Relay Race Research Articles

A relay race or an ironman? A systematic review of the literature on innovation in the mining sector

As global demand for minerals and metals surges, the mining industry is faced with the triple challenge of finite resources, societal resistance, and environmental considerations. To address these challenges the mining sector is relying on innovation and technological advancements to enable exploitation of so far inaccessible deposits, minimize energy consumption, and improve sustainability. This study presents a systematic review of the literature on innovation in mining and the unique management approach being adopted to respond to the above challenges. From an initial corpus of 4059 scientific articles, a reproducible process filtered out 222 documents, published between 1996 and 2023. The analysis reveals that the literature on innovation in the mining industry, predominantly qualitative and exploratory in nature, is showing a shift towards empirical validation using advanced quantitative methods. Mining innovation appears to be shaped by the industry's inherent features such as a conservative culture, market volatility, emphasis on productivity, and profitability. While the industry somewhat risk-averse approach favours stability and specialization which could hamper innovation, its simultaneous focus on productivity encourages innovation to achieve cost reductions, enhanced processes, and implementation of new technology. However, the uniformity of ore and the position of miners in the value chain is not favorable to product innovation and the focus tends to be on —mainly supplier-led— process innovation. The review also shows the potential benefits of non-technological innovations, including marketing and organizational changes although these are infrequent. The study concludes by addressing conceptualizations of innovation and mining management and highlighting gaps in research that focuses on regions, minerals, and innovation types. It also discusses the knowledge management implications in this context.

Development of a high-fidelity digital twin using the discrete element method for a continuous direct compression process. Part 2. Validation of calibration workflow

This paper is the second in a series of two that describes the application of discrete element method (DEM) and reduced order modeling to predict the effect of disturbances in the concentration of drug substance at the inlet of a continuous powder mixer on the concentration of the drug substance at the outlet of the mixer. In the companion publication, small-scale material characterization tests, a careful DEM parameter calibration and DEM simulations of the manufacturing process were used to develop a reliable RTD models. In the current work, the same calibration workflow was employed to evaluate the predictive ability of the resulting reduced-order model for an extended design space. DEM simulations were extrapolated using a relay race method and the cumulative RTD was accurately parameterized using the n-CSTR model. By performing experiments and simulations, a calibrated DEM model predicted the response of a continuous powder mixer to step changes in the inlet concentration of an API. Thus, carefully calibrated DEM models was used to guide and reduce experimental work and to establish an adequate control strategy. In addition, a further reduction in the computational effort was obtained by using the relay race method to extrapolate results. The predicted RTD curves were then parameterized to develop reduced order models and used to simulate the process in a matter of seconds. Overall, a control strategy evaluation tool based on high-fidelity DEM simulations was developed using material-sparing small-scale characterization tests.

Teaching Primary School Children’s Through Uzbek Folk Traditional Games for Improving Their Gross Motor Skills

The role and significance of Uzbek folk games in the process of physical education of junior schoolchildren is described. The possibilities of national games as one of the effective and significant factors in raising children are analyzed. A description is given of the complex use of outdoor games in the context of the formation of a harmoniously developed, physically healthy and socially active personality of primary school students in educational institutions. The conducted research is aimed at justifying the use of national games as a variable part of a physical education lesson, in the format of a national-regional component. The study revealed that Uzbek folk outdoor games have great opportunities not only for the development of motor abilities, education of physical and moral-volitional qualities, but also for the formation of a culture of interethnic communication. Children of different nationalities, participating in folk games and relay races, share their impressions, communicate with each other, complete game tasks and make joint efforts to achieve the goal of the game. Based on the results of an experimental study, conclusions were drawn about the practical significance of using folk games in physical education, with an emphasis on the dynamics of children’s motor readiness.

To the Sixteenth Anniversary of the Chkalovskaya Research and Training Base of the State University of Land Use Planning

The article is dedicated to the anniversary of the scientific and educational base “Chkalovskaya” of the State University of Land Use Planning. The most important moments in the history of the creation and development of the educational base are considered in this paper, as well as the traditions of the Department of Geodesy and Geoinformatics that have developed over the years. The authors also describe the festive events such as the student geodetic relay race “Geo-Youth-2023”.

