Relay Module Research Articles

Layout of Suspension-Type Small-Sized Dehumidifiers Affects Humidity Variability and Energy Consumption in Greenhouses

In greenhouse management, maintaining optimal humidity is essential for promoting plant growth, including photosynthesis, and preventing diseases and pests. Addressing spatial variability requires sensor-based monitoring for informed decisions on humidification systems, particularly for small, and suspension-type dehumidifiers. This study aims to assess the impact of various layouts of small-sized suspension-type dehumidifiers on vertical, spatial, and temporal humidity variability, along with energy consumption in a greenhouse. During experiments in a 648 m³ (18 m × 6 m × 6 m) plastic greenhouse, dehumidifiers were placed at four different layouts: one at the center (Layout 1), one on each side (Layout 2), two units at the center facing opposite directions (Layout 3), and two units on one side facing the center (Layout 4). Temperature and humidity (TH) sensors were connected to a microcontroller, facilitating wireless data acquisition, storage, and remote monitoring. The actuator was controlled through a relay module, and current sensors monitored power consumption. Spatial interpolation and mapping were employed using mapping software. These layouts reduced humidity from 89.30% to 51.10%, with Layout 2 displaying the most consistent humidity distribution. Water removal efficiency varied among layouts, with Layout 2 exhibiting the highest (61.15 L) and overall performance of 50%, while Layouts 1, 3, and 4 exhibited lower efficiencies of 40%, 44%, and 49%, respectively. Power consumption ranged from 0.506 to 0.528 kW for the dehumidifier and 0.242 to 0.264 kW for the fan. The findings highlighted that positioning the dehumidifier on both sides, facing towards the center (Layout 2), resulted in the most uniform humidity control within the greenhouse. The optimal layout of small suspension-type dehumidifiers in greenhouses would significantly improve humidity control, promoting plant growth.

Smart IoT System for Gas Monitoring and Environmental Control in Poultry Farms

This paper focuses on a gas-monitoring and environmental control system that utilizes Internet of Things technology for poultry farms. Its main objective is to tackle the issue of toxic gas formation, specifically ammonia and hydrogen sulfide. The system is based on an ESP32 microcontroller and is capable of detecting ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, as well as temperature and humidity levels. Relay modules are utilized to actively manage exhauster fans and submersible pump motors in order to prevent the accumulation of gas and regulate temperature, thereby ensuring the well-being of both the birds and employees at the poultry farm. When there is an unexpected buildup of gas, a GSM module sends immediate warnings to farmers via SMS. The system transmits the collected data to the cloud server. Consequently, the data can be remotely accessed and utilized for the purposes of monitoring, storage, and analysis. Therefore, integrating IoT in this manner for gas monitoring and environmental control at poultry farms serves to address the crucial parameter that needs to be maintained. This system enables the control of conditions in a poultry house as needed. Consequently, farms are able to achieve higher productivity while minimizing energy and time requirements.

Subsonic Wind Tunnels Air Speed Control Devices Base on Arduino Controller

This study discusses the process of making an airspeed control device for wind tunnels using Arduino as the main component of the controller unit. Wind tunnel testing is carried out at varying airspeeds to obtain optimal results. The fan motor is not equipped with an air speed controller as an airflow generator. This research aims to make a tool that can control wind tunnel airspeed according to the testing needs. This research was conducted using the research and development method. The power supply voltage output is set at 11.19 Volts as the Arduino voltage source, and for other components such as LCDs, servo motors, relay modules, and anemometer sensors supplied from the Arduino mainboard plus and arranged in parallel with the power supply source reduced using a stepdown to 5.069 Volts. This subsonic wind tunnel's airflow speed control device can regulate the speed from 10 m/s to 13 m/s stably. This speed meets the requirements of a subsonic wind tunnel and can be used to visualize the airflow in the wind tunnel.

Design and Development of Smart Agricultural Greenhouse

Food insecurity across the globe has necessitated the need to optimize crops productivity through automation and Internet of Things (IoT). This research was carried out to develop a smart greenhouse system where the soil nutrient level, air temperature and soil moisture content can be closely monitored through sensors and the Internet. The sensors – major input components of the structure – sent information to a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller for interpretation, configuration and necessary actions by the output components of the smart structure. The output components of the smart structure are the liquid-crystal display (LCD), water pump, fan, heater and relay modules, while the C++ programming language was used. Remarkably, the intelligence aspect of the smart greenhouse is built on the smart algorithm. Based on the performance evaluation of the various system units, the irrigation, cooling, heating and fertilization units have an accuracy of 85%, 90%, 90% and 85% respectively. Interestingly, the performance rating of the prototype was very encouraging, which makes this smart system a reliable material to combat global food insecurity.

