Release Of Aspirin Research Articles

Influence of Crosslinker on Pullulan Hydrogel for Iontophoresis Controlled Transdermal Aspirin Release

Influence of Crosslinker on Pullulan Hydrogel for Iontophoresis Controlled Transdermal Aspirin Release

Controlled Release of Aspirin in the Body using Pectin-coated ZIF-8 Nanoparticles.

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) play a crucial role among metalorganic frameworks due to their highly desirable properties, including high surface area, appropriate pore size, and excellent thermal and chemical stability. In this study, ZIF-8 loaded with aspirin and coated using pectin (ZIF-8/Asp@Pectin) was utilized as a suitable and effective platform for the drug delivery system. The preparation of this coated MOF followed environmentally friendly methods, and aspirin was successfully loaded. Characterization of the obtained ZIF-8/Asp@Pectin was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and BET analysis. The release of aspirin from ZIF-8/Asp@Pectin was studied using UV-Vis spectroscopy at 258 nm under in vitro conditions in HCl and PBS buffer solutions.

A mini review on aspirin removal by carbon/noncarbon-based adsorbents from aqueous solution

Aspirin is among the oldest drug used by humans and animals to treat pain, fever, and inflammation. Following that, aspirin contaminant was detected in the aquatic environment in many countries. The continued release of aspirin into the environment poses a risk of bioaccumulation in aquatic microorganisms, which could then enter the food chain and pose a risk to human health. This paper provides an overview on the recent treatment of aspirin from wastewater by adsorption from carbon-based and noncarbon-based adsorbents.

Targeted delivery of aspirin and metformin to colorectal cancer using disulfide bridged nanoparticles of thiolated pectin and thiolated Eudragit RL100

In the present work, the effect of aspirin (ASP) and metformin (MTF) on colorectal cancer (CRC) was studied using disulfide bridged nanoparticles as delivery carrier. Thiolated pectin (TPN) and thiolated Eudragit RL100 (TERL100) were evaluated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy FTIR. The nanoparticles were prepared by the air oxidation method and characterized by in vitro drug release, particle size, and zeta potential, FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Cell viability was analyzed by bioluminescence. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) related molecules (E-cadherin, Snail, Slug and Vimentin) were quantified by qPCR. The thiolated polymers showed characteristics peaks of thiol groups in 1H NMR and FTIR. The NPE3 formulation showed 96.19 % and 95.89 % release of ASP and MTF respectively in the presence of glutathione and all formulations followed first order kinetics with a fickian diffusion mechanism. The particle size of the NPE3 formulation was 173.2 nm and values of − 11 mV were observed as zeta potential. FTIR, DSC and TGA showed the chemical and thermal stability of the prepared nanoparticles. The SEM image showed the rod shaped nanoparticles. Drugs loaded nanoparticles showed stronger inhibitory effect on EMT and cytotoxicity compared to conventional dosage from. Pharmacokinetic parameters showed improvement in AUC0−t, t1/2 and mean residence time (MRT) of the test formulation containing ASP and MTF. The combination of non-cytotoxic drugs in the form of nanoparticles is a new way to treat CRC.

Controlled delivery of aspirin from nanocellulose-sodium alginate interpenetrating network hydrogels

An interpenetrating network (IPN) hydrogel was developed by the miscibility between nanocellulose and sodium alginate through an acetic acid coagulation bath and Ca2+ chelation. Double crosslinking played a key role during the construction of the IPN hydrogel network. The nanofibers significantly prolonged the aspirin release time to ∼ 60 h, which benefits from the rich and regular network structure of the hydrogel. Carboxyl groups contribute to the variation in release capacity in different pH environments. The strategy proposed in this study would guide the preparation of purely physically crosslinked IPN hydrogels with good mechanical properties and cytocompatibility and their application in the drug delivery field. This study aimed to explore the double crosslinking process for prolonged aspirin release capacity between nanocellulose and sodium alginate. The obtained results suggested that a pH-sensitive nanocellulose-sodium alginate IPN hydrogel would be an ideal aspirin carrier for long-term release.

Preparation of poly(acrylamide-co-Acrylonitrile) thermosensitivity microgel and control release of aspirin

To extend the release time of drug carriers with the thermoresponsive behavior of upper critical solution temperature (UCST), P(AAm-co-AN) microgels are prepared by precipitation polymerization. It is found that the microgels exhibit the UCST-type response and the microgel shows swelling and disperses well when the temperature is higher than the critical temperature. Because the microgel can swell and shrink reversibly with the change in solution temperature, it can be used as a drug carrier. Compared with the micellar carrier, the microgel carrier’s structure is more stable and has a better sustained-release effect.