V.A. Favorsky’s Theory of the Book and the Problem of Artistic Interpretation of Literary Content

The article is devoted to the actual problems of the theory of the book, created and largely practically implemented by V.A. Favorsky and his associates in the 1930s —1950s. This theory was based on the principle of perception of the book as a synthetic art, which is confirmed by the tradition of handwritten books, relevant to the era of printing. The main contradiction faced by those who largely follow the work of V.A. Favorsky remains the correlation of the aesthetic concept of the book with its literary content. There are many dark places in V.A. Favorsky’s theory connected with this problem. Different approaches to this problem, characteristic of such a complex, synthetic work as a book, are analyzed, including issues related to the psychology of creativity, with a deep study of literary material when working on a book. The ambiguous experience of V.A. Favorsky, associated with immersion in the material of the book, with the study of the cultural context of the work, is considered. The article also highlights the important problem for V.A. Favorsky of the perception of a literary text in connection with the ideology and historical context of various epochs.The theoretical legacy of V.A. Favorsky does not lose relevance in our time, when the art of books is in need of pioneering approaches related to electronic publications of various types, including on the basis of the principle of “relay race of arts”, developed by the director and art theorist S.V. Obraztsov. Taking into account the current state of book publishing and its prospects, an updated appeal to the legacy of V.A. is proposed. Favorsky, which would solve the task of creating books at a high artistic level, taking into account the educational and informative functions of the book, without contradictions with the literary content of the work.

Leadership Transitions and its Implications For Strategic Planning

Dotlich and Ciampa contend that “Business is a relay race that never ends. Of all the important transitions an organization must face, repeatedly and over time, perhaps the most difficult is the passing of the baton from one leader to the next"1 . An organization must institutionalize and continually improve its leadership transition plan in order to excel. My research focused on the role that HR could play to improve KAU’s leadership transitions by finding out how “front-line” stakeholders, i.e. middle management and their employees, experience existing organizational changes. My findings led me to the following observations: 1) effective leadership transitions are important to an organization’s ability to achieve strategic goals, and can be generalized to Saudi culture and organizations 2) Problematic transitions cause the same kinds of problems for employee stakeholders across cultures 3) Cultural factors can be a great obstacle to organizational success. This study provides some preliminary insights into the role that culture plays in determining the feasibility of applying “best practices” in Human Resource Management. I have made some recommendations that I judged to have merit and a good possibility for providing some improvement to the current KAU dysfunctional transition processes. Keywords: Strategic planning; Leadership transitions; Higher education; Modeling SWOT .

Letter from the Former Editor-in-Chief for 2011-2012 and 2013-2014 periods: Happy 30th volume and 35th Birthday, European Journal of Therapeutics!

Dear Colleagues, I am very pleased to share this editorial with you in commemoration of the 35th Anniversary and the 30th Volume of the European Journal of Therapeutics (Eur J Ther), formerly Gaziantep Medical Journal (Gaziantep Med J), where I served as Editor-in-Chief with great honour between 2011-2012 and 2013-2014. The journal, which started its publication life in 1990 with the great efforts of Dr. Sabri Güngör, was initially published in two issues a year [1]. In 2009, it continued as three issues a year [2], and in 2014, during the period of our Editor-in-Chief, it started to be published as four issues a year [3]. While celebrating the thirty-fifth Anniversary and the thirtieth Volume of the journal in the February 2024 issue (Vol: 30, No: 1), I would also like to express my great happiness that it will be published six issues a year from now on. When I was the Editor-in-Chief of the journal, there was no professional publisher support. We had not received any financial support during that time. So, we had to work hard to publish the issues on time. We managed to publish issues in both online and print versions. We used our university's printing office. I must indicate that I am very grateful to the director and workers of the printing office for their enormous help in publishing the printed issues of the journal at that time. As the Editor-in-Chief of the journal, I compiled all the previously published issues, converted them into PDF files, and formed the archives of the journal. We made the first attempt to increase the number of editorial board members by including foreign editors. It was one of the steps to becoming an international journal. We started to accept articles written in English. After all this work, we applied for indexing the journal with different organizations, and we received positive returns. I believe that the former, current, and future editors are fighting in a long-term relay race as players of the same team. As one of the former Editor-in-Chiefs, I would like to express that I will always provide all the support I can for the further development of the journal, and I would like to thank all the editors who have contributed to the further development of the journal through this editorial. Yours sincerely

