Release Kinetic Models Research Articles

Next-generation skin cancer treatment: A quality by design perspective on artificial neural network-optimized cationic ethosomes with bleomycin sulphate

Skin cancer, exacerbated by environmental factors like ozone layer depletion, poses a global health concern. Topical administration of chemotherapy, a promising approach, minimizes systemic toxicity. Bleomycin Sulphate (BLM), effective intravenously, faces challenges due to limited skin penetration. Cationic ethosomes, known for superior skin penetration, address this by enhancing electrostatic interactions with cancer cells. This ensures localized drug delivery, preventing systemic circulation. Employing thin film hydration, we prepared cationic ethosomes with BLM, optimizing through Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Characterization included entrapment efficiency, vesicle size, morphology, and zeta potential. In-vitro drug release and various kinetic models were analyzed. Ex-vivo evaluations, like dermatokinetic studies and fluorescence microscopy, and in-vivo skin sensitivity testing were conducted. Results showed the optimized formulation with 27.1 % entrapment efficiency, 144.3 nm vesicle size, smooth surface morphology, and positive zeta potential. Ex-vivo assessments indicated favorable skin retention and in-vivo tests suggested suitability for topical administration, highlighting its potential in skin cancer treatment. This research offers a promising strategy for localized and effective skin cancer therapy, addressing challenges associated with systemic toxicity and limited drug penetration.

Gastrointestinal digestion behavior and bioavailability of greenly prepared highly loaded myofibrillar-luteolin vehicle

In this study, the highly loaded myofibrillar protein (MP)-luteolin (Lut) complexes were noncovalently constructed by using green high-pressure homogenization technology (HPH) and high-pressure micro-fluidization technology (HPM), aiming to optimize the encapsulation efficiency of flavonoids in the protein-based vehicle without relying on the organic solvent (i.e. DMSO, ethanol, etc.). The loading efficiency of Lut into MPs could reach 100 % with a concentration of 120 μmol/g protein by using HPH (103 MPa, 2 passes) without ethanol adoption. The in vitro gastrointestinal digestion behavior and antioxidant activity of the complexes were then compared with those of ethanol-assisted groups. During gastrointestinal digestion, the MP digestibility of complexes, reaching more than 70.56 % after thermal treatment, was higher than that of sole protein. The release profile of Lut encapsulated in ethanol-containing and ethanol-free samples both well fitted with the Hixson-Crowell release kinetic model (R2 = 0.92 and 0.94, respectively), and the total phenol content decreased by ≥ 40.02 % and ≥ 62.62 %, respectively. The in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and Fe2+) of the digestive products was significantly improved by 23.89 %, 159.69 %, 351.12 % (ethanol groups) and 13.43 %, 125.48 %, 213.95 % (non-ethanol groups). The 3 mg/mL freeze-dried digesta significantly alleviated lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. The triglycerides and malondialdehyde contents decreased by at least 57.62 % and 67.74 % after digesta treatment. This study provides an easily approached and environment-friendly strategy to construct a highly loaded protein–flavonoid conjugate, which showed great potential in the formulation of healthier meat products.

Slow-Release Urea Fertilizer with Water Retention and Photosensitivity Properties Based on Sodium Alginate/Carboxymethyl Starch Sodium/Polydopamine

Using slow-release fertilizer is one of the sustainable strategies to improve the effectiveness of fertilizers and mitigate the environmental pollution caused by excess usage of fertilizer. In this study, a slow-release urea fertilizer with water retention and photosensitivity properties was prepared by a two-step method. It was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy and an infrared camera. This fertilizer can prolong the release period of urea, improve water-retention capacity of soil, and carry out photothermal conversion under illumination. Comparing four release kinetics models, the Ritger–Peppas model was the best fitting model for releasing behavior in soil, and diffusion followed the Fickian mechanism. The application of fertilizer on winter wheat was carried out to intuitively evaluate the fertilizer’s effects on promoting plant growth and resisting water stress. Thus, this study provides a new strategy for improving fertilizer utilization rate and maintaining soil moisture, which will be beneficial for sustainable agriculture.