Design and Development of IoT based Smart System for Monitoring Laboratory Environment

This study was conducted to address the critical issue of the poor safety management system in laboratories, through the design of a smart laboratory management facility based on the Internet of Things (IoT). In this design, three major safety parameters-fire, temperature and carbon (ii) oxide (CO) levels were monitored by appropriate sensors, which transmit data to the microcontroller (Arduino) for interpretation. The Arduino microprocessor processed the data received from the sensor(s), makes decisions based on the predefined algorithms. Based on the decisions made by the Arduino, the microprocessor sends instructions to a relay module triggered the necessary actions to be taken by the output hardware devices-fire extinguisher, air conditioning system and exhaust fan unit. The temperature monitoring system was designed at an operational range of 18°C to 25°C, the CO control unit was designed to maintain the CO concentration inside the laboratory at a level not exceeding 4 parts per million (ppm), as approved by the World Health Organization; while fire control unit was designed to detect the presence of smoke of naked fire inside the building. In the event that any of these parameters breach safety thresholds, the smart structure's safety system will trigger the appropriate responses. The designed structure was built in compliance with international safety standards. Results obtained through the testing and evaluation of the system revealed that the smart system had overall performance efficiency of 91% and false output of 9%. The system's failure rate of 9% can be reduced by employing advanced sensors and adjusting the delay rate. The findings of this study revealed that IoT and automation can successfully monitor and protect the working environment inside laboratories.

Monitoring and Control System for Electrical Energy Consumption Based on The Internet of Things

Electrical energy consumption in the household sector is frequently uncontrolled, particularly when electronic devices are used. That is the tendency of users to forget to turn off or unplug the electronic device from the socket. In that case, modifications are made to the socket so that it can be controlled remotely via a smartphone. The hardware design uses the NodeMCU ESP8266 as a microcontroller combined with the PZEM-004T sensor module for electrical magnitude. Relay modules are used to secure the circuit in cases of higher loads. So that in the system, all three sockets can be monitored simultaneously. While the software design uses MIT App Inventor and Thingspeak Platform as servers. The data is saved in CSV format, which can be converted to Google Sheets or Microsoft Excel. Data is stored in the form of the name of the electronic equipment, the time of use, as well as voltage, current, power, cos phi, and electrical energy used. So that users can regulate the use of electrical equipment at home and reduce the waste of electrical energy. The test results showed the average faults for voltage, current, power, cos phi, and energy were 0.06%, 5.32%, 5.67%, 0.7%, and 7%, respectively.

Derivation and characteristic investigation of a two-input, two-output interval type-2 fuzzy controller using product and operations

Interval type-2 (IT2) fuzzy logic, with the footprint of uncertainty (FOU) in membership functions, is very effective in dealing with disturbances and uncertainties of nonlinear systems. With this advantage, a two-input, two-output IT2 fuzzy controller with IT2 input and singleton type-1 fuzzy output sets is proposed for coupling systems. Firstly, the controller's input-output relationship is determined. Derivation results indicate that the controller is equivalent to the sum of a relay module and a local proportional-integral (PI) controller with variable gains. Next, analytical structure properties and gain variations are explored. It is demonstrated that the relay module is independent of the FOU, playing a dominant role in determining the control behavior of the IT2 controller. On the other hand, the control action of the PI controller diminishes when increasing the FOU and the number of fuzzy input sets. These properties contribute to the fast responsiveness of the controller and advantages in handling system uncertainty. Furthermore, the stability condition of this controller is established using the small gain theorem. Finally, both simulation and experiments are carried out to illustrate the applicability of the IT2 controller. The experimental results show that the controller's performance is embodied as the tracking errors of the two-linkage axes equal to ±4 μm, while the repeated positioning accuracy values are within ±3 μm.

Rancang Bangun Pengembangan Sistem Pompa Galon Air Otomatis Dengan Sensor Infrared Untuk Efisiensi Penggunaan Air Minum

This study examines the automation of electric gallon pumps for drinking water. This automation involves replacing the manual button on the gallon pump with a sensor, which turns on the pump and dispenses drinking water when the glass gets closer without pressing the button. This tool can also be used for gallons of drinking water ranging in size from 5 liters, 10 liters, to 15 liters. The system is designed for practical applications, and all its components are tested to understand their respective functions so as to understand the type of module that suits their needs. Test results reveal that the system is functioning as intended. Electric pump modules, infrared proximity sensors, and relay modules are some of its components.

