Relevant Sections Research Articles

NOSTALGIA IN SONG LYRICS: A SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF NIKI’S ‘HIGH SCHOOL IN JAKARTA’

The present research uses a qualitative descriptive approach to explore the meanings and experiences of nostalgia contained in the lyrics of the song High School in Jakarta. The research data consists of the song lyrics as the primary data source. Data collection techniques include observation of the lyrics by noting relevant sections, literature review to understand the cultural context, and systematic text analysis. The data analysis process is conducted through three stages. First, a denotative analysis that examines the concrete elements in the lyrics, such as names, places, and events that reflect adolescent experiences. Second, a connotative analysis that delves into the emotions and deeper meanings behind the words used. Third, a myth analysis that identifies cultural myths present in the lyrics, such as societal views on adolescence and the role of social relationships in identity formation. The research findings indicate that this song serves as a reflective tool for listeners regarding adolescence, as well as how nostalgia is formed through lyrics rich in meaning and cultural context. In conclusion, semiotic analysis provides a deeper understanding of nostalgia as a strong emotional response rooted in the complexities of adolescence.

Study on Quantum Dynamics of the Na + Na2 Exchanged Reaction and Lifetime Prediction of Na3 Complex Based on the Neural Network Potential Energy Surface.

A high-precision global potential energy surface (PES) is constructed for the Na3 system based on high-level ab initio calculations and the fundamental invariant neural network (FI-NN) method. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the PES is 2.88 cm-1. The state-resolved quantum dynamics of the ground-state Na + Na2 (v = 0, j = 0) → Na2 (v', j') + Na reaction is studied using the time-dependent wave packet (TDWP) method on the new PES. Analysis of the relevant integral cross sections revealed a complicated energy-transfer mechanism during collisions. Similarly, the characteristics of the differential cross sections indicate that the complex-forming mechanism plays a dominant role in the reaction, providing conditions for a comprehensive exploration of the lifetimes of the complexes. Based on the Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory, the calculated lifetime of the Na3 complex is approximately 3.9 ns.

Microsurgical anatomy and the inner architecture of the retrocommissural portion of the hippocampal formation demonstrated through fiber microdissection.

An understanding of the complex nomenclature and 3D spatial relations between the cortical and white matter components of the retrocommissural portion of the hippocampal formation is essential for a successful outcome when performing surgery in the mediobasal temporal region. The goal of this study was to clarify the nomenclature related to the retrocommissural portion of the hippocampal formation and to provide a detailed description of its topography and inner structure from a relevant surgical perspective. This description can serve as an anatomical reference for approaching lesions in the mediobasal temporal region. Fiber microdissection was performed from the superolateral and inferior aspects on 20 previously frozen, formalin-fixed human brains. Three formalin-fixed plastinated brain specimens were then sectioned in the coronal, axial, and sagittal planes, and the relevant sections were studied. Based on its relationship with the corpus callosum, the hippocampal formation is subdivided into precommissural, supracommissural, and retrocommissural sections. The retrocommissural portion of the hippocampal formation, a structure in the mediobasal temporal region, is a component of both the floor of the temporal horn and the medial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. It includes the hippocampus (Ammon's horn and the dentate gyrus), subiculum, and related white matter fibers. Step-by-step microdissection revealed the complex ventricular and cisternal relationships of the retrocommissural portion of the hippocampal formation in the mediobasal temporal region. This further allowed clear distinction of each component of this formation in order to understand their complex reciprocal relationships that comprise a unique internal architecture and external morphology. The fiber microdissection technique provides a valuable perspective for understanding the complex structure and relations of the components of the retrocommissural portion of the hippocampal formation. This study clarifies and supplements the information presently available in the literature by offering an anatomical reference essential for differentiating the topographic diagnosis and safer surgical planning for any lesion within this formation or the mediobasal temporal region.