Fabrication of Cellulosic Nonwoven-Based Wound Dressings Coated with CTAB-Loaded Double Network PAMPS/PNaA Hydrogels

ABSTRACT Novel approaches have been implemented to fabricate wound dressings including electrospinning of hydrogels, and coating-based nonwoven hydrogels. In this study, only the coating technique was studied in order to fabricate wound dressing. For this purpose, nonwoven cotton fabrics were coated with layer-by-layer PNaA (poly sodium acrylate) and poly 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (PAMPS). Microwave techniques were then implemented to create an antibacterial activity using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). For the characterization, the physical, mechanical and antibacterial properties of the different samples and to determine potential wound dressing candidates, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), swelling, and water vapor permeability (WVP) tests as well as contact angle measurements with water were performed. The application of microwave techniques using CTAB on the fabricated nonwoven-based wound dressings showed potential results of creating an efficient antibacterial activity with high fibroblast cell viability. The in vitro aspirin release experiment confirmed that the release amount depended on the number of hydrogel layers. The results of physical and mechanical tests showed that coated nonwoven with layers of hydrogels had the desired strength along breathability, flexibility, and wettability. These cumulative results indicate that the fabricated structures in this work are good potential candidates for wound dressing applications.

Fabrication of Naturally Derived Double-Network Hydrogels With a Sustained Aspirin Release System for Facilitating Bone Regeneration.

Continuous efforts on pursuit of effective drug delivery systems for engineering hydrogel scaffolds is considered a promising strategy for the bone-related diseases. Here, we developed a kind of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin, ASA)–based double-network (DN) hydrogel containing the positively charged natural chitosan (CS) and methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) polymers. Combination of physical chain-entanglement, electrostatic interactions, and a chemically cross-linked methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) network led to the formation of a DN hydrogel, which had a suitable porous structure and favorable mechanical properties. After in situ encapsulation of aspirin agents, the resulting hydrogels were investigated as culturing matrices for adipose tissue–derived stromal cells (ADSCs) to evaluate their excellent biocompatibility and biological capacities on modulation of cell proliferation and differentiation. We further found that the long-term sustained ASA in the DN hydrogels could contribute to the anti-inflammation and osteoinductive properties, demonstrating a new strategy for bone tissue regeneration.

멜라닌의 광열전환효과를 이용한 전분 기반 생분해성 소재의 약물방출 특성

In this work, functional aspirin (ASP) incorporated biodegradable materials for transdermal drug delivery system were prepared using mungbean starch (MS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), sodium benzoate (S), xylitol (XL), and melanin (MEL). In addition, physical properties, photothermal conversion effect, and ASP release properties for prepared functional ASP incorporated biodegradable materials were investigated. Prepared biodegradable materials was analyzed using a Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FT-IR). Phototheramal conversion effect and ASP release properties were evaluated with NIR laser (1.5W/㎠) irradiation time. Results of photothermal conversion effect with NIR laser irradiation indicated that the temperature increase of MEL added biodegradable materials were about 3.5 times higher than MEL non-added biodegradable materials. ASP release ratio(%) of MEL added biodegradable materials with NIR laser irradiation were about 1.5 times faster than MEL non-added biodegradable materials. From the results, prepated functional biodegradable materials are expected to be applied as biomedical material for acute antipyretic, painkiller and cardiovascular disease treatment.

Facile fabrication of a biocompatible composite gel with sustained release of aspirin for bone regeneration

Hydrogels are extracellular-matrix-like biomimetic materials that have wide biomedical applications in tissue engineering and drug delivery. However, most hydrogels cannot simultaneously fulfill the mechanical and cell compatibility requirements. In the present study, we prepared a semi-interpenetrating network composite gel (CG) by incorporating short chain chitosan (CS) into a covalent tetra-armed poly(ethylene glycol) network. In addition to satisfying physicochemical, mechanics, biocompatibility, and cell affinity requirements, this CG easily encapsulated acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) via electrostatic interactions and chain entanglement, achieving sustained release for over 14 days and thus promoting periodontal ligament stem cell (PDLSC) proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. In vivo studies corroborated the capacity of PDLSCs and ASA-laden CG to enhance new bone regeneration in situ using a mouse calvarial bone defect model. This might be attributed to PDLSCs and host mesenchymal stem cells expressing monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, which upregulated M2 macrophage recruitment and polarization in situ, indicating its appealing potential in bone tissue engineering.

