Relevance Of Curriculum Research Articles

The Suitability of Faculty Performance to Student Graduate Profiles: A Tracing Study of IIM Surakarta Students

This study aims to determine the suitability of the work fields of IIM Surakarta graduates in improving the quality and relevance of the higher education curriculum. This quantitative descriptive research uses a survey approach. In general, the implementation of this tracer study includes three steps: 1) development of concepts and instruments; 2) data collection; 3) data analysis and reporting. This research was conducted at the Faculty of Tarbiyah IIM Surakarta. Respondents and samples consisted of 25 graduates drawn from a total population of 110 graduates. The primary data in this study were all respondents who were taken randomly (random sampling). As for secondary data, researchers took scientific research sources in books, journals, proceedings, and others. Data were obtained by making an online questionnaire, and the results of data collection were then analyzed. At the same time, the study results revealed that the alumni's assessment of the performance of the Tarbiyah Faculty IIM Surakarta was from 25 respondents and consisted of nine indicators, 67% very good, 25% good, and 7% adequate. Absorption data revealed that 100% of alumni have worked and are spread across various fields for 60% of teachers, 16% of lecturers, 8% of company employees, 4% of civil servants, and 12% of the private sector. Alumni satisfaction data also show very good numbers. Furthermore, the relevance of the curriculum at the Tarbiyah Faculty includes 1) Alumni assessment of the suitability of lecture material with the work they are engaged in, showing 79% of alumni assessing the suitability of course material and work > 86%. A total of 17% stated that the suitability was 76%-85%, while 4% stated that the suitability was less than 50%. 2) Most alumni need information technology and English language skills in the workplace. 3) Get input and suggestions from alumni. The tracer study results for IIM Surakarta graduates shows a good category. The types of work are diverse but are dominated by education. The relevance of the Tarbiyah Faculty IIM curriculum is quite good, especially in terms of technical ability, confidence, and theoretical knowledge.

I WAS TOLD THERE WOULD BE NO MATH: MARKETING STUDENTS’ MISCONCEPTIONS OF THE CAREER FIELD IMPEDE ENROLLMENT INTEREST IN QUANTITATIVE COURSES

ABSTRACT This research explores the potential causes for student’s lack of interest in enrollment in marketing analytics courses. We reveal that a misconception of marketing as a “soft skills” major of study persists, which leads to biased assessment of the relevance and applicability of curriculum in regards to future career. As a result, students become less interested in quantitative courses. Furthermore, we identified self-efficacy view as a mitigating factor in the effect. We discuss potential intervention approaches to the challenges discovered.

New Zealand postgraduate medical training by distance for Pacific Island country-based general practitioners: a qualitative study.

Introduction New Zealand health training institutions have an important role in supporting health workforce training programmes in the Pacific Region. Aim To explore the experience of Pacific Island country-based doctors from the Cook Islands, Niue, and Samoa, studying in New Zealand's University of Otago distance-taught Rural Postgraduate programme. Methods Document analysis (16 documents) was undertaken. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with Pacific Island country-based students. Thematic analysis of the interviews was undertaken using the framework method. The two data sources were analysed separately, followed by a process to converge and corroborate findings. Results For Pacific Island countries with no previous option for formal general practice training, access to a recognised academic programme represented a milestone. Immediate clinical relevance and applicability of a generalist medical curriculum with rural remote emphasis, delivered mainly at a distance, was identified as a major strength. Although technologies posed some issues, these were generally easily solved. The main challenges identified related to the provision of academic and other support. Traditional university support services and resources were campus focused and not always easily accessed by this group of students who cross educational pedagogies, health systems and national borders to study in a New Zealand programme. Study for individuals worked best when it was part of a recognised and supported Pacific in-country training pathway. Discussion The University of Otago's Rural Postgraduate programme is accessible, relevant and achievable for Pacific Island country-based doctors. The programme offers a partial solution for training in general practice for the Pacific region. Student experience could be improved by tailoring and strengthening support services and ensuring their effective delivery.