Linguistic Strategies for Identity and World Building

Over the past decade, the medium of tabletop role-playing games (TTRPGs) like Dungeons & Dragons has risen exponentially in popularity thanks to shows like Stranger Things and The Legend of Vox Machina as well as actual-play shows like The Adventure Zone, Critical Role and Dimension 20. Unlike video games and board games, the primary vehicle through which these games are played is language, making TTRPGs an enormous and as of yet rarely explored area of research for linguists and linguistic anthropologists. Participants must play, tell stories and build secondary worlds and selves all through interaction and conversation. Using tools from ethnographic field work, I investigate the features of the register as well as the conscious and unconscious linguistic strategies that are necessary to the function of TTRPGs. I observe and record three TTRPG sessions from pre-established recreational groups both in person and online and broadly transcribe relevant sections for linguistic anthropological analysis. Examination of these real-time improvised conversations reveals their performative nature as well as the conditions required for all players to agree that something takes place in the story that they are building. This paper outlines how players navigate the inevitable messiness and ambiguity that comes with multiple people trying to play a game and tell a story together and how they negotiate agency and control over that reality. Essentially, it considers how adults enact pretend play through language. It also describes the unique participation framework of TTRPG players as writers, characters and audience simultaneously. All of these elements serve to provide insight into this increasingly popular way of using language for entertainment and reveal some of why people find TTRPGs entertaining in the first place.

A new approach to video summary generation

This paper describes a video summary approach for an actual video file that provides a rapid way to assess its information. This is a difficult task to identify relevant or informative sections. When the original video demands knowledge of its content, we build a video summary via extracting in-depth characteristics of each original video. Video summarization deals with the generation of a condensed version of the original video by including meaningful frames or segments while eliminating redundant information provides a concise and accurate representation of the original video clips by providing the most representative summary with increased interest through the application of a matching function between the current and prior frames. The primary goal of this work is to give a strategy for recording video clips using security cameras and converting them into a short video to provide a clear analysis of the video by reducing excess and extracting the key video contents into the real video. In a lengthy video clip, viewers may not have enough time to see the full thing. The viewer may be interested in seeing a specific topic under the label "Important". It may be composed of pieces that may be shared on social media and communicate the semantics of long videos, particularly video snippets that must be submitted to Internet. To browse, will be needed a network with adequate bandwidth. That is, non-affiliated video streaming, indexing, and retrieval of video content makes it valuable to viewers.

Cosmology and terrestrial signals of sexaquark dark matter

We investigate the hypothesis that sexaquarks, hypothetical stable six-quark states, could be a significant component of the dark matter. We expand on previous studies of sexaquark cosmology, accounting for the possibility that some relevant interaction cross sections might be strongly suppressed below expectations based on dimensional analysis. We update direct-detection constraints on stable sexaquarks comprising a subdominant fraction of the dark matter, as well as limits on the annihilation of an antisexaquark component from Super-Kamiokande. We argue that the scenario where sexaquarks comprise a O(1) fraction of the dark matter would require either a suppression of O(10−19) in sexaquark interactions with baryons, combined with a very high yield of net sexaquark number from the quark-hadron transition, or else a very strong suppression of the cross section for antisexaquark annihilation on nucleons (24+ orders of magnitude below the QCD scale). Independently, we find that a sexaquark component comprising more than O(10−3) of the dark matter can be excluded from direct-detection bounds, unless its scattering cross section is severely suppressed compared to the expected scale of strong and even electromagnetic interactions. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

Bridge decks under cold waves: Implications of concrete’s temperature-dependent CTE

Temperature fluctuations within a bridge deck during a cold wave event can cause severe continuity stresses in structures where movement is restrained. Thermal loads are accounted for using thermal gradients that vary depending on bridge location and cross-sectional geometry. However, the effect of temperature change on material properties, particularly on the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is rarely accounted for in the analysis and design. A review of the literature indicates that the CTE of concrete materials can vary significantly with changes in temperature, especially under freezing conditions, whereas saturated or partly saturated concrete exhibits nonlinear expansion at temperatures below freezing, resulting from effective reversal of the CTE sign. This effect has not been considered in the literature, when investigating thermal actions on bridge decks in cold temperatures. The aim of this study is to analyze, using an advanced nonlinear F.E. platform, the structural response of a prestressed concrete box bridge structure subjected to cold wave events, when considering the effect of temperature on the nonlinearity, the magnitude and the sign of the CTE of concrete. Meteorological data from three historical cold events of different intensity is input in the thermal models to simulate the temperature distribution in the bridge deck; the estimated temperature field was then used in a structural model to determine the resulting thermal stresses. The temperature-dependence and nonlinearity of the CTE is modeled after calibration of the mathematical relationships against published data. The results indicate that this behavior has a significant influence on structural response, highlighting the need for pertinent consideration of its effect in the relevant sections of the bridge codes.