Increasing the motivation of madrasah Aliyah students to learn cross-interest English subject by applying the game “relay race”

Cross-interest subjects are programs and policies from the government that aim to provide opportunities for students to choose and study subjects that are not in the specialization program so that they will add insight, experience, and knowledge that they have later. In theory, students should have a high motivation or enthusiasm for learning to study the cross-interest subjects they have chosen. However, the facts in the classroom show the opposite. This study aims to increase student learning motivation in English Cross Interest subjects in class XI MIPA Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Kota Batu through the application of a "relay race" or relay game. This research is a class action research with the research subject of XI MIPA 2 class with 36 students. The research was conducted with two cycles on simple past-tense material. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation through daily notes filled by both the teacher and students, and questionnaires filled by students to determine the level of student learning motivation. The results showed increased student learning motivation in cross-interest English subjects, with an average percentage in the first cycle of 81% and increased by 1% to 82% in the second cycle. Thus, it can be concluded that applying the "relay race" game can increase students' learning motivation while still paying attention to the teacher’s pedagogical skills during the learning process.

Дослідження взаємозв’язків між психофізіологічними здібностями та спритністю каратистів-новачків

Purpose: to determine the correlation between psychophysiological abilities and agility in novice karate practitioners. Material and methods. In this study, the following research methods were employed: theoretical analysis and synthesis of scientific and methodological literature; pedagogical observation; pedagogical research; psychophysiological measurements and mathematical-statistical research methods. The study involved 20 athletes (14 males, 6 females) with an average age of 10,8±1,1 years (Mean±SD) who practiced karate. To assess agility, participants were required to perform a special relay race. The relay race, with a length of 15 meters, included the following exercises: ball translation, jumping, crawling, and running. To determine the speed component, athletes were instructed to run the distance of the relay race. Psychophysiological characteristics were assessed using tests such as reaction to a moving object, choice reaction, short-term visual memory, and the tapping test (duration 1 minute). Results: according to the results of cluster analysis, it is noted that classes were formed based on the age of the athletes. Thus, younger karate practitioners (9-10 years old), including participants 6, 7, 1, 9, belonged to the first class, while older karate practitioners (12 years old), including participants 17, 19, 20, 14, 18, primarily comprised the second class. The third class mainly included karate practitioners aged 10-11. Correlation analysis of the obtained data, specifically determining the relationships between agility and psychophysiological indicators, indicates statistically significant connections. Notably, there are correlations between relay race results and tapping test results at 5s (r=0,69), 10 s (r=0,55), 1 min (r=0,69). There are also correlations regarding choice reaction at the 2nd (r=0,65), 3rd (r=0,51), 4th (r=0,58) stages and overall test (r=0,60). A statistically significant correlation between the age of athletes and results, practically demonstrated in all tests (on average r=0,67), is also observed. The presence of these correlations can be explained by the fact that agility is a complex quality influenced by various factors such as age, neural process mobility, intermuscular coordination, reaction time, and others. The results of 11-12-year-old athletes surpass those of 9-10-year-olds in all tests. Statistically significant differences (p<0,05) were recorded in tests such as running, relay race, tapping test (5 s, 1 min), short-term visual memory coefficient, and choice reaction. A comparison of the results of the investigated groups of karate practitioners indicates that statistically significant improvement in short-term visual memory and choice reaction is the result not only of an increase in the athletes' age but also the influence of specific training tasks on the functional state of the athletes. Conclusions. Agility, based on motor reactions and spatial-temporal anticipations, underlies the activities of martial artists in unpredictable and rapidly changing situations. The study results indicate that psychophysiological parameters and agility performance are age-dependent, with older athletes demonstrating statistically better results in various agility tests. The significant improvement in short-term visual memory and choice reaction in 11-12-year-old karate practitioners is attributed not only to their age but also to the influence of specific training tasks incorporating martial arts elements. Keywords: sensorimotor skills, psychophysiology, coordination, agility, novice, karate, study.