Harmonising the Undergraduate Records Management Curriculum and the Labour Market in Kenya

There is a link between the broader subject of records management (RM) in Kenyan universities and the records management labour market in Kenya. It is always assumed that employers’ input and review of an institution’s curriculum typically produce better skilled, more knowledgeable employees who have a greater potential to succeed once they leave universities. This research aimed to identify the relevance of the undergraduate RM curriculum to the labour market in Kenya and to make recommendations on the areas that can be improved on in the curriculum. Undergraduate studies are the education level that shapes most professionals’ career paths. The challenge of the high unemployment rate among Kenyans in general despite thousands of graduates coming out of universities each year also motivated this research. The contextual set-up of the study was Moi University, Kenyatta University, and five online job listing sites in Kenya. The study employed a convergent parallel mixed-methods research design. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected simultaneously using online questionnaires and key informant interviews. The research sample of 56 comprised two key informants from records management departments of Moi University and Kenyatta University and 54 alumni graduates of records management from the two universities who were selected using snowball sampling, as well as 20 records management job advertisements. The data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences and Atlas.ti software and are presented in tables, diagrams, and graphs. The research revealed that there is a need for more collaboration between the various stakeholders and that there is a strong link between university education and the performance of students in the job market; it also found a mismatch between the records management curriculum offered and the market demands. The mismatch was attributed to the theoretical nature of studies and the impact of information and communications technology on records management. The research further revealed that there is minimal consultation during curriculum review and that records management is not popular in the Kenyan labour market.

Linking Theory to Practice: Perspectives on Practical Measures and Policies in Enhancing the Implementation of the Localised curriculum in Mwansabombwe District of Zambia

The relevance of the school curriculum cannot be over emphasised in every form of education system. Of vital importance in the upholding of curriculum relevance in any society is the insurance that it is well contextualised or localised. When the curriculum is not contextualised and its implementation process not localised, the education system risk producing learners in a vacuum who may not eventually play a significant role in solving various societal glitches. If a country is to achieve rapid economic growth however, its education should be related to productivity (Bishop, 1985). Some of the solutions to problems currently encountered in African societies and communities Zambia inclusive, must proceed from understanding the dynamics with the local context. It is from this background that this study was undertaken to explore perspectives on practical measures and policies in enhancing the implementation of the localised curriculum in Mwansabombwe district of Zambia. The researchers used qualitative research approach specifically descriptive research design to collect, analyse and interpret data. Out of the study population of 30,000 residents of Mwansabombwe district, 50 respondents were purposively sampled whose break downs were as follows; 10 local community members, 10 learners, 20 teachers, 5 officers from Mwansabombwe District Education Board Secretary’s office (DEBS) and 5 Education Standards Officers. Both semi structured interview guide and focus group discussion guide were used to collect data and content analysis was used to analyse the collected data. Research findings revealed that there was no effective implementation of the localised curriculum in Mwansabombwe district. This was necessitated by lack of appropriate practical measures by the Ministry of Education (MoE) to address key issues such as those that had to do with; teaching and learning materials, lack of capacity building amongst the teaching staff, lack of motivation amongst the learners, teachers and community members as well as ignorance on pertinent issues surrounding the localisation of the curriculum amongst various stakeholders. Hence from the research findings, it was recommended that the MoE need to thoroughly conduct both needs assessment and situation analysis for the localisation of the curriculum to be effectively implemented in Zambian schools. Besides, the MoE needed to reinforce policy on localisation of the curriculum in schools if the country was to achieve the intended results about the localised curriculum.

An analysis of teaching and learning materials for literacy instruction in Kano State, Nigeria: curricular relevance, cultural responsiveness and gender equity

AbstractHigh quality teaching and learning materials (TLM) are essential for early literacy learning. The purpose of this study was to determine if the TLM used in schools in Kano State, Nigeria, were culturally appropriate, gender balanced and relevant to the Nigeria Universal Basic Education Curriculum, with particular emphasis on primary reading. Using a researcher‐adapted rubric, lesson plans, textbooks and reading books from 10 private and public schools located in urban and rural areas in Kano were evaluated. The TLM were rated as moderately relevant to the Primary 3 English studies curriculum, which focuses on literacy development. However, the materials were generally not culturally responsive to this region and displayed only emergent gender balance. We conclude with recommendations for policy and practice, including the greater involvement of stakeholders from this region in materials development to support early literacy teaching and learning.

