. The general rules in civil liability were not sufficient in construction and building. During a warrant on the building, the negative result may appear as complete or partial demolition or defects that threaten its safety and durability. This changes the purpose for which it was established, whether in the national economy or compromising public security and public tranquillity. This also varies from a threat to individuals and their money. This pushed the legislators, including the Saudi regulator, to decide on a set of exceptional guarantees characterized by strictness consistent with the tragedies resulting from the collapse of buildings in whole or in part, from multiple aspects and effects. The most important of these guarantees is the decimal responsibility or the decimal guarantee that the Saudi regulator has imposed in Article (8) of the Saudi Building Code application system and clarified by Article (29) of the Executive Regulations for the Saudi Building Code Application System. We have adopted in the research: the descriptive, analytical, and comparative approach of the relevant texts in the system of application of the Saudi building code on which the study is focused, which is the case of the responsibility of the contractor and the engineer, for any demolition or defect in the construction after the issuance of the occupancy certificate, compared to some Arab legislation, which is the Egyptian Jordanian and Bahraini. This study discusses the nature of the decimal guarantee and its duration. Then, we focus on the provisions of the decimal guarantee. The study recommended that the Saudi regulator stipulates the warranty claim against the contractor and engineer. The lawsuit occurs after three years have passed since the demolition occurred or the defect was discovered, contrary to what was mentioned in the Saudi Civil Transactions System, which requires ten years to pass, because the ten-year liability is a private liability. The solidarity between the contractor and the engineer should not be limited to joint liability but should extend to include solidarity in the guarantee. 
 
 Received: 16 December 2023 / Accepted: 19 February 2024 / Published: 5 March 2024

Portrait of a Poison: Datura in Buddhist Magic

The psychoactive plant Datura metel appears across a range of traditions in premodern South Asia preserved in texts. Among those traditions is the form of tantric Buddhism (Vajrayāna) located in the yoginī tantras. In Vajrayāna works, the plant is most prominently used in instructions for bringing about one or more of the magical acts (ṣaṭkarman). This paper explores the possibility that datura was consumed for its hallucination-inducing potential by considering how the plant was viewed and used in premodern South Asia through an ethnobotanical approach to relevant texts. I argue that the material potency of the plant as a dangerous poison, well established in Sanskrit medical literature from an early period, gave it a magical potency that made it a favored ingredient in several hostile magic rites (abhicāra) found in the yoginī tantras. I suggest that the line between material and magical is an inappropriate distinction to draw when examining these tantras, and that the most responsible way to approach the use of psychotropic plants in a premodern culture is by examining what actors from that culture said about the plant rather than relying on our existing knowledge of the effect of that plant.

Exploring the Facets of Shared Leadership within the Intricate Frameworks of Chinese Ideologies: A Modern Perspective on Traditional Values

Shared leadership as a modern management approach provides the structure and framework for innovational thinking within creative working places. China's swift ascent as one of the foremost global players, coupled with its aspirations to become an innovation leader, makes a reevaluation of traditional organizational structures and leadership paradigms necessary. Research on the application of modern management approaches such as shared leadership, within the context of Chinese culture is notably underrepresented and needs to be further focused on. Using a literature review methodology, this study delves into the book "A Short History of Chinese Philosophy" to check on relevant text passages and aspects derived from various original schools of thought within traditional Chinese ideologies. Subsequently, these aspects are categorized as either pro or con arguments and reinterpreted through the lens of shared leadership readiness. Seven affirmative arguments and seven opposing arguments judge the application of shared leadership ideas embedded in Chinese traditional values and philosophies. Taoism, particularly in its third phase and Neo-Taoism stand as representative examples favoring shared leadership. Conversely, Realistic Confucianism and the Mohist School serve as representatives against the adoption of shared leadership. One limitation of the re-interpretation lies in the potential for misunderstanding the original Chinese traditional values which may not have been intended for application within the context of modern management approaches, potentially resulting in wrong conclusions. Additionally, relying solely on one source to depict the history of Chinese philosophy constitutes another limitation, as it simplifies the complexity of Chinese traditions. Follow-up studies could focus on constructing a robust theoretical framework. Another significant contribution could involve the development of a survey aimed at assessing the extent of influence exerted by the original schools of thought on traditional Chinese individuals.