Assessment of ϒ -states above BB¯ -threshold using a constituent-quark-model based meson-meson coupled-channels framework

The ϒ(10753) state has been recently observed by the Belle and Belle II collaborations with enough global significance to motivate an assessment of the high-energy spectrum usually predicted by any reasonable quark model. In the framework of a constituent quark model which satisfactorily describes a wide range of properties of conventional hadrons containing heavy quarks, the quark-antiquark and meson-meson degrees of freedom have been incorporated with the goal of elucidating the influence of open-bottom meson-meson thresholds into the ϒ states whose masses are within the energy range of the ϒ(10753)’s mass. It is well known that such effects could be relevant enough as to dynamically generate new states and thus provide a plausible explanation of the nature of the ϒ(10753) state. In particular, we have performed a coupled-channels calculation in which the bare states ϒ(4S), ϒ(3D), ϒ(5S), and ϒ(4D) are considered together with the threshold channels BB¯, BB¯*, B*B¯*, BsB¯s, BsB¯s*, and Bs*B¯s*. Among the results we have described, the following are of particular interest: (i) a richer complex spectrum is gained when thresholds are present and bare bound states are sufficiently nonrelativistic; (ii) those poles obtained in the complex energy plane do not have to appear as simple peaks in the relevant cross sections; and (iii) the ϒ(10753) candidate is interpreted as a dressed hadronic resonance whose structure is an equally mixture of a conventional bb¯ state and B*B¯* molecule. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

A scoping review of the toxicity and health impact of IQOS.

This work aims to summarize the current evidence on the toxicity and health impact of IQOS, taking into consideration the data source. On 1 June 2022, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases using the terms: 'heated tobacco product', 'heat-not-burn', 'IQOS', and 'tobacco heating system'. The search was time-restricted to update a previous search conducted on 8 November 2021, on IQOS data from 2010-2021. The data source [independent, Philip Morris International (PMI), or other manufacturers] was retrieved from relevant sections of each publication. Publications were categorized into two general categories: 1) Toxicity assessments included in vitro, in vivo, and systems toxicology studies; and 2) The impact on human health included clinical studies assessing biomarkers of exposure and biomarkers of health effects. Generally, independent studies used classical in vitro and in vivo approaches, but PMI studies combined these with modeling of gene expression (i.e. systems toxicology). Toxicity assessment and health impact studies covered pulmonary, cardiovascular, and other systemic toxicity. PMI studies overall showed reduced toxicity and health risks of IQOS compared to cigarettes, but independent data did not always conform with this conclusion. This review highlights some discrepancies in IQOS risk assessment regarding methods, depth, and breadth of data collection, as well as conclusions based on the data source.

Separated at birth: Rediscovering the lost emotions in Luria's Working Brain

Aleksandr Luria repeatedly emphasised the importance of emotions and the right hemisphere in his neuropsychological writings. It is surprising, therefore, that Luria's most influential book, The Working Brain, appears to lack an explicit section on these topics. This is especially notable because of a comment in the book's English-language Introduction, by Karl Pribram, referencing Luria's thoughts about precisely this material. Remarkably, it seems that Luria did write such an explicit chapter, in the original Russian edition. However, in the English-language version, the relevant sections were separated, embedded elsewhere without chapter headings, and altered, presumably following an explicit translation decision. The present paper tracks the nature of these changes and, 50 years later, presents the material for the first time translated and reunited in English, as Luria intended. After the translation, we offer a brief commentary, on the ways in which Luria's ideas were in some respects prescient, and in other respects less well-informed about the brain basis of emotions and the right hemisphere. This reunification offers an interesting time capsule on the opinions of one of neuropsychology's greatest minds, on a topic which Luria admits had, at the time, only a modest empirical foundation.