Analysis of the Relevance Curriculum With the World of Work Needs and the World of Business

This study aims to describe the level of relevance of the learning curriculum of the Accounting Education Study Program, Faculty of Economics, Makassar State University with the needs of the world of work as an employee working in the accounting field. The variables in this study are the learning curriculum of the Accounting Education Study Program and the needs of the world of work as an employee who works in the accounting field. The population in this study were all alumni of the Accounting Education Study Program, Faculty of Economics, Makassar State University who had worked as company employees in the accounting field for 2007, 2008, and 2009 who had worked in accounting as accounting staff 7 people, admin staff in finance 7 people. and 1 auditor. The sample in this study is also all alumni who work as company employees in the accounting field, with a minimum working period of six months, and domiciled in Makassar as many as 15 people who meet the sample criteria. Data was collected by using library research techniques, questionnaires, documentation and interviews. The hypothesis in this study is that the curriculum of the Accounting Education Study Program, Faculty of Economics, Makassar State University is relevant to the needs of the world of work and the business world as an employee of a company in the field of accounting. The results and discussion of the research, based on the results of data analysis, it was found that from 6 (six) indicators assessed, namely 1) the speed of alumni in obtaining jobs according to their expertise; 2) job profile; 3) position and workload; 4) ability to complete work; 5) benefits of courses programmed in lectures; and 6) graduate suggestions for improving graduate competencies, with the criteria for assessing the level of relevance according to Arikunto (2016: 246) A (relevant); B (fairly relevant); C (less relevant); and D (irrelevant), then the overall result of the answer choices is 15 x 17 = 255 choices. Where there are 54 total answer choices A or 21.18%, 145 total answer choices B or 56.87%, 48 total answer choices C or 18.82%, and 8 total answer choices D or 3.13% of the total answer choices . From these data, it can be concluded that the level of relevance of the Accounting Education Study Program curriculum to the needs of the world of work and the industrial world as employees at companies in the city of Makassar, based on the closed questionnaire distributed, can be stated to be quite relevant, as evidenced by the majority of respondents choosing the answer B or 56. ,87% of the total answer choices, so the hypothesis is declared "accepted".

ANALISIS DAN REKONSTRUKSI DESAIN KEGIATAN LABORATORIUM (DKL) MATERI SPERMATOPHYTA MELALUI PETUNJUK PRAKTIKUM

One of the skills needed in the 21st century is scientific literacy. However, the existing DKL as practicum support is not optimal to be able to improve students' scientific literacy. The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality of DKL on Spermatophyta material used to support practicum in schools, using laboratory activity analysis instruments covering aspects of curriculum relevance, competence, and knowledge construction. This research method is descriptive research. The sampling technique was carried out purposively, where the samples of DKL analyzed came from two DKL, namely DKL Biology class X spermatophyta material based on the 2013 Curriculum and the Education Unit Level Curriculum (KTSP). Furthermore, a trial was conducted on one of the DKL. The findings from the analysis and trials became the basis for the reconstruction of Spermatophyta DKL. The results of the research show that the existing DKL still has not developed higher-order thinking skills, and there are still few concepts formed. The results of the reconstruction of DKL through practical instructions to be more effective and representative according to the demands of the applicable KD and develop science process skills.

Alumni satisfaction in terms of classroom infrastructure, lecturer professionalism, and curriculum

In an effort to improve the quality of higher education, it is necessary to find the main predictors or determinants of the quality requested. One of the indicators is alumni satisfaction. Therefore, the problems of this research are to determine the satisfaction of the Educational Management Program alumni and to examine the variables, facilities and infrastructure, professionalism of lecturers, and curriculum relevance, which determine the alumni satisfaction. This was an ex-post facto study. The research design used an ex-post facto method because this method aims to find causes that allow changes in behavior or phenomena, in this case alumni satisfaction with the teaching and learning process. The study data was obtained from the alumni of the Educational Management Program who currently work in one selected regency. A total of 36 alumni were involved as samples. The data collection instrument used by the researchers was in the form of a scale consisting of 27 items that had been proved reliable and valid. The results showed that most alumni had a high level of satisfaction, and there was 1 model that determined an alumni satisfaction of 36.10%, namely for the professionalism of lecturers.