Changes in perceived mental fatigue, physical fatigue and mood state during a 4‐day national junior orienteering competition preparation camp

AbstractMental fatigue (MF) has been shown to acutely impair the psychological responses and endurance running performance of orienteers. This study aimed to explore MF levels experienced by orienteers during a 4‐day competition preparation camp that consisted of simulated sprint, middle‐distance, long‐distance, relay and night races. Eleven national junior orienteers participated in the study (age: 15–17 years, height: 1.69 ± 0.07 m and body mass: 59.9 ± 5.22 kg). Subjective ratings of MF, motivation, stress, physical fatigue (PF) and tiredness were measured using a 100‐mm visual analogue scale. The Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) was utilized to assess the mood state of the orienteers. The self‐report measures were taken within 30 min of waking, immediately after the post‐training session, and after 24 and 48 h following the final training session. The pre–post orienteering training combined analysis showed that there was a moderate increase in perceived MF (ES = 1.06 [0.66, 1.45]), PF (ES = 1.07 [0.69, 1.45]) and BRUMS fatigue (ES = 0.74 [0.4, 1.1]) after orienteering training. At 48 h post the final training session, MF remained moderately elevated (ES = 0.86 [−0.07, 1.75]), while PF also remained elevated to a small extent (ES = 0.46 [−0.46, 1.39]) compared to the pre‐training values. A moderate impairment was still observed in BRUMS vigor (ES = −1.02 [−1.65, −0.36]), but BRUMS confusion scores were moderately lower (ES = −0.85 [−1.71, 0.04]) than pre‐training values. This study found that orienteering training induced acute MF, persisting for at least 48 h after the final session.

A stochastic analysis of the 4 × 100 m relay

The baton exchanges are undoubtedly the most critical parts of the 4 × 100 m relay race. Timing of the outgoing runner is critical. In this paper we analyze the race as a minimization problem under uncertainty. We formulate a stochastic model in which the outgoing runner at the baton exchange cannot perfectly assess the incoming runner's exact location relatively a checkmark position, and therefore potentially misjudges the right moment to start running. Also, the team members’ daily shape is subject to uncertainty. To understand the effect of these two random variables—incoming runners’ distance to checkmark and the daily shape of the running team—we conduct a simulation study to investigate the trade-off between the team's expected race time and their probability of being disqualified due to overrunning the takeover zone. Conditioning on a low disqualification probability, the difference in expected race time is shown to be substantial between teams with different variation in distance assessment and forecasting running performance, respectively.

NORM, ONTOLOGY, CONCEPTUAL SCHEME: NORMATIVE HEIDEGGERIANISM IN PHILOSOPHICAL AND HISTORICAL CONSIDERATION

This article reconstructs the normative strategy of interpretation of Martin Heidegger’s Being and Time in modern analytical philosophy, and also proposes a theoretical framework for understanding this strategy as a historical phenomenon. The article describes the development of the normative direction in the interpretation of Heidegger’s fundamental ontology. Its first branch—the socio-normative, or the neopragmatist one—is associated with such philosophers as John Haugeland and Robert Brandom. The second one—the ethico-normative, or postneopragmatist one—branch is represented by Steven Crowell and Sacha Golob. It is shown that the first group of normativists focused mainly on implicit social norms and structures of conformity, while the second—focuses primarily on Kantian ethics and Christina Korsgaard’s interpretation of Kant, as well as on the inferentialist philosophy of language of Robert Brandom. The conceptual schemes used by each of the representatives of these approaches are reconstructed. The connections of different approaches within the framework of the normative direction with each other are shown. The concept of a relay race is proposed, which can describe normative Heideggerianism as a historical phenomenon. It is shown that the development of normative Heideggerianism can be characterized as theoretical progress in relation to the accuracy of the interpretation of Heidegger’s texts. The grounds for the comparative “progressiveness” of different normative approaches in the updates of the basic normative conceptual scheme that they involve are clarified. It is also shown that the progress of the normative conceptual scheme in the direction of flexibility and adaptation to Heidegger’s text is fraught with a loss of meaningfulness of the very concept of norm. It is argued that the concept of norm, despite the loss of its empirical content, can be used to translate Heidegger’s concepts for pragmatic reasons.

The physical and psychosocial impact of a school-based running programme for adolescents with disabilities.