Ambient pressure drug loading on trimethylchlorosilane silylated silica aerogel in aspirin controlled-release system

Trimethylchlorosilane silylated silica aerogel (TS-SA) was loaded with a model drug, aspirin. TS-SA preparation, drug loading, and drying were performed through ambient pressure techniques in a safe and cheap manner. The sample structure, drug loading, and drug dissolution profiles were characterized by N2 adsorption and desorption analysis, FT-IR spectroscopy, UV absorption spectroscopy, FE-EM, EDX, XRD, and DSC. The characterization results indicated drug molecules are successfully loaded on the entire nanostructure of TS-SA. Specific surface area, total pore volume, and average pore size decrease with drug loading in TS-SA structure, as well as XRD and DSC results are indicating the amorphous state of loaded aspirin. Drug adsorption isotherm was measured and fitted well by the Freundlich model. Drug release kinetics from the samples were also evaluated in 0.1 N HCl (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer (pH 7.4). The zero-order model, the first-order model, and the Higuchi model were employed to study the release kinetics. Better fitting to the Higuchi model showed that Fick's diffusion governs the aspirin release mechanism. The release rate of loaded samples was slower than the pure drug in both HCl and phosphate buffer. As pure aspirin dissolves totally in 0.1 N HCl and phosphate buffer within 40 min and 20 min, respectively, loaded drug dissolve 35% ± 4 and 80% ± 4 in 0.1 N HCl and phosphate buffer within 100 min. The ambient pressure drug loading on TS-SA could have interesting potential applications in controlled release drug delivery systems.

Preparation and preliminary quality evaluation of aspirin/L-glutamate compound pellets

L-glutamate is an important component of protein. It can prevent gastrointestinal damage caused by NSAIDs. We constructed two-phase enteric-coated granules of aspirin and L-glutamate compound by extrusion spheronization method and fluidized bed coating. The subliminal effective dose of L-glutamate is 100 mg/kg tested by model of gastric ulcer of rats induced by aspirin and drug administration. HPLC-UV and UV–Vis methods were adopted to determine content and cumulative release of aspirin and L-glutamate as quality analysis method indexes. The prescription and process optimization were carried out with yield, sphericity and dissolution. The two-phase compound granules have good sphericity of 0.93 ± 0.05 (aspirin pellets) and 0.94 ± 0.02 (L-glutamate pellets), content of salicylic acid (0.24 ± 0.03)%, dissolution of aspirin (2.36 ± 0.11)%. Quality evaluation and preliminary stability meet the commercial requirements. The stored environment of compound preparation should be sealed in a cool and dark place.

Graphene oxide composite fibres for therapeutic fabrics

Topical administration of various therapeutic factors at different stages of healing has the potential to enhance wound healing rates and reduce pain of chronic wounds. Here, the potential of utilising therapeutic fibres as wound dressings and/or sutures, is demonstrated by wet-spinning graphene oxide (GO) and aspirin adsorbed GO with polyvinyl alcohol, into drug eluting composite fibres. By varying the load of GO in the composite fibres it was possible to tailor strength, stiffness and stretchability. GO loadings of 5 wt.% resulted in fibres five times stronger than polyvinyl alcohol alone. Low loadings of GO 0.2–0.4 wt.% produced super-stretchable fibres. The drug loaded composite fibres exhibited a slow release of aspirin over a period of 3 d which is attributed to the π–π interactions between the GO and aspirin. These composite fibres demonstrate promise for incorporating other biological factors using GO as a vector, as well as creating textiles that can deliver therapeutics in a sustained manner, leading to flexible wearable therapeutics and sutures in the future.

Preparation and Evaluation of Extemporaneously Compounded Aspirin Capsules from Crushed Aspirin Tablets

Aims: Extemporaneous preparations of medications might bring about technical and clinical consequences due to formulation failures. Therefore, all such prepared formulas should undergo valid and reliable procedures supported by solid data. Otherwise, patients can experience significant risk due to microbial contamination or physical or chemical changes during the preparation process. Thus, effective extemporaneous preparation relies on correct calculations to avoid extra and serious harm. Therefore, because 50-mg aspirin capsules are not available in Saudi Arabia, this study aimed to formulate 50-mg capsules from available 100-mg aspirin tablets.
 Methodology: Quality control tests of the preparations were carried out at the time of preparation and after one month of storage at 25 °C and at 40 °C and 75% relative humidity. All tests were carried out according to the British and United States pharmacopeia monograph of aspirin.
 Results: The drug content assay and uniformity test indicated that the aspirin capsules were within the pharmacopeial limits. The disintegration time for all aspirin capsules was within the pharmacopeial limits of 30 minutes. The aspirin release profile showed that approximately 90% of the aspirin dissolved after 10 minutes.
 Conclusion: The results indicated that the extemporaneous preparation of ASA capsules complied with the quality control tests for freshly prepared capsules and after one month of storage at room temperature and at 40 °C and 75% relative humidity. The dissolution profile of these capsules indicates immediate and high release of ASA, which is essential to ensure the required absorption. This study is of great importance for patients who need to take this dose of ASA. Pharmacists can prepare good-quality capsules with the desired ASA content using a 100-mg ASA tablet as a source of the active ingredient.