Relevance of Social Reconstruction Curriculum in the 2013 Curriculum on Arabic Learning/ ملائمة المنهج إعادة الإعمار الاجتماعي في المناهج الدراسي 2013 في تعليم اللغة العربية

ABSTRACT The educational curriculum will not be separated from the basic principles or foundations. In this case, the study that will be raised is within the scope of the relevance of the social reconstruction curriculum with the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model in the 2013 curriculum on Arabic language learning. This research uses a type of evaluative method with a qualitative approach. The goal is to find out the relevance of the curriculum to the public model in Arabic language teaching. As for the results of the research, the relevance of the social reconstruction curriculum by using problem-based learning models can be said to be relevant, because it is in accordance with the plan of implementation of Arabic language learning with evidence that the steps in the RPP are in accordance with the stages of PBL learning.

A Proposed Conceptual Model of Relevance of Teacher Education Curriculum

There is a paucity of research and unresolved debate on the criterion of relevance in curriculum development across educational contexts. This paper is an initial research with the goal to propose a conceptual model of relevance in the context of teacher education. Following a qualitative research design, this study involved a maximum variation sampled participants from different sectors of teacher education. The main data analysis technique used was the thematic analysis. The result illustrates relevance through three themes; personal relevance, professional relevance, and societal relevance. This paper demonstrates relevance in the context of teacher education as a multifaceted criterion and can be presented through three expanding levels. A conceptual model of the relevance of the teacher education curriculum is depicted in the discussion of this study. Acknowledging further the robust process of model development in curriculum studies, continuous validation of the proposed model is recommended.

Development of research methods curriculum for an integrated care fellowship

ObjectiveTo describe the design and delivery of a curriculum in research methods for clinical fellows in integrated care. MethodTo design the curriculum, a standard curriculum development approach was applied through an iterative improvement process with input from researchers, clinical educators, and the first cohort of fellows. The curriculum has three central goals: (1) develop fellows' capacity to interpret the integrated care literature and apply findings in practice; (2) develop fellows' capacity for conducting quality improvement programs informed by knowledge of clinical research methods; and (3) enhance workforce capacity for practice-based research partnerships by increasing research understanding among clinical providers. A variety of educational strategies were employed to introduce each research method and apply these to the integrated care literature. ResultsA description, rationale, and resources for each content domain is presented. The curriculum was delivered to two cohorts of fellows. Evaluation data supports the curriculum's relevance and quality. ConclusionsA rigorous development process yielded a brief research curriculum targeting the needs of clinical fellows in integrated care. The curriculum is well-received by fellows and adaptable for other subspecialties. It may serve as a model for other clinical training programs seeking to enhance their fellows' fluency in research methods.

TRACER STUDY ALUMNI MAGISTER MANAJEMEN FAKULTAS EKONOMI DAN BISNIS UNIVERSITAS MATARAM, 2020

Tracer studies help educational institutions obtain information to increase the relevance of their curriculum to meet employment’s need and improve the graduate performance. This applied research aims to evaluate the implementation of study programs in order to increase the relevance of the curriculum and the graduate performances. This research adopts a qualitative approach. 77 informants were involved in the research, consisting of 64 alumni and 13 stakeholders. Data were collected through online interviews and questionnaires containing open-ended questions, and then analyzed using content analysis. The results showed that the implementation of study programs, service quality, curriculum relevance, and alumni performance were rated at "good" and "very good" levels. To improve services, MM study program needs to improve the quality of communication among lecturers and academic staff, and organize information technology-based learning, learning activities outside the campus (industry), and learning mechanisms for alumni. The study suggests to the importance of soft and hard skills particularly related to integrity; professionalism; leadership element; and the communication skills of graduates in the curriculum.Keywords :Tracer study, Alumni, Stakeholder, Service quality, Curricullum relevance

The Competence-Based Advanced Level Mathematics Curriculum: Implications for Students’ Enrolment in one University in Zimbabwe