Controlled release of foam from mesoporous silica-surfactant nanocomposite for enhanced natural gas production

Foam generated from solid foam sticks plays a crucial role in enhancing natural gas production by mitigating liquid accumulation in gas wells. Traditional solid foam sticks dissolve rapidly, releasing foam instantly, particularly at high downhole temperatures in gas wells. This necessitates frequent addition of surfactants to sustain foam generation. To address this issue, this study investigates the use of mesoporous silica nanocomposite to encapsulate the surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), as foam sticks, allowing for extended foam release. Mesoporous silica was synthesized through a sol–gel process involving a silica precursor and surfactant, utilizing alkali-acid catalysts in two steps. The resulting nanocomposite solid sticks were formed through aging and drying in a mold. The silica-surfactant nanocomposite was characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and small angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD). Experimental results demonstrated the successful encapsulation of 68.2 % surfactant into an average size of 50 nm nanosized silica capsules with a mesoporous structure. Quantitative determination of surfactant release over time in brine at a high temperature (130 °C) was determined through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), which showed 6.3 % surfactant remained in nanocomposite after 3 days. Foam performance from the released surfactants was evaluated using a dynamic foam apparatus and blender test. The study showed that foam could be control-released over a period of 7 days through surfactant diffusion from mesoporous nanoparticles. The release of CTAB follows the first-order release kinetic model. This research provides a sustainable solution by utilizing mesoporous silica nanoparticles as carriers for surfactants, resulting in longer-lasting foam for the gas well deliquification and the enhancement of gas production.

NIR-triggered drug delivery system based on tungsten disulfide nanosheets coated pH/temperature responsive polymer for controlled delivery of palbociclib: Release kinetics models

BackgroundPolymers that respond to changes in ambient conditions, such as physiological pH and temperature, have garnered increasing interest in the realm of drug delivery systems. In this study, a novel pH and temperature dual-responsive carrier was prepared for palbociclib delivery. MethodsThe tungsten disulfide nanosheets were functionalized with allyl glycidyl ether, allyl alcohol, and N-vinylcaprolactam, and then grafted with 2, 3-diaminopyridine. The in-vitro drug release was studied in simulated cancer (pH=5.6) and blood (pH=7.4) fluids at different temperatures. Significant FindingsThe in-vitro drug release test showed better release behavior at high temperatures in simulated cancer fluid compared to lower temperatures in simulated blood fluid, releasing about 87.53% of the entrapped drug within 6 h at 45 °C in simulated cancer fluid. The drug release shown the best fitting with the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. When the near-infrared laser irradiation was applied for 15 min, the drug release from the nanocarrier was three times higher than that without the laser irradiation. The maximum sorption capacity of the drug was achieved at approximately 79.04 mg g−1 at pH=8 for 45 min at 25 °C. The sorption procedure was found to follow the Langmuir isotherm and a pseudo-2nd-order kinetic model quite well.

Formulation and Evaluation of Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride Loaded Cubosomal Gel for Ocular Delivery

This study aimed to develop and evaluate an ocular, prolonged-release cubogel formulation of moxifloxacin hydrochloride (MX) to treat conjunctivitis. Using glycerol monooleate and poloxamer 407 in varying concentrations, a cubosome containing the antibiotic MX was developed using a top-down approach. Further, by dispersing optimized cubosomes in a cold in-situ gelling system, MX cubogels were prepared. Following Higuchi's release kinetic model, formulations MA4, MA8, MA11, and MA14 released 95.84, 95.77, 97.45, and 97.68% of MX after 12 hours. The in-vitro corneal permeation study showed that the goat cornea absorbed 81% of MX cubogel than conventional formulations. From the results of antibacterial and histopathological studies, the selected formulations were safe for ocular administration. This study concluded that MX cubogel may be a suitable alternative to conventional eye drops due to its increased permeability and sustained release characteristics.
 Keywords: Conjunctivitis, Cubosome, Glycerol monooleate, Moxifloxacin hydrochloride Poloxamer 407