The effect of inquiry teaching approach on scientific process skills of students with intellectual disabilities

In this study, the effect of the inquiry teaching approach on the scientific process skills of students with intellectual disabilities was examined. The study was completed in the 2019-2020 academic year. In this study, multiple case study design from qualitative research methods was used. The study group consisted of nine middle school students with intellectual disabilities attending a special education class. The study process consisted of pre-tests, implementation of activities, post-tests and generalization practices. In order to collect the data of the study, the scientific process skills inventory developed by Özkan (2015), observation and field notes, and the activity observation form developed by the researcher were used. Data analysis includes the process of analyzing and integrating the data obtained from the pre-test, post-test and observations made during the process of the scientific process skills of students affected by intellectual disability. The pre-test-post-test application of the scientific process skills inventory and all of the activities were videotaped and then observed. During the analysis process, performance differences exhibited by students before, during, and after the implementation of activities were evaluated based on transcriptions of video recordings, and necessary notes were taken. Initially, comparisons were made between students' performance behaviors in pre-test and post-test assessments. Subsequently, the development of students' scientific process skills during the implementation of activities was examined through observations, field notes, student work, and video recordings of the activities. Throughout this coding process, particular attention was given to students' performance behaviors in relevant sections of the activities.Video recordings were transcribed and necessary notes were taken. As a result of the research, it was found that the inquiry teaching approach was effective in the development of observation, estimation and scientific communication skills of students with intellectual disabilities except inference skills. In addition, it was observed that students with intellectual disabilities were able to generalize the science process skills they acquired to different subject areas. As a result, it was seen that the inquiry teaching approach was effective in developing the science process skills of students with intellectual disabilities.

Large language model based framework for automated extraction of genetic interactions from unstructured data.

Extracting biological interactions from published literature helps us understand complex biological systems, accelerate research, and support decision-making in drug or treatment development. Despite efforts to automate the extraction of biological relations using text mining tools and machine learning pipelines, manual curation continues to serve as the gold standard. However, the rapidly increasing volume of literature pertaining to biological relations poses challenges in its manual curation and refinement. These challenges are further compounded because only a small fraction of the published literature is relevant to biological relation extraction, and the embedded sentences of relevant sections have complex structures, which can lead to incorrect inference of relationships. To overcome these challenges, we propose GIX, an automated and robust Gene Interaction Extraction framework, based on pre-trained Large Language models fine-tuned through extensive evaluations on various gene/protein interaction corpora including LLL and RegulonDB. GIX identifies relevant publications with minimal keywords, optimises sentence selection to reduce computational overhead, simplifies sentence structure while preserving meaning, and provides a confidence factor indicating the reliability of extracted relations. GIX's Stage-2 relation extraction method performed well on benchmark protein/gene interaction datasets, assessed using 10-fold cross-validation, surpassing state-of-the-art approaches. We demonstrated that the proposed method, although fully automated, performs as well as manual relation extraction, with enhanced robustness. We also observed GIX's capability to augment existing datasets with new sentences, incorporating newly discovered biological terms and processes. Further, we demonstrated GIX's real-world applicability in inferring E. coli gene circuits.

Polish regulatory system regarding ATMP hospital exemptions.

This article explains the current regulatory system in Poland regarding Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products given under Hospital Exemptions (ATMP-HE). The relevant sections of Polish legislation are translated into English and their interaction is described. We analyze the impact of these regulations from the perspective of three stakeholder groups: manufacturers, physicians, and patients. Amendments enacted between 2018 and 2023 have substantially changed Polish implementation of the ATMP-HE pathway. In Poland, most ATMP-HE treatments have been therapies employing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC). Comparison to other European countries shows that Poland is within the mainstream of EU practices regarding ATMP-HE implementation. One notable issue is that Poland has relatively low per capita spending on healthcare, and ATMP-HE in Poland must be funded from outside the government healthcare system. Conclusions. The original intention of the legislation that created ATMP-HE was to allow access to experimental therapies for patients with unmet needs. It remains to be seen if that mission can be fulfilled amidst conflicting pressures from various stakeholder groups.