Development of a solar-powered system for soil monitoring with an automated irrigation feature

This study focuses on the development of a solar-powered system with an automated irrigation feature for soil monitoring. The project aims to design and develop a solar-powered system with at least 2 days of autonomy that integrates soil monitoring, irrigation, and solar management functions using a microcontroller-based platform. The system comprises essential components such as a humidity sensor for measuring atmospheric water content and a soil moisture sensor for evaluating soil moisture levels. These sensors are meticulously calibrated to ensure accurate assessment of soil conditions. To maintain uninterrupted timekeeping, a real-time clock is implemented, even during power outages. The system utilizes an Arduino microcontroller as the central hub for implementing a programmed algorithm. During specific time intervals (6:00 am - 6:30 am, 12:00 pm - 12:30 pm, and 6:00 pm - 6:30 pm), the system actively monitors soil moisture and humidity levels. When either of these levels drops below a predefined threshold, the algorithm triggers a relay module to establish a connection between the microcontroller and water pumps. Controlled by the microcontroller, the water pumps deliver water to the plants until the desired moisture level is reached, after which they automatically turn off. By combining solar power, soil monitoring, and automated irrigation, this technology represents a significant advancement in promoting efficient and eco-friendly farming practices. Its primary objectives include optimizing crop yield, conserving water resources, addressing challenges associated with conventional methods, and contributing to a more sustainable future.

Modify The Led Lights By Adding Pir Sensor As A Motion Sensor

Motion sensor lights have become a popular solution to optimize lighting usage in various spaces and environments. This article explores the concept and advantages of motion sensor lights, which are capable of detecting human motion and automatically controlling illumination. Motion sensor lights use PIR sensors to detect human movement, triggering a relay module as a switch to turn the lights on or off. The primary benefit of motion sensor lights is energy efficiency, reducing unnecessary power consumption. The article also explains how to create motion sensor lights using simple tools and easy-to-follow steps. Consequently, readers can grasp the fundamental concept of motion sensor lights and have a practical guide to make them on their own. Through the research conducted, a modification of regular LED lights into LED lights that can function with a PIR sensor has been achieved through several experiments.

Solenoid Valve Control Design Using Arduino On Freshwater Generator Properties

In the modern era of the maritime world, the learning process related to ship machinery is essential and crucial for students to master. So many effective learning methods are used, one of which is the learning method using machining aids on ships. Therefore, making ship machining aids is an exciting thing to work on in this modern era. The type of teaching aid made by the author is a solenoid valve controlled by Arduino on a freshwater generator teaching aid. The method used is research and development, a process or steps to develop a new product or improve an existing product, both hardware and software. The model in this development research is a procedural model, which outlines the manufacturing steps exposed sequentially and gradually from the beginning to the end. The solenoid valve control model by Arduino on the freshwater generator teaching aid utilizes two electronic modules: the Arduino Uno type module and the one-channel timer delay relay module. The two modules are programmed directly with the buttons on the module. The working system in this prop is that the heater is filled with water and then heated, and then the water vapor is flowed through the transfer pipe and condensed using a condensor and holding tank. This system can run because of the automation control system in the electronic module.

Design and Fabrication of Greenhouse Monitoring and Control System Based on Global System for Mobile Communication and Bluetooth

Greenhouse technology should be embraced as a way of minimizing food insecurity in Kenya. Greenhouses have attempted to solve this problem by enclosing crops in a climatically controlled environment. In the past, greenhouses utilized electromechanical devices such as thermostats to monitor and control the greenhouse environment. Mechanical systems lack the flexibility and precision required for greenhouse control. Some modern greenhouses use computers -based controllers, which are station- based, bulky and costly. In this study a wireless prototype greenhouse monitoring and control system that is flexible, cheap, easy to maintain and easy to assemble was developed and implemented. The hardware consisted of ATmega328 microcontroller, Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) SIM800L module, HC05 Bluetooth module, HD44780U Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) module, 5 volts 4 channel relay module, Light dependent resistor (LDR) sensor and digital humidity and temperature (DHT11) sensor. The DHT11 and LDR sensors, the relay, the LCD, the GSM and the Bluetooth modules were interfaced to the ATmega328 microcontroller, through Arduino software, a program was written in C language, developed and uploaded to the ATmega328 microcontroller to run the greenhouse prototype. The designed prototype system is able to measure temperature, humidity, and light illuminance levels in the prototype greenhouse and display the values on the LCD. The system also transmits the measured values to owner’s phone via Bluetooth or GSM and keeps these parameters at optimum levels by use of two fans, a heater, a bulb and a sprinkler. From results, when the actuators were on, the average internal temperature was 24.5 ºC while the average external temperature was 31.43 ºC. The average temperature control effect and cooling efficiency per hour for the designed prototype were 6.9 ºC and 75.9%, respectively. At stable cooling state, the maximum cooling efficiency was 78%. This project therefore provides a cost effective and efficient means of monitoring and controlling greenhouse parameters. In addition, the system allows mobility during monitoring and control process. The agricultural sector in Kenya, can apply the designed prototype in the design and implementation of greenhouses.