Colorimetric sensor based on release control from liposomes by the formation of 2,2-bipyridine-Fe2+ complex

In colorimetric detection, an analyte may be determined both qualitatively and quantitatively by keeping track of color changes that seem to be perceptible to the unaided eye. The uniform liposomes with diameters of 100 nm were synthesized from sphingomyelin and cholesterol. We comprehensively assessed 2,2-bipyridine's capacity to release from liposomes as well as the color shift to dark red caused by the formation of complexes between Fe2+ and 2,2-bipyridine for colorimetric detection. In addition, we extensively evaluated and examined factors influencing liposomal membrane leakage, such as pH value change, bulkiness of the molecular structure (2,2-bipyridine and doxorubicin), and the membrane rupture mechanism of triton X100. To provide the best circumstances for the color sensor from these liposomes, pH conditions and concentrations of triton X100 and Fe2+ were optimized. In addition, it has been confirmed and thoroughly described how pH breaks the liposome membrane and how Fe2+-Bipy changes color. The capacity to release from liposomes throughout time was studied via analysis of kinetic release models, including Fick's law, the Higuchi model, and the Korsmeyer-Peppas model. Our approach develops a method to is straightforward, quick to detect, and easily applied. This research holds promise as color color-sensing method for detecting viruses and pathogens in the future.

Formulation and Evaluation of Floating Microspheres

Gastro-retentive dosage forms have potential for use as controlled- release drug delivery systems. Gastro retentive floating drug delivery systems have a bulk density lower than that of gastric fluids and thus increase residence time of drug in stomach and provide controlled delivery of many drugs. The aim of the present study is formulation and characterization of floating microspheres using model drug. Floating microspheres were prepared by oil-in-water emulsion solvent evaporation technique using ethyl cellulose as release retarding polymers. The floating microspheres were evaluated for percentage yield (%), particle size, drug content, drug entrapment efficiency, in-vitro floating ability and in-vitro drug release studies. The surface morphology of prepared microspheres was characterized by scanning electron microscopy. The microspheres were found to be spherical in shape and porous in nature. Compatibility studies were performed by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) technique. The prepared microspheres showed prolonged drug release of 12 h and remain buoyant for more than 12 h. In-vitro release kinetics were studied in different release kinetics models like zero order, first order model. It was concluded that developed floating microspheres offers a suitable and practical approach for prolonged release of drug over an extended period of time and thus oral bioavailability, efficacy and patient compliance is improved

Investigating the Sorption/Desorption of the Cationic Herbicide Paraquat in Clay Minerals Using Batch and Electro–Ultrafiltration Techniques

The sorption/desorption processes of the cationic herbicide paraquat (PQ) onto various clays, namely, kaolinite (KLN), illite (ILT), and montmorillonite (MNT), were investigated. After the attainment of sorption equilibrium, PQ was extracted from the clays by a double-stage desorption process utilizing an electro–ultrafiltration (EUF) procedure. The Freundlich isotherm model and a pseudo-first kinetic release model were found to adequately fit the sorption and desorption data, respectively. The experimental maximum sorbable amounts of paraquat were 5.56, 31.88, and 91.63 mg g−1 for KLN, ILT, and MNT, respectively, consistently with the order of magnitude of the cation-exchange capacity (CEC) of the clay minerals. The desorption experiments revealed that the amounts of PQ retained by the MNT samples were significantly larger than the respective amounts retained by KLN or ILT. The EUF-PQ desorption patterns of differently cation-saturated MNT samples indicated that the presence of monovalent cations could further hamper PQ release, while the opposite seemed to be true for divalent cations. Our results clearly show that a substantial aliquot of PQ is strongly retained by montmorillonite, probably via interlayering, thus suggesting that smectitic clays could act as a stable soil sink for cationic herbicides such as paraquat, favoring soil long-term contamination.