Subalternity of Indian Widows Due to Patriarchy With Special Emphasis on Bapsi Sidhwa’s Water

This paper explores the subalternity of Indian widows due to patriarchy in Sidhwa's novel Water. The study is conducted from the Spivakian perspective of subalternity enunciated in her canonical essay Can the Subaltern Speak? The study is qualitative-interpretive. In Indian society, widows are considered subalterns and inauspicious once their husbands are dead. They have no active role to play in the society. The male dominance in society hinders the social mobility of widows. The analysis and interpretation of the selected novel's relevant text show that the males' privilege to remarry is denied to females, fully endorsed by the Brahman religious dispensation. All the powers of decision-making lie with males. Similarly, the male members neither own the widowed women nor provide them with their due share in the familial property. As a result, they end up in ashrams and are excluded from mainstream society. This paper concludes that widows are rendered victimized, marginalized, and voiceless due to discrimination caused by patriarchy. They cannot speak for themselves, as per Spivakian's perspective. The oppression of the Third World widows through patriarchy needs to be highlighted, and there is a dire need for sensitizing the conscience of the public to alleviate the plight of the widows through the use of literature so that the voice of widows reaches the wider world.

Whistleblower’s Rights in a Legal Investigation: Exploring the Challenges and Opportunities in Albania

Background: This article examines the issues, possibilities, and methods associated with whistleblowing in Albania. Transparency and accountability became increasingly important as the country moved from communist rule to democracy. The passage of the Whistleblower Protection Law in 2016 laid the groundwork for recognising and protecting whistleblowers. This article discusses the legal framework of Law No. 60/2016, as well as other legal initiatives, in the light of the rights and protection provided for whistleblowers, following up with an administrative investigation and criminal proceeding. However, despite these legal strides, whistleblowing is hindered by several issues, including a lack of public awareness, a continuing fear of retaliation, limited legislative safeguards, and resource restrictions among whistleblower-handling organisations. As Albania continues to grapple with these challenges and seize the opportunities at hand, the challenge stands in strengthening the culture of integrity, transparency, and accountability. Commitment to this critical part of governance not only strengthens whistleblower practices but also adds to the fight against corruption and the rule of law. This article concludes with recommendations on turning challenges into opportunities and strengths through the right governance and tools, aligning with the best international practices. Methods: The methodology applied for exploring whistleblowing practices in Albania included a thorough assessment of relevant legal texts, legislative frameworks, and academic literature. Primary sources included a careful review of Albanian whistleblower legislation, emphasising clauses covering rights, safeguards, and processes. This legal research offered a solid grasp of the statutory systems in place to facilitate whistleblowing practices in the nation. Furthermore, a thorough assessment of academic papers, reports from international organisations, and case studies was carried out to capture the practical consequences and obstacles faced by whistleblowers in Albania. This multidimensional approach enabled a full analysis of the theoretical underpinnings as well as real-world uses of whistleblower mechanisms in the Albanian setting. Results and conclusions: The whistleblower practice in Albania has encountered many challenges, but improvements have been made to guarantee access to justice. The main problem that the whistleblower faces is retaliation, which creates such a fear that most will choose to stay silent in the face of injustice or illegal acts. Another issue is certainly job insecurity because many can’t afford to switch jobs or find jobs that meet their criteria. Some recommendations for improving whistleblowing practices and guaranteeing more protection for vulnerable subjects include whistleblower training, strengthening the whistleblower network, evaluating results often and putting financial safeguards in place.