Short-term power load forecasting for integrated energy system based on a residual and attentive LSTM-TCN hybrid network

In the context of Integrated Energy System (IES), accurate short-term power demand forecasting is crucial for ensuring system reliability, optimizing operational efficiency through resource allocation, and supporting effective real-time decision-making in energy management. However, achieving high forecasting accuracy faces significant challenges due to the inherent complexity and stochastic nature of IES’s short-term load profiles, resulting from diverse consumption patterns among end-users and the intricate coupling within the network of interconnected energy sources. To address this issue, a dedicated Short-Term Power Load Forecasting (STPLF) framework for IES is proposed, which relies on a newly developed hybrid deep learning architecture. The framework seamlessly combines Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) with Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN), enhanced by an attention mechanism module. By merging these methodologies, the network leverages the parallel processing prowess of TCN alongside LSTM’s ability to retain long-range temporal information, thus enabling it to dynamically concentrate on relevant sections of time series data. This synergy leads to improved prediction accuracy and broader applicability. Furthermore, the integration of residual connections within the network structure serves to deepen its learning capabilities and enhance overall performance. Ultimately, results from a real case study of a user-level IES demonstrate that the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of the proposed framework on the test set is 2.35%. This error rate is lower than the averages of traditional methods (3.43%) and uncombined single submodules (2.80%).

Recommendations for the development of sterility testing procedures for biological medicinal products based on pharmacopoeial methods

INTRODUCTION. The distinctive nature and composition of biological medicinal products present certain challenges for the detection of microbial contamination, which affects the reliability of sterility control results. The main challenges associated with testing biologicals include changes in the appearance and physical properties of culture media or samples, an increased risk of contamination or false-positive results in direct inoculation tests, filtration issues, etc. When drafting product specification files and analytical method validation reports in dossiers for biologicals, manufacturers need adequate, reproducible, and pharmacopoeia-based sterility testing procedures for specific medicinal products, including live and inactivated, viral and bacterial, single- and multi-component vaccines, bacteriophages and interferons, sera and immunoglobulins. These challenges can be addressed through providing recommendations for developing analytical procedures based on compendial methods of direct inoculation and membrane filtration.AIM. This study aimed to offer key recommendations for the development of sterility testing procedures for biologicals based on pharmacopoeial methods.DISCUSSION. This article presents a retrospective analysis of the results of reviewing regulatory documentation for biological medicinal products submitted to the testing centre of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products in 2021–2023. Having considered major issues with the analytical procedures described in the Sterility section of regulatory submissions, the authors offer the following recommendations for addressing these issues. The authors advise against using low-pH Sabouraud culture media to test blood products by direct inoculation. Biologicals containing mercury preservatives should be tested using a thioglycollate medium at two temperature settings. When testing various biologicals, analysts should refrain from plugging vials with cotton gauze. Instead, they should pour culture media into glass vials with rubber stoppers and crimps. Biologicals in large primary packaging (≥10 mL) should be tested by membrane filtration. Membrane filtration tests for biologicals should use solvents and rinsing agents selected in validation studies. It is also recommended to set the maximum volume of a biological medicinal product that can be filtered through a membrane filter. A reduction in the filtration speed is recommended to minimise foaming when testing blood products.CONCLUSION. The recommendations presented in this article can guide the development of sterility testing procedures for inclusion in the relevant section of regulatory submissions for biologicals. Manufacturers, control laboratories, and regulatory authorities may implement these recommendations to harmonise their approach to sterility testing of biologicals.

Theoretical and legislative approaches to the use of certain terms and concepts in the field of environmental safety

The scientific article highlights the legislative and theoretical approaches to the use of certain terms and concepts in the field of environmental safety, on the basis of which proposals are made for their optimal use in the relevant normative legal acts and in scientific circulation. It is noted that the stability of information and legal support, including in the environmental sphere, is possible subject to the unification of legislative terms, a clear normative consolidation of their content in order to have the same understanding and application in practice. It is concluded that the identification of the concepts of “ecology” and “environment” is erroneous, because “ecology” is that part of it that concerns the natural component of the environment. In this regard, as well as in view of the need to bring national legislation to international standards in the sphere under study, it is more appropriate to use the synonymous term “environment” for the concept of “environment,” which would cover not only the natural component, but also the habitat of mankind as a whole. Arguments are given that the most acceptable title of the relevant section (Book) of the future criminal law, which would take into account the content and meaning of the terms used in it, characterizing first of all the generic object of criminal offenses in the studied sphere, is the title “Criminal offenses against nature and environmental safety.” Such a structural unit of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine should contain both criminal offenses against environmental safety and torts against the environment, which are actually identified with criminal violations against the use of natural resources. After all, individual acts in this area can encroach both on relations against environmental safety and on the order of use of the state’s natural resources, while directly or indirectly affecting public health.