Mussel inspired sequential protein delivery based on self-healing injectable nanocomposite hydrogel

Polysaccharide based self-healing and injectable hydrogels with reversible characteristics have widespread potential in protein drug delivery. However, it is a challenge to design the dynamic hydrogel for sequential release of protein drugs. Herein, we developed a novel mussel inspired sequential protein delivery dynamic polysaccharide hydrogel. The nanocomposite hydrogel can be fabricated through doping polydopamine nanoparticles (PDA NPs) into reversible covalent bond (imine bonds) crosslinked polymer networks of oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CEC), named PDA NPs@OHA-l-CEC. Besides multiple capabilities (i.e., injection, self-healing, and biodegradability), the nanocomposite hydrogel can achieve sustained and sequential protein delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). PDA NPs doped in hydrogel matrix serve dual roles, acting as secondary protein release structures and form dynamic non-covalent interactions (i.e., hydrogen bonds) with polysaccharides. Moreover, by adjusting the oxidation degree of OHA, the hydrogels with different crosslinking density could control overall protein release rate. Analysis of different release kinetic models revealed that Fickian diffusion drove rapid VEGF release, while the slower BSA release followed a Super Case II transport mechanism. The novel biocompatible system achieved sequential release of protein drugs has potentials in multi-stage synergistic drug deliver based on dynamic hydrogel.

Room temperature synthesis of β-cyclodextrin functionalized graphene oxide decorated MIL-100 (Fe): A sustainable drug cargo for anticancer drug delivery

Chemotherapy remains an extensively used cancer treatment method with the accessibility of various chemotherapeutic agents. However, its effectiveness is limited by the inability to distinguish between precipitously propagating normal cells and cancer cells, leading to severe side effects. Targeted drug delivery systems (DDS), utilizing advanced nanomaterials such as nanocarriers and natural/green chemotherapeutic agents like caffeic acid (CA), offer a promising solution to overcome these challenges and improve the sustainable consumption of chemotherapeutic agents. The current study presents a self-assembled, sustainable, and straightforward method for synthesizing CA nanocarriers using β-cyclodextrin conjugated graphene oxide (β-CD-GO)-functionalized Fe-based metal-organic frameworks ((β-CD-GO@MIL-100(Fe)), herein denoted as BGw-MF, through a hydrofluoric acid (HF)-free approach. The structural, functional, and morphological attributes of obtained nanocarriers were inspected through respective characterization methods. Furthermore, the CA loading efficiency (LE) was evaluated for the obtained BGw-MF nanocarriers with fixed drug concentrations, varied CA: nanocarrier ratio (w/w), and pH of the media. The results showed that BG0.5-MF had the highest LE, reaching 56.44 ± 2.25% for a 2 w/w ratio of CA in an alkaline environment (pH 9). Moreover, the CA release pattern of BG0.5-MF-CA was more controlled, with nearly 57.07 ± 2.01% release at pH 5 and 48.04 ± 1.44% at pH 7.4 over 8 days, which might enhance the therapeutic efficiency with higher release at tumor sites. The kinetics studies were subsequently conducted to evaluate the CA release characteristics of the BG0.5-MF nanocarrier. The nanocarrier followed a pseudo-second-order kinetic model for CA release at pH 5. In-vitro cytotoxicity tests of BG0.5-MF-CA revealed significant toxicity to lung cancer cells (A549) and cell viability of 68 ± 2 %, with no evident toxicity induced to normal cells (HEK293) at 400 μg/mL dose. The findings of the present work emphasized the potential of BGw-MF nanocarriers obtained at room temperature for CA-based anticancer DDS. The high loading capacity of the nanocarriers combined with the sustainable release of the drug from the nanocomposite makes it suitable for drug delivery. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the nanocomposite towards cancer cells establishes BG0.5-MF as a promising nanocarrier for anticancer DDS.