Prostate Cancer Liver Metastasis: An Ominous Metastatic Site in Need of Distinct Management Strategies

Prostate cancer liver metastasis (PCLM), seen in upwards of 25% of metastatic castration-resistant PC (mCRPC) patients, is the most lethal site of mCRPC with a median overall survival of 10–14 months. Despite its ominous prognosis and anticipated rise in incidence due to longer survival with contemporary therapy, PCLM is understudied. This review aims to summarize the existing literature regarding the risk factors associated with the development of PCLM, and to identify areas warranting further research. A literature search was conducted through Ovid MEDLINE from 2000 to March 2023. Relevant subject headings and text words were used to capture the following concepts: “Prostatic Neoplasms”, “Liver Neoplasms”, and “Neoplasm Metastasis”. Citation searching identified additional manuscripts. Forty-one studies were retained for detailed analysis. The clinical risk factors for visceral/liver metastasis included <70 years, ≥T3 tumor, N1 nodal stage, de novo metastasis, PSA >20 ng/mL, and a Gleason score >8. Additional risk factors comprised elevated serum AST, LDH or ALP, decreased Hb, genetic markers like RB1 and PTEN loss, PIK3CB and MYC amplification, as well as numerous PC treatments either acting directly or indirectly through inducing liver injury. Further research regarding predictive factors, early detection strategies, and targeted therapies for PCLM are critical for improving patient outcomes.

Translation Problems of Anhui Chu Culture Museum Website

Anhui Chu culture is an important part of Chinese civilization. With the Chinese culture “going out”, Anhui Chu Culture Museum is an important way of Chu culture dissemination. Anhui Chu Culture Museum website is to help international friends to understand the Chu culture of the mainstream media, but at present there are some problems with the translation of the relevant English text on the website. In this case, it is of practical significance to further rectify and optimize the translation of Anhui Chu Culture Museum website. The paper analyzes the English translation specification of the website of Anhui Chu Culture Museum, puts forward the problems existing in the writing specification and translation specification of its translation, and analyzes them, and finally puts forward some feasible suggestions and discusses them accordingly.

A Systematic Literature Review on Text Generation using Deep Neural Networks

Text generation using deep neural networks has become an exciting area of research. Deep neural networks, such as recurrent neural networks (RNNs) and transformers, have shown remarkable capabilities in generating coherent and contextually relevant text. By training these models on large text corpora, they learn to capture the underlying patterns and structures of the language. This enables them to generate new text that resembles the style and content of the training data. Text generation using deep neural networks has a wide range of applications, including chatbots, language translation, poetry generation, and even code generation.

German Chronicle ‘The Theater of Europe’ about the First Stage of the Campaign of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’s Troops against the Left-Bank Hetmanate in 1663–1664

The article analyzes the testimonies of the fundamental 17th-century German chronicle "The Theater of Europe" ("Theatrum Europaeum") regarding the first stage of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’s army offence, led by King Jan Casimir, against the Left-Bank Hetmanate in 1663–1664. It briefly outlines the history of this 17th-early – 18th-century fundamental issue, initiated, written and published by an artist Matvii Merian and his team of historians. This chronicle consists of 21 volumes (each contains over 1000 pages) and numerous illustrations, primarily focusing on the military and political history of Europe. It also allocates a certain place to Ukraine. While Ukrainian narratives from the first half to the middle of the 17th century have been previously studied (the article briefly discusses the state of the art), the subsequent period had not been explored. This article presents the first examination of the chronicle’s accounts of the campaign’s history, provides a translation of relevant texts from German, identifies author errors (specifically in using the names of the Ukrainian cities). The article highlights the authors’ distinctive historical perspectives and reveals original reports (such as the capture of Hetman Ivan Brukhovetsky by Polish soldiers). It studies the plot about participation of certain French aristocrats (known from the novels written by Alexandre Dumas father) in the campaign. Despite its brevity, "The Theater of Europe" constitutes important evidence of how knowledge about Ukraine spread in Western Europe.