Design of Home Environment Monitoring System Based on a Cloud Platform for the Elderly Living Alone

The phenomenon of elderly people living alone was becoming increasingly common in the new era, so the demand for monitoring the living environment of elderly people living alone was becoming increasingly strong. The design of home environment monitoring for elderly people living alone was designed based on a cloud platform. The system mainly consists of an STM32 main control module, a temperature and humidity detection module, an Internet of Things module, a security module, a relay control module, and a user App terminal. Then the fuzzy PID algorithm was designed to remotely control indoor temperature and humidity. After practical operation verification, the system can perform local and remote monitoring of the living environment of elderly people living alone and has the characteristics of reliability and stability.

Automatic Time-Based Bell for Schools and Colleges

Abstract: This paper attempts to implement Time based automatic bell system for schools and colleges with voice notes. The Time-Based Auto Ring System is an advanced solution designed to improve the sound systems of institutions such as schools and colleges. The system includes various components such as APR33A3 module, LCD display (1088AS), relay module (JQC3F), DS3231 RTC module. it continuously runs once time is fixed and 8-ohm speaker. Together, these components allow the sound to be synchronized at a specific time. The APR33A3 module is used as the main audio source in the system. It includes a set of pre-written voice notes that can be customized for the specific needs of the school. The high-performance feature of the module provides good sound quality through an 8-ohm connection. The LED display (1088AS) shows current time and related messages. This improves the user experience of the system and allows administrators to effectively manage the playback process.

Automatic Lights using PIR Sensor

Automatic Room Light Controller Using Arduino and PIR Sensor can be used to turn ON and OFF the illumination system of home / office routinely by sensing the existence of human [1].” Such Automatic Room Lights structures may be applied on your Classrooms, college cabins, garages, staircases, bathrooms, etc. wherein we do now no longer want steady mild however best whilst people are existing”[1]. Also, with the help of this system, we will shop the electricity invoice as energy can be fed on best whilst human is gift i.e. whilst required lighting fixtures can be spontaneously became ON or OFF. The paper contains system of Automatic room light using Arduino, PIR sensor and relay module. PIR sensor will detect the movement based totally on reaction of PIR sensor will perform accordingly. Proposed approach can assist us to lessen the intake of electricity

Low-cost Wireless Lamp Socket and Power Plug for Smart Homes and Its Comparison with Available Commercial Competitors

Smart home manufacturers widely produce Wireless Lamp Socket and Power Plug devices, which offer various features ranging from basic on/off control to more complex functionalities such as monitoring energy consumption, power losses, and harmonics. However, these devices tend to be expensive, as indicated by market surveys. To address this issue, the current study aimed to develop low-cost wireless control nodes for smart homes that operate using relays. The two nodes consisted of lamp socket and power plug built with lowcost electronic components, including a Wi-Fi built-in Microcontroller ESP8266 (Wemos D1 mini model) as the backbone to create ESP-Mesh wireless network and to provide control ports for high/low logic, a relay module, an AC-to-DC converter module, and terminals (E27 screw for lamp socket node and C-type plug for the power plug node). This paper primarily focuses on the hardware aspects. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the nodes, the following tests are conducted: (1) product demonstration to assess the product functions, (2) power measurement in idle and active conditions, (3) ESP-Mesh connection testing, and (4) RSSI measurement. Functional testing is done using a smartphone with the UPISmartHome version 2.0 Android application, which successfully controlled the nodes wirelessly. In idle conditions, power plug and lamp socket nodes consume 426.36 mWatt and 418.275 mWatt of power, respectively. Further, in active conditions, power plug and lamp socket nodes consume 435.704 mWatt and 440.583 mWatt of power, respectively. RSSI testing results show that both nodes can be controlled within an optimal range of 60 meters (with reference to RSSI below –85 dBm) without the Internet, utilizing the ESP-Mesh feature of ESP8266. This range is deemed reasonable for smart homes of 21, 36, or 45 square meters. Both nodes could be controlled under the ESP-Mesh network that gets build. We also present the comparison with other products of competitors in this paper.