Formulation, Development and In-vitro Evaluation of Alendronate Buccal Tablets

The aim of this work was to develop Alendronate mucoadhesive buccal tablets. Buccal tablets of Alendronate are designed to release drug at mucosal site for extended period of time without wash out of drug by saliva. Sodium alginate, Ethyl cellulose and Carbopol were selected as mucoadhesive polymers on the basis of their matrix forming properties. The objective of the study is to improve the bioavailability of Alendronate buccal tablets. In present study, an attempt was made to design mucoadhesive buccal tablets containing Alendronate, Sodium alginate, Ethyl cellulose and Carbopol using as polymers. The tablets were prepared by direct compression method. The formulations were evaluated for hardness, thickness, friability, weight variation, drug content estimation, surface pH determination, swelling index, in vitro drug release. The obtained results of various evaluation parameters are described in post compression studies. The results of in vitro release study were in full support of swelling study. In vitro release data of optimized formula F11 fitted into various release kinetic models to study the release mechanism. All the prepared tablets were stable at different temperature and shows good mucoadhesive properties.

Nanosponge hydrogel of octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate of Alcaligenes faecalis

Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate (ODHP) was extracted in a previous study from the culture broth of soil isolate Alcaligenes faecalis MT332429 and showed a promising antimycotic activity. This study was aimed to formulate ODHP loaded β-cyclodextrins (CD) nanosponge (NS) hydrogel (HG) to control skin fungal ailments since nanosponges augment the retention of tested agents in the skin. Box-Behnken design was used to produce the optimized NS formulation, where entrapment efficiency percent (EE%), polydispersity index (PDI), and particle size (PS) were assigned as dependent parameters, while the independent process parameters were polyvinyl alcohol % (w/v %), polymer-linker ratio, homogenization time, and speed. The carbopol 940 hydrogel was then created by incorporating the nanosponges. The hydrogel fit Higuchi’s kinetic release model the best, according to in vitro drug release. Stability and photodegradation studies revealed that the NS-HG remained stable under tested conditions. The formulation also showed higher in vitro antifungal activity against Candida albicans compared to the control fluconazole. In vivo study showed that ODHP-NS-HG increased survival rates, wound contraction, and healing of wound gap and inhibited the inflammation process compared to the other control groups. The histopathological examinations and Masson’s trichrome staining showed improved healing and higher records of collagen deposition. Moreover, the permeability of ODHP-NS-HG was higher through rats’ skin by 1.5-folds compared to the control isoconazole 1%. Therefore, based on these results, NS-HG formulation is a potential carrier for enhanced and improved topical delivery of ODHP. Our study is a pioneering research on the development of a formulation for ODHP produced naturally from soil bacteria.Key points• Octadecyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propanoate was successfully formulated as a nanosponge hydrogel and statistically optimized.• The new formula exhibited in vitro good stability, drug release, and higher antifungal activity against C. albicans as compared to the fluconazole.• Ex vivo showed enhanced skin permeability, and in vivo analysis showed high antifungal activity as evidenced by measurement of various biochemical parameters and histopathological examination.

Influence of Lamotrigine concentration on physicochemical properties and transdermal release using PBAT/PLA electrospun fibers

Epilepsy is a disease caused by a change in respiratory signs, which can cause fainting and muscle contractions. Thus, one of the drugs indicated for the treatment of epileptic seizures is Lamotrigine, classified class II in the biopharmaceutical classification system; it has low solubility and high permeability in interstitial fluids; in addition, the pharmaceutical forms currently available have large drug interaction screens. New forms of drug delivery have been investigated, in which transdermal delivery systems have appeared with great prominence. Thus, the present work aims to produce polymeric nanofibers using the electrospinning technique, incorporating the drug Lamotrigine in its structure. For this, the experimental conditions for the production of fibers are evaluated, using the polymeric blend PBAT/PLA to obtain an alternative administration technology so that the patient has fewer interaction effects and also promotes an increase in the solubility of the active. The membranes produced (15% w/v of PBAT/PLA in a solution of 85% chloroform: 15% dimethylformamide and with 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% w/w of Lamotrigine) were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetry (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (DRX), transmission analysis, conductivity, mechanical analysis, release study, and permeation study. The release profiles found were adjusted to different kinetic release models. The Weibull model showed better results for R2 and the Akaike confirmation, demonstrating that the PBAT/PLA/L5 showed better results for release. Ex-vivo permeation in porcine skin demonstrated that the lower concentration of Lamotrigine has better permeation in the dermis and epidermis.