Adolescents with disabilities have fewer opportunities to participate in community-based fitness programmes. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of a school-based running programme at a local middle school in Lebanon, Pennsylvania, on fitness and quality of life (QoL) in children with physical and cognitive disabilities in a life-skills classroom. Nineteen adolescents with diagnosed disabilities including intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorder and Down syndrome were recruited from three life-skills classrooms to participate in a school-based running programme. The programme was designed to be implemented two times/week for 6weeks by classroom teachers/aides. Physical therapy faculty and students developed the programme and assisted with implementation. Each session lasted 30min, consisting of a warm-up and cooldown, relay races, games and timed runs. Pre- and post-test measures included physiological cost index (PCI) and Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ (PedsQL™). Pre- and post-test data were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank tests. Each week participants also completed a training log to reflect on the activity for the day. Participants demonstrated significant improvements in PCI (P=0.028) and the PedsQL™ (P=0.008) following the running programme. Results of this study suggest that participation in a 6-week school-based running programme may improve fitness and QoL in adolescents with disabilities.

Ripple spreading algorithm: a new method for solving multi-objective shortest path problems with mixed time windows

In emergency management, the transportation scheduling of emergency supplies and relief personnel can be regarded as the multi-objective shortest path problem with mixed time window (MOSPPMTW), which has high requirements for timeliness and effectiveness, but the current solution algorithms cannot simultaneously take into account the solution accuracy and computational speed, which is very unfavorable for emergency path decision-making. In this paper, we establish MOSPPMTW matching emergency rescue scenarios, which simultaneously enables the supplies and rescuers to arrive at the emergency scene as soon as possible in the shortest time and at the smallest cost. To solve the complete Pareto optimal surface, we present a ripple spreading algorithm (RSA), which determines the complete Pareto frontier by performing a ripple relay race to obtain the set of Pareto optimal path solutions. The proposed RSA algorithm does not require an initial solution and iterative iterations and only needs to be run once to obtain the solution set. Furthermore, we prove the optimality and time complexity of RSA and conduct multiple sets of example simulation experiments. Compared with other algorithms, RSA performs better in terms of computational speed and solution quality. The advantage is especially more obvious in the computation of large-scale problems. It is applicable to various emergency disaster relief scenarios and can meet the requirements of fast response and timeliness.

A high-speed current source for magnetorheological applications

Current source is an indispensable component of magnetorheological (MR) systems. Though MR fluid has a phase change as fast as in 1 ms, the response of MR damper (MRD) to generate the damping force may be two orders of magnitude longer. Therefore, the rapid response of current source is a key to realize the real-time semi-active control of MR devices. This study proposes a programmable high-speed, low-cost current source exclusively for MR devices based on the synergy between supercapacitor and Buck converter (i.e., SSBC current source). SSBC current source features a strategy consisting of a lifting phase of supercapacitor and a following maintaining phase of Buck converter. Specifically, the high power density of supercapacitor contributes to rapidly lifting/raising the initial current, and then, like a “relay race”, the expected output is maintained through a Buck converter. Theoretical modeling and experiments are performed systematically. The response times (@ 95% of expected outputs) measured are 0.44, 0.84 and 1.88 ms for the outputs of 3, 6 and 9 A, respectively; these values are highlighted as the fastest level in this field. Besides, the response can be up to 24.6 and 43.7 times faster than the cases using supercapacitor and Buck converter to directly drive the MRD, respectively. SSBC current source is employed to generate a sequence of currents/magnetic inductions, only four variables of which need to be controlled programmatically: the order of lifting and maintaining phases, switching time of lifting phase, PWM duty cycle of Buck converter and duration of maintaining phase. The response time stability is verified by 100 cycles of on/off tests, showing a fluctuation of only 1.1%, which indicates a very reliable high-speed response. This study provides an exclusive power supply with a novel strategy for MR devices, which is believed to be an important promotion for MR technologies.