Policy of Islamic Family Law in Textual and Historical Approach

The policy of family law in Indonesia is based on principles stipulated in the Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata or KUHPerdata) and several other laws that regulate marriage, divorce, children’s rights, and joint property in marriage. In formulating policies, a classic approach has been traditionally used. This research employs a library method, which involves collecting relevant texts and manuscripts for analysis and conclusions. The following are some important family law policies in Indonesia: marriage, divorce, children’s rights, and joint property in marriage. Fiqh not only faces difficulties in resolving various social problems and issues but also struggles in defining itself, particularly in the context of formulating legal methods to address these problems. As an initial step toward reconstructing fiqh, this article attempts to propose a solution in fiqh methodology, namely a unified approach to Shari’ah and social inference. In essence, this method aims to bridge and “integrate” the textual (normative) and contextual (historical-empirical) approaches simultaneously within an “Islamic” scientific research model. The offered conclusion is that both textual and historical approaches are crucial in formulating policies of Islamic family law.
 Keywords: policy, Islamic family law, approach

Revisiting the Murder of the Jew Priscus in Sixth-Century Paris

The murder of Priscus the Jew seems to be one of the earliest documented episodes of murder involving Jews in the European Middle Ages. The incident, described by Gregory of Tours (Gregorius Turonensis) in his great work, Decem Libri Historiarum (Ten Books of Histories) involves the murder of the Jew Priscus at the hands of Phatir, his former coreligionist and new convert to Christianity, which occurred in the Frankish Kingdom of Neustria in 581 or 582, during the reign of King Chilperic I. In this study, based on a close reading of the relevant texts I attempt to illuminate what this incident may teach us about Jewish social and political life in the Merovingian kingdoms. I suggest, contrary to previous scholarship that saw the theological aspects of the conversion as paramount, that the murder was the result of a competition among the elite in the court of the king and highlight what we may learn from this case about the sources of Jewish religious law and what Jews and Christians living in this time knew about them. Thus, after a careful reading of the primary source, I propose an interpretation of the circumstances that precipitated the violent act, as well as the manner in which it was recorded in the writings of Gregory of Tours.

Exploring low-resource medical image classification with weakly supervised prompt learning

Most advances in medical image recognition supporting clinical auxiliary diagnosis meet challenges due to the low-resource situation in the medical field, where annotations are highly expensive and professional. This low-resource problem can be alleviated by leveraging the transferable representations of large-scale pre-trained vision-language models like CLIP. After being pre-trained using large-scale unlabeled medical images and texts (such as medical reports), the vision-language models can learn transferable representations and support flexible downstream clinical tasks such as medical image classification via relevant medical text prompts. However, existing pre-trained vision-language models require domain experts (clinicians) to carefully design the medical text prompts based on different datasets when applied to specific medical image tasks, which is extremely time-consuming and greatly increases the burden on clinicians. To address this problem, we propose a weakly supervised prompt learning method MedPrompt for automatically generating medical prompts, which includes an unsupervised pre-trained vision-language model and a weakly supervised prompt learning model. The unsupervised pre-trained vision-language model adopts large-scale medical images and texts for pre-training, utilizing the natural correlation between medical images and corresponding medical texts without manual annotations. The weakly supervised prompt learning model only utilizes the classes of images in the dataset to guide the learning of the specific class vector in the prompt, while the learning of other context vectors in the prompt does not require any manual annotations for guidance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first model to automatically generate medical prompts. With the assistance of these prompts, the pre-trained vision-language model can be freed from the strong expert dependency of manual annotation and manual prompt design, thus achieving end-to-end, low-cost medical image classification. Experimental results show that the model using our automatically generated prompts outperforms all its hand-crafted prompts counterparts in full-shot learning on all four datasets, and achieves superior accuracy on zero-shot image classification and few-shot learning in three of the four medical benchmark datasets and comparable accuracy in the remaining one. In addition, the proposed prompt generator is lightweight and therefore has the potential to be embedded into any network architecture.