TPGS-modified Chitosan Nanoparticles of EGFR Inhibitor: Physicochemical and In vitro Evaluation against HepG2 Cell Lines.

Gefitinib (GFN) is an Epithelial Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved medication to treat lung cancer. However, this investigation aimed to produce and characterize Gefitinib (GFN)-loaded chitosan and soy lecithin nanoparticles (NPs) modified with D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate mono ester (TPGS) and assess their therapeutic potential against HepG2 liver cell lines. Chitosan, a cationic polymer with biocompatible and biodegradable properties, was combined with soy lecithin to develop the NPs loaded with GFN using a self-organizing ionic interaction methodology. The entrapment efficiency and drug loading were found to be 59.04±4.63 to 87.37±3.82% and 33.46±3.76 to 49.50±4.35%, respectively, and results indicated the encapsulation of GEN in NPs. The pH of the formulations was observed between 4.48-4.62. Additionally, all the prepared NPs showed the size and PDI range of 89.2±15.9 nm to 799.2±35.8 nm and 0.179±0.065 to 0.455±0.097, respectively. The FTIR bands in optimized formulation (GFN-NP1) indicated that the drug might be contained within the NP's core. The SEM photograph revealed the spherical shape of NPs. The kinetic release model demonstrated the combination of diffusion and erosion mechanisms. The IC50 value of GFN and GFN-NP1 formulation against the HepG2 cell lines were determined and found to be 63.22±3.36 μg/ml and 45.80±2.53 μg/ml, respectively. DAPI and PI staining agents were used to detect nuclear morphology. It was observed that the optimized GFN-NP1 formulation successfully internalized and inhibited the growth of HepG2 cells. Hence, it can be concluded that the prepared NPs can be a new therapeutic option for treating liver cancer.

The nanocrystalline cellulose from Ananas comosus leaf wastes: An overview to extraction, purification, and applications as curcumin drug delivery system

Currently, antibacterial materials are attracting considerable attention across various fields. In this study, curcumin (Cur) was prepared with nanocrystal cellulose (NCC) into the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrix to improve the functional properties of a pure Cur-NCC-PVA film. The NCC was obtained from Ananas comosus leaves and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and particle size analysis. The variations of Cur concentrations (50, 75, and 100 μg) were added to prepare Cur-NCC-PVA films. The release kinetics of Cur from the films was determined using a spectrophotometer and the release kinetic model was obtained using Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. The antibacterial activity of Cur-NCC-PVA films was established using the diffusion method. The results of NCC characteristics showed satisfactory significance. The FTIR showed a functional group of chemical composition that confirmed the removal of non-cellulosic constituents. XRD confirmed the crystallinity index of NCC of 75.89%. Meanwhile, the particle size of NCC of 268.45 nm. The development of Cur-NCC-PVA films showed a uniform yellow color. The release of curcumin in all films was increased depending on the time following the zero-order kinetic reaction. The non-Fickian kinetics demonstrated the mechanism of Cur release from the film. The Cur-NCC-PVA films in Cur concentration of 100 μg were confirmed to have the highest antibacterial activity and significantly different between 50 and 75 μg Cur-NCC-PVA films against Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus spp., and Escherichia coli. The Cur-NCC-PVA films described the potential activity for topical formulation in skin disease treatment.

Modeling and validation of drug release kinetics using hybrid method for prediction of drug efficiency and novel formulations.