The study set out to examine the relevance of the competence-based Advanced Level mathematics curriculum for entry into university mathematics-related degree programmes. The study adopted a qualitative approach ingrained in the interpretive paradigm which employed a case study design. Four A-Level mathematics teachers, eighteen Lower Sixth and six Upper Sixth mathematics major students were purposively sampled to respond to semi-structured face-to-face interviews and focus group interviews. The study found that the implementation of the competence-based Advanced Level mathematics curriculum was negatively affected by incompetent teachers and supervisors, lack of resources and lack of support from other stakeholders. The study concluded that these impediments impacted negatively on students who aspired to pursue mathematics-related degree programmes at university and that there is a mismatch on the mathematics units in the competence-based Advanced Level mathematics curriculum and university requirements for mathematics-related degree programmes. The study recommends ministerial corroboration fostering university degree programmes requirements to be taught in high school, stakeholder involvement and continuous professional development for mathematics teachers and supervisors.

Illustrating clinical relevance in the preclerkship medical school curriculum through active learning with KardiaMobile electrocardiography.

We introduced the AliveCor KardiaMobile electrocardiogram (ECG), a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved, iPad-enabled medical device, into the preclerkship curriculum to demonstrate the clinical relevance of cardiac electrophysiology with active learning. An evaluation showed that medical students considered the KardiaMobile ECG active learning activity to be a valuable educational tool for teaching cardiac physiology.

ANALYSIS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS AND JOB PREFERENCE AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF AGRICULTURE: EVIDENCE FROM FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY MINNA, NIGER STATE, NIGERIA

Against the backdrop of the challenges bedevilling the African youths, including limited job opportunities, skills limitations and mismatch, the study used agriculture students of the Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State, Nigeria to unearth the entrepreneurial skills acquired by students; assess Students’ Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) and ascertain their job preferences. The study deployed mixed analytical tools comprising descriptive analyses, Likert perception procedure and Probit model. The study established that only 4.3% of the students attended technical schools, 42.1% chose agriculture as first choice, 95.0% never attended career sessions on entrepreneurship and agribusiness, 68.9% had previous work experiences, 14.8% were previously involved in agro-based endeavours, 90.9% liked agriculture as a profession and only 49.3% affirmed that they acquired agro-based skills after SIWES. Based on Likert weighted means of 4.26, 4.49 and 3.87, the students perceived SIWES as useful, relevant and adequate, respectively; and 86.6% preferred agro-based jobs. The key challenges to effective acquisition of skills during the SIWES year were difficulties in securing placement and inadequate funding. The study concluded that the type of schools attended and perception of relevance of curriculum were drivers of agro-based job preference. The study recommended regular sensitization at the pre-tertiary education levels on the opportunities that abound in the agriculture profession; formation of agro-based entrepreneurship networks and partnership with established entrepreneurship outfits with innovative and sustainable approaches; regular conduct of skill gap analysis to provide direction to relevant and trending 21st Century skills-set, and building capacity for feasible agribusiness plans and feasibility studies.

Importancia atribuida en la Región Oriental de El Salvador a las competencias en administración de empresas consideradas por Tuning Latinoamérica

El mundo del trabajo ha estado experimentando cambios debido a la globalización y al desarrollo tecnológico, lo que ha provocado en los profesionales la necesidad de estar interconectados e interdependientes. A esta situación se ha sumado la pandemia de covid-19, que ha exigido potenciar las competencias en el uso de plataformas virtuales y digitales para el trabajo en la modalidad no presencial o a distancia. Por tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue proponer una metodología para evaluar la pertinencia del plan de estudio de la carrera de Administración de Empresas y la congruencia de las competencias que adquieren los graduados con respecto a las percepciones de los grupos de interés en la Región Oriental de El Salvador.
 Se trata de una investigación en la episteme positivista de la ciencia, con un enfoque con énfasis en el paradigma cuantitativo en la que participaron graduados entre los años 2010-2015, docentes y empresarios, a los cuales se les aplicó un cuestionario adaptado del Proyecto Tuning América Latina para determinar la importancia que confieren a las competencias genéricas para generar empleabilidad o capacidad de emprendimiento en los graduados en las condiciones del entorno laboral. El cuestionario aplicado fue sometido a pruebas para determinar si su diseño permitía un nivel de confiabilidad aceptable para recabar los datos que serían procesados estadísticamente y obtener la información para corroborar las hipótesis de la investigación. Los resultados demuestran una alta confiabilidad y validez con los estadísticos de alfa de Cronbach y de KMO de la metodología propuesta. La hipótesis nula de la prueba Kruskal-Wallis no se rechaza, lo que significa que los planes de estudio de la licenciatura en Administración están alineados según las percepciones de los empresarios, docentes y egresados. Como conclusión, la metodología propuesta puede servir de referencia para realizar estudios similares en diferentes contextos de la región con pruebas paramétricas y no paramétricas para adaptar los planes de estudio de las carreras universitarias a sus respectivos entornos empresariales, los cuales son cada vez más dinámicos y demandantes.