Modulating Mechanical and Shape-Memory Properties while Mitigating Degradation-Induced Inflammation of Polylactides by Pendant Aspirin Incorporation.

Synergistically modulating mechanical properties and improving shape-memory performance while mitigating degradation-induced chronic inflammation of polylactide (PLA)-based implants for biomedical applications remain elusive. We test the hypothesis that copolymerizing aspirin-functionalized glycolide with d,l-lactide could enhance the thermal processing, toughness, and shape-memory efficiency of the copolymer while mitigating local inflammatory responses upon its degradation. The content of pendant aspirin was readily modulated by monomer feeds during ring-opening polymerization, and the copolymers with ∼10% or less aspirin pendants exhibited gigapascal-tensile moduli at body temperature and significantly improved fracture toughness and energy dissipation that positively correlated with the aspirin pendant content. The copolymers also exhibited excellent thermal-healing and shape-memory efficacy, achieving a >97% temporary shape fixing ratio at room temperature and facile shape recovery at 50-65 °C. These drastic improvements were attributed to the dynamic hydrophobic aggregations among aspirin pendants that strengthen glassy-state physical entanglement of PLA while readily dissociating under stress/thermal activation. When subcutaneously implanted, the copolymers mitigated degradation-induced inflammation due to concomitant hydrolytic release of aspirin without suppressing early acute inflammatory responses. The incorporation of aspirin pendants in PLA represents a straightforward and innovative strategy to enhance the toughness, shape-memory performance, and in vivo safety of this important class of thermoplastics for biomedical applications.

Application of Redox-Responsive Hydrogels Based on 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-Piperidinyloxy Methacrylate and Oligo(Ethyleneglycol) Methacrylate in Controlled Release and Catalysis.

Hydrogels have reached momentum due to their potential application in a variety of fields including their ability to deliver active molecules upon application of a specific chemical or physical stimulus and to act as easily recyclable catalysts in a green chemistry approach. In this paper, we demonstrate that the same redox-responsive hydrogels based on polymer networks containing 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) stable nitroxide radicals and oligoethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA) can be successfully used either for the electrochemically triggered release of aspirin or as catalysts for the oxidation of primary alcohols into aldehydes. For the first application, we take the opportunity of the positive charges present on the oxoammonium groups of oxidized TEMPO to encapsulate negatively charged aspirin molecules. The further electrochemical reduction of oxoammonium groups into nitroxide radicals triggers the release of aspirin molecules. For the second application, our hydrogels are swelled with benzylic alcohol and tert-butyl nitrite as co-catalyst and the temperature is raised to 50 °C to start the oxidation reaction. Interestingly enough, benzaldehyde is not miscible with our hydrogels and phase-separate on top of them allowing the easy recovery of the reaction product and the recyclability of the hydrogel catalyst.

Electrospun Aspirin/Eudragit/Lipid Hybrid Nanofibers for Colon-targeted Delivery Using an Energy-saving Process.

Both electrospinning apparatus and their commercial products are extending their applications in a wide variety of fields. However, very limited reports can be found about how to implement an energy-saving process and in turn to reduce the production cost. In this paper, a brand-new type of coaxial spinneret with a solid core and its electrospinning methods are developed. A novel sort of medicated Eudragit/lipid hybrid nanofibers are generated for providing a colon-targeted sustained release of aspirin. A series of characterizations demonstrates that the as-prepared hybrid nanofibers have a fine linear morphology with the aspirin/lipid separated from the matrix Eudragit to form many tiny islands. In vitro dissolution tests exhibit that the hybrid nanofibers are able to effectively prevent the release of aspirin under an acid condition (8.7%±3.4% for the first two hours), whereas prolong the drug release time period under a neutral condition(99.7±4.2% at the seventh hour). The energy-saving mechanism is discussed in detail. The prepared aspirin-loaded hybrid nanofibers can be further transferred into an oral dosage form for potential application in countering COVID-19 in the future.