The Fight for the 2024 Presidential Election within the PDIP within the Framework of Tempo (Roland Barthes’ Semiotics Study on the Cover of the May 2021 Edition of Tempo Magazine)

Objective: At a time when parties participating in the 2024 election are busy forming coalitions to determine potential candidates for president, Even PDIP is busy manoeuvring politics on her body Alone. The rivalry between Puan Maharani and Ganjar Pranowo enlivened the determination of the presidential candidate in the PDIP body. This reality is raised on the cover of the October 25 to October 31, 2021, edition of Tempo magazine, which is conveyed in a cartoon illustration of a relay race between Joko Widodo, the baton holder, and Puan and Ganjar. The aim of understanding how Tempo's discourse on the nomination constellation within the PDI-P body is through the cover of Tempo Magazine, which is published in editions from October 25 to October 31, 2021. And is there an implicit value about the power that wants to be framed in the ideology Tempo interests? Methods: In understanding this, this research analyzes Roland Barthes' structural semiotics by analyzing the semiosis of markers and signs to know the denotative and connotative meanings of the cover of Tempo magazine and dismantle the myths brought by Tempo through its Semiotics. Result: From the results of the study, it was shown that during the discourse, there was a roar of competition within the PDI-P in proposing prospective candidates. The rumble is deeper in the discourse developed by Tempo because the existence of nepotism and clientelism is a myth in Barthes' semiotic concept.

A Chiral Relay Race: Stereoselective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryl Diketones through Ring-Opening of Optical Dihydrophenan-threne-9,10-diols.

We report herein a point-to-axial chirality transfer reaction of optical dihydrophenanthrene-9,10-diols for the synthesis of axially chiral diketones. Two sets of conditions, namely a basic tBuOK/air atmosphere and an acidic NaClO/n-Bu4NHSO4, were developed to oxidatively cleave the C-C bond, resulting in the formation of axially chiral biaryl diketones. Finally, brief synthetic applications of the obtained chiral aryl diketones were demonstrated.

МУЛЬТИМЕДІА-ПРОЄКТ І ОНЛАЙН ТРЕНУВАННЯ – СТРУКТУРНІ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ КОРЕКЦІЇ ПОРУШЕНЬ ПОСТАВИ У ЮНИХ БОКСЕРІВ

Specialists in the field of physical culture and sports stratify the long-term process of sports training of boxers, from beginners to high-class masters, into several stages. First of all, let's focus on the subject of the proposed study namely the stage of initial training of boxers. According to scientists, the stage of initial training of young athletes involves the use of the most effective means of training influences, such as: gymnastic exercises, mobile games and relay races, etc. The list of effective influences is complemented by general training and special training exercises, training models of competitive exercises, means of mental preparation, means of personality education, etc.

The Southern Vector in the Spatial Development of Post-Soviet Russia: the Main Factors and Manifestations

Modern geopolitical and geo-economic processes are accompanied by a radical transformation of the determinants and trends of the spatial organization of Russian society, initiating a revision of the previously established system of regional balances and priorities, sometimes interpreted and discussed as geographically oriented (in the logic of the rhumb approach) vectors of the country’s development. The article is devoted to the southern vector, its dynamics, as well as multidimensional factors and manifestation characteristic of the post-Soviet period. The geopolitical (including ethnopolitical) and foreign economic (transport, logistics and agro-industrial) prerequisites for the growing importance of the territories of its south (South of Russia) for the Russian Federation are identified. The scale is revealed and the specific territorial effects (and problems) of the trend shift of demographic and partly economic potential in favor of the southern regions of the country (in fact, three dozen of the largest southern Russian cities and agglomerations formed on their basis) are evaluated. The steadily continuing importance of the southern vector in the system of federal regulation is emphasized (with a relay race of focused priorities: the Chechen Republic – Krasnodar Krai – the subjects of the Crimea – the new regions of the Russian Federation).

Efforts to Improve Students’ Relay Race Learning Outcomes Through Play Approach

This study aims to determine the increase in learning outcomes for relay race running through a playing approach in fifth grade students at SD Negeri 053965 Sidorejo for the 2023/2024 Academic Year. This study used the Classroom Action Research (CAR) method. In this case the researcher analyzed the data by reducing the data and presenting the data in tabular form, so that the average score and percentage of learning completeness could be found. The results of the research in the first cycle showed that the learning outcomes of relay running were (60%) students who completed their studies, and (40%) students who did not complete their studies. Student learning outcomes in performing relay running techniques in cycle I as a whole reached (75.76%). In cycle II it shows that the learning outcomes of relay running were (84%) students who complete their studies, and (16%) students who did not complete their studies and overall student learning outcomes in carrying out relay running techniques in cycle II reach (85.08%) ). Thus it can be concluded that through the play approach can improve the learning outcomes of relay running in class V students of SD Negeri 053965 Sidorejo Academic Year 2023/2024.