Factors Affecting Secondary Schools Students’ Attitudes toward Learning Chemistry: A Review of Literature

Science education is facing a challenge of students who are losing interest in learning science subjects including chemistry. This research provides a review of literature that emphasizes on the factors affecting secondary school students’ attitudes toward chemistry. Thirty-six studies were selected in Google scholar and ERIC database in the time frame from 1977 to 2019. Gender, instructional methods, and grade level were found to be the most common factors positively affecting students’ attitudes toward chemistry. However, students’ interest, classroom environment, the relevance of curriculum, teachers’ behavior, perceived difficulty and self-directed effort in the science subjects were also studied to check if there is any relation to the attitude of students while learning chemistry. The findings indicated that these factors have to be controlled to enrich positive attitudes toward chemistry among secondary students and to improve their performance in chemistry.

Linkages Between the Curriculum of Institutions Offering Clothing and Textiles and Their Allied Industry

There is a need for a link between the curricular of the clothing and textiles institutions and the professional practice in the industry. However, there seems to be a vacuum in the literature regarding the extent to which the curricular of the clothing and textiles institutions are linked to what their allied industry does. The purpose of this article was to examine the relevance of the curriculum of the clothing and textiles institutions to the large-scale clothing and textiles industries, from the perspectives of respondents. The study is expected to promote establishment of collaboration and linkages between Clothing and Textiles institutions and industry. Action research and multiple case study approach were employed for this qualitative research. The researchers used purposive sampling to select respondents. Face-to-face interview, with semi-structured interview guide and observation were used to collect data for the study. The sample size was twenty-two respondents taken from industry and academia. The outcome of the study showed the following: varied perception about relevance of curriculum to the expectations of the industry, non-existence of some relevant skills in the curricula, different industrial attachment practices, non-involvement of the industry in curriculum development and review, inadequate facilities. The following conclusion resulted from the analysis of the study: Curriculum of the institutions is largely perceived to be relevant but requires some updates; inadequate facilities/equipment in the institutions for student training. Keywords: Curriculum, industry, clothing and textiles, institutions, training. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-3-14 Publication date: January 31 st 2021

Students Perception of their Educational Environment in a Medical College in India- A Survey using DREEM Questionnaire

Introduction: Educational plays an important role in the achievement of student’s academic success. Understanding the perception of students towards their educational environment helps to identify the lacunae in the curriculum and make the changes accordingly. Aim: To assess the perceptions of the students towards medical education using Dundee Ready Educational Environment Measure (DREEM) questionnaire as a tool. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done at NRI Medical College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, from September 2020 to December 2020. A total of 414 students participated in the study. The DREEM questionnaire was used to collect the data. The questionnaire consists of five components with 50 statements assessed on five-point Likert scale (0-4). Data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, frequency, and percentages. Independent t-test and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were used for comparing the groups. Results: Out of 600 students, 414 filled in the forms and submitted them (response rate was 69%). 266 (64.2%) were female and 148 (35.8%) were males. Age of the students ranged from 17 to 25 years with mean age 22.64±2.62 years. The mean DREEM score of study population was 130±6.7/200 which indicated a more positive than negative perception of learning. Subscale scores for student’s perception of learning, perceptions of teachers, academic self-perceptions, perceptions of atmosphere and social self-perceptions were 30.9±2.4, 28.9±1.5, 22.4±3.1, 30.8±2.3 and 16.9±1.7 respectively. Conclusion: There was a positive perception of students towards their educational environment. Strong areas were student’s confidence, teacher’s knowledge, and curricular relevance. Weak areas were identified as the inability to provide constructive criticism by teachers, the teachers were authoritarian and necessary steps can be taken for the improvement.