Study on Novel Nanoparticle Slow-Release Drugs for Moyamoya Disease.

Spontaneous basilar artery occlusive disease is a disease characterized by thickening of the intima of the bilateral internal carotid artery and the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, gradually narrowing the arterial diameter, and compensatory dilatation of the perforating artery at the base of the brain. Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid), as a classic non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, has been proven to have antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, and immune-regulating effects. But how to achieve long-term sustained release of aspirin and achieve anti-platelet aggregation remains to be studied. This study intends to build a microsphere sustained-release system to achieve long-term stable and slow release of aspirin drug, thereby achieving a more ideal anti-platelet aggregation effect. The therapeutic effects of three groups of nanoparticle sustained-release drug regimens on platelet aggregation were compared. The results showed that the platelet inhibition rate and NIHSS scores before treatment were compared between the three groups; compared with the other groups, the PLGA group had higher AA and ADP pathway-induced platelet inhibition rates after treatment and lower plasma Lp-PLA2 and NIHSS scores. This shows that aspirin nanoparticle slow-release drugs can effectively increase platelet inhibition rate and improve the antiplatelet ability of patients with spontaneous basilar artery occlusive disease, which is beneficial to promoting prognosis recovery.

Drug release studies of titanium-based polyethylene glycol coating as a multifunctional substrate

Thrombosis is the fundamental basis of a catastrophe of cardiovascular and other blood-reaching biomedical gadgets. Drug-eluting inserts for the nearby conveyance of anti-infection agents at clinical locales are believed to be promising in averting cardiovascular diseases. Titanium and its compositions have been generally utilized for blood-reaching biomedical devices because of its excellent biocompatibility; however, their blood compatibility should be improved. In this present study, titanium surface was modified with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) which generate hydroxyl group (–OH) groups thereby facilitating encapsulation of aspirin (200 mg) accompanied by the coating of various percentage (0.5%,1%,2%, 2.5% and 3% w/v) of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (MW-20,000). The drug release amount could be managed by the aspirin loading quantity and the PEG covering thickness. The measure of aspirin delivered in phosphate buffer solution (pH = 7.4) was resolved by utilizing a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. Aspirin was released continuously till 8 h for 0.5% to 2.5% PEG coating whereas for 2.5% and 3% PEG coating it has been released till 9 h. The aspirin release rate from the titanium substrates was performed by fitting the data to the Ritger–Peppas equation. The diffusional type n for a lower percentage of PEG coating indicates non-fickian transport because of swelling of the PEG layer whereas a higher percentage of PEG coating indicates the super case II transport mechanism in aspirin discharge. Therefore, the developed Ti-based substrates have the potential to elute drugs continuously thereby making them suitable for cardiovascular implants.

Physicians, Fads, and Pharmaceuticals: A History of Aspirin

Aspirin is a product of the late-nineteenth-century laboratory, pharmaceutical industry, and medical community. The prevailing scientific techniques, industrial approaches, and medical beliefs were instrumental in the development, promotion and reception of the drug. As a result, the present account does not extend further back than a few decades prior to the release of aspirin from the laboratories of Farbenfabriken vormals Friedrich Bayer & Co. in 1899. In contrast, much of the current literature on aspirin (2,3,4) attempts to trace the compound back to antiquity through the Ebers papyrus, the Hippocratic writings, and the works of Galen. Such histories tell a simple, linear tale of the numerous "discoveries" proposed to have led to the use of certain salicylate-containing plants, such as willow bark and wintergreen, or salicylate-related compounds, including salicilin and salicylic acid, as cures for a variety of ailments. Indeed, according to Mann and Plummer: Both [salicilin and salicylic acid] attacked fever and pain, and their partisans advocated the salicylates' use as antiseptics, mouthwashes, and water preservatives for ocean voyages; one important chemist further suggested (erroneously) that sodium salicylate, a chemical relative, would successfully treat scarlet fever, diphtheria, measles, syphilis, cholera, rabies and anthrax (5). However, it is difficult to establish what effect, if any, these examples of the "historical" uses of "proto-aspirin" had on the impetus for and modes of developing and using the actual drug called aspirin. As a matter of course, aspirin is usually described as the natural descendant from these salicylate forefathers. However, the history of aspirin is not as straightforward a tale as conventional histories suggest, but rather is a complex narrative of the people and circumstances involved in transforming a simple chemical compound into a popular pharmaceutical product that has remained one of the most widely consumed drugs for almost a century.