Design and Development of an Automatic Angklung Robot Based on Microcontroller

The angklung is a traditional musical instrument from West Java, Indonesia. It can be played both individually and in groups. Playing the angklung requires precision in terms of tempo, rhythm, pitch, and beats to ensure that the music aligns with the intended song and is enjoyable to listen to. Therefore, not everyone can play the angklung, as it demands skill to achieve the right tempo, pitch, rhythm, and beats. To address this issue, a solution was developed, which involved creating a system and device capable of playing the angklung automatically. In this research, a system was designed to move the angklung automatically, simulating a robot, and it is referred to as the "angklung robot." This angklung robot consists of a set of 16 notes, and the electrical components used include an Arduino Mega 2560 as the microcontroller, a 16-channel relay module, motor drivers, a micro SD module. To play a song, the device uses a score file that has been converted and stored on a micro SD card, adjusting the tempo to match the desired Beats Per Minute (BPM).Through several experiments, the angklung robot successfully played 10 pre-composed songs with a 100% accuracy rate. According to the opinions of 10 music enthusiasts who were surveyed, the level of accuracy in which the angklung robot played the songs was 90%.This innovation brings automation to the traditional art of playing the angklung, making it accessible to a wider audience and ensuring consistent and precise musical performances.

Relay Driver Based on Arduino UNO to Bridge the Gap of The Digital Output Voltage of The Node MCU ESP32

The IoT could control the devices that need a high current voltage to operate. The voltage control here means that the IoT could give the command to turn on and turn off the electric current by using a relay module. One of the devices that are most frequently used in many research projects is Node MCU ESP8266 and Node MCU ESP32. Those microcontrollers work with the maximum supply is 3.3-volt direct current (DC). On the other hand, the relay module commonly needs a voltage supply of 5-volt DC and the relay needs to be controlled by a single transistor to make a trig on. The relay will be active when the transistor’s basis pin is grounded into the ground, so the relay will get the current flow. However, the relay module which is controlled using Node MCU could not work properly, caused Node MCU only provides the digital out is 3-volt maximum from its digital Input Output pins (I/O). Meanwhile, the driver relay based on a single transistor needs a bias input amount of 5 volts to make the relay module active well. If the bias voltage doesn't reach 5 volts or just 3.3 volts will make the relay can't switch on properly which can result in bad contact. To overcome that problem this research proposed the driver relay based on Arduino UNO. The novel of this research is adding the Arduino UNO module between Node MCU and the relay module which has task to bridge the voltage difference between the output digital output ESP that only maximum 3.3 volt converted by Arduino to be digital output which can reach the voltage of 5 volt. The Arduino JSON library was also involved to wrap the commands that produced by Node MCU then deserialized on Arduino to parse and convert to be digital output to control the relay module.

Experimental assessment of precision temperature control electronic architecture for solar-powered TEC refrigerator

This study presents experimental research concerning an active thermoelectric cooling control architecture applied to portable, solar-powered medical refrigerators. A specialized Electronic Control Unit (ECU) has been devised for regulating thermoelectric cooling, enabling users to define operational thresholds for the thermoelectric coolers through the system's architecture. The TEC1-12706 thermoelectric cooling system was employed. The system is engineered to swiftly cool the medical refrigerator's storage cabinet by up to 6 °C within 30 minutes and maintain a critical temperature range of 2 °C to 8 °C, vital for safeguarding thermolabile vaccines and medications. The control unit design encompasses a closed-loop control approach utilizing an Arduino Nano, a Linear voltage regulator, and a solar-powered battery charging setup. The Arduino issues signals based on preset points through sensors, thereby regulating the refrigeration system's desired temperature, while a relay module serves as an ON-OFF controller for temperature management. Preliminary results affirm that, in conjunction with a heat sink and DC fan, the thermoelectric cooler successfully achieves the intended temperature range, demonstrating promising cooling capabilities.

Smart Community using IoT Systems

This study presents the design of smart community environment using a feasible IoT solution. The smart community environment can be split into two