This paper presents a thorough examination for drug release from a polymeric matrix to improve understanding of drug release behavior for tissue regeneration. A comprehensive model was developed utilizing mass transfer and machine learning (ML). In the machine learning section, three distinct regression models, namely, Decision Tree Regression (DTR), Passive Aggressive Regression (PAR), and Quadratic Polynomial Regression (QPR) applied to a comprehensive dataset of drug release. The dataset includes r(m) and z(m) inputs, with corresponding concentration of solute in the matrix (C) as response. The primary objective is to assess and compare the predictive performance of these models in finding the correlation between input parameters and chemical concentrations. The hyper-parameter optimization process is executed using Sequential Model-Based Optimization (SMBO), ensuring the robustness of the models in handling the complexity of the controlled drug release. The Decision Tree Regression model exhibits outstanding predictive accuracy, with an R2 score of 0.99887, RMSE of 9.0092E-06, MAE of 3.51486E-06, and a Max Error of 6.87000E-05. This exceptional performance underscores the model's capability to discern intricate patterns within the drug release dataset. The Passive Aggressive Regression model, while displaying a slightly lower R2 score of 0.94652, demonstrates commendable predictive capabilities with an RMSE of 6.0438E-05, MAE of 4.82782E-05, and a Max Error of 2.36600E-04. The model's effectiveness in capturing non-linear relationships within the dataset is evident. The Quadratic Polynomial Regression model, designed to accommodate quadratic relationships, yields a noteworthy R2 score of 0.95382, along with an RMSE of 5.6655E-05, MAE of 4.49198E-05, and a Max Error of 1.86375E-04. These results affirm the model's proficiency in capturing the inherent complexities of the drug release system.

Construction of a novel mathematical model for predicting pesticide release in soil and its application in rice pest control

It is important to control and predict the release of pesticide to improve the utilization rate of pesticide and reduce environmental pollution. Sodium lignosulfonate/UIO-66-NH2 was constructed by cross-linking method as the model carrier, and thiamethoxam was used as the model pesticide to study and establish the mathematical model of thiamethoxam release in the indoor and the actual soil. The results suggested that the indoor and soil release kinetics of carriers follow the Weibull and Higuchi model respectively. To address the cumbersome and time-consuming of soil detection, linking the indoor and soil release behavior of the carrier, a novel mathematical model was established based on release kinetics model to predict the release of carrier in soil. Mathematical model had good accuracy in the error analysis, and its predicted release time of the carriers in soil was 48.74 d, which the actual time is 45 d. In addition, carries showed good biocompatibility in zebrafish and microbial toxicity tests, and was effective in reducing Cnaphalocrocis medinalis infestation in field trials. At 72 days, the leaf-curl rate of rice treated with carrier was only 12%, while that of pure thiamethoxam group was 34.9% This work provides theoretical support for the efficiency use of pesticides, making it possible for mathematical models to guide agricultural production.

Development of an Antihypertensive Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticle

Solid lipid nanoparticles were prepared by using the solvent evaporation method. The prepared solid lipid nanoparticles of felodipine from different batches were weighed accurately and filled into appropriate-sized capsules for further evaluation. The prepared nanoformulation was tested in vitro for drug entrapment efficiency found to be 97-99% for the formulation with soya lecithin and glyceryl mono-stearate and percentage yield. The results of the in vitro drug release study for all formulations performed at gastric pH 1.2 indicated that the drug was released in an immediate manner within 60 minutes, which could be due to a burst effect or a faster rate of drug release due to smaller particle size SLN13 the concentration of Glycerol Monosterate- 576.522mg and Poloxamer 188. In vitro release data from standardised nanoformulations was fitted to various release kinetics models for the drug release mechanism. The optimised formulation demonstrated improved drug release and entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release data were fitted to various kinetic models to better understand the drug release mechanism. In vitro assay results were ranged between 76.5 to 96%, Zeta potential -40.75 ± 2.33 (mV) ± SD, entrapment efficiency 99.32. Accelerated stability studies for standardised nanoformulations were performed for 6 months in accordance with standard ICH guidelines, and no appreciable changes in the physical appearance, drug content, and in vitro drug release rates of the nanoformulations were observed. As a result of the study's evidence, it is concluded that felodipineloaded solid lipid nanoparticles are the best choice for hypertension.

Impact of Freeze-Drying Process on Encapsulation of Curcumin: Physicochemical Properties and Release Kinetic Model

Impact of Freeze-Drying Process on Encapsulation of Curcumin: Physicochemical Properties and Release Kinetic Model