Radiation attenuation characterization of some biological samples by using the Klein–Nishina formula

Radiation has beneficial applications in medicine and nuclear sciences, but it can also be harmful due to its ionizing properties. So, radiation usage has a significant role in different research fields. In the present study, the Klein–Nishina (K–N) approach was used to evaluate the electronic and energy-transfer cross sections of Water, bone, adipose, soft, long, breast, brain and skin tissues. Compton mass attenuation coefficients (CMAC) and Compton mass energy transfer coefficients (CMACtr) were determined in the energy range 0.284–15 MeV. Different methods, based on the effective charge, were used to determine the parameters of the materials for the energy range. The cross sections were firstly calculated for elements that made up the materials. The investigated parameters of the materials were then determined using the relevant cross sections in the energy range. The results were compared with each other and some possible results from the literature. Klein–Nishina electronic cross sections, Compton mass attenuation coefficients and Compton mass energy transfer coefficients of the studied materials were decreased with increasing γ-ray energy like the elements. A good agreement was observed for CMACs and CMACtrs based on Zeff1/A and Zeff3/A (Diff. ≤ 16.4%) for Bone Compact. In addition, a comparison with the literature was done for CaCO3 in CMAC for some photon energies. The maximum difference (%) between used methods and literature was observed as ≤ 19.0%. The reported data should be useful using the gamma rays in Compton scattering energy region.

Islamic Jurisprudence's Penalties for Violation of Traffic Regulations and the Amended Jordanian Traffic Law

This study attempts to explain the ramifications of running red traffic lights and the public interests that result from the implementation of sanctions for such infractions. In addition, it aims to clarify the rulings on high-speed driving and driving without a licence in Islamic jurisprudence and Jordanian traffic legislation, Both inductive and analytical methods were used in the study, which involved a review of the relevant sections of the Jordanian Traffic Law as well as the writings of jurists. According to the results, if a driver of a vehicle causes an accident that results in the death of another person, they have a duty to compensate Allah for that loss, and blood money represents the victims' rights until they want to relinquish them. Infractions of traffic laws, such as speeding excessively, running red lights, and driving without a licence, can result in jail time, fines, and licence suspension. The study suggests using visual and audio mediums to make the requirements pertaining to infractions of traffic laws more clear.

Exploring the Role of Cell-Free Nucleic Acids and Peritoneal Dialysis: A Narrative Review.

Cell-free nucleic acids (cf-NAs) represent a promising biomarker of various pathological and physiological conditions. Since its discovery in 1948, cf-NAs gained prognostic value in oncology, immunology, and other relevant fields. In peritoneal dialysis (PD), blood purification is performed by exposing the peritoneal membrane. Relevant sections: Complications of PD such as acute peritonitis and peritoneal membrane aging are often critical in PD patient management. In this review, we focused on bacterial DNA, cell-free DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), microRNA (miRNA), and their potential uses as biomarkers for monitoring PD and its complications. For instance, the isolation of bacterial DNA in early acute peritonitis allows bacterial identification and subsequent therapy implementation. Cell-free DNA in peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE) represents a marker of stress of the peritoneal membrane in both acute and chronic PD complications. Moreover, miRNA are promising hallmarks of peritoneal membrane remodeling and aging, even before its manifestation. In this scenario, with multiple cytokines involved, mtDNA could be considered equally meaningful to determine tissue inflammation. This review explores the relevance of cf-NAs in PD, demonstrating its promising role for both diagnosis and treatment. Further studies are necessary to implement the use of cf-NAs in PD clinical practice.

Особенности наследования переживших супругов в государствах различных правовых систем

The article analyzes and compares legislative approaches to determining the order and conditions of inheritance of a surviving spouse in various legal systems of our time. Much attention, in particular, is paid to the analysis of the relevant sections of the legislation of England, the United States of America, individual Islamic states, as well as states formed in the post-Soviet space. Based on the conducted research, it is shown that the variety of legal approaches discussed in the article refl ects the features of the historical development of the relevant civil law institutions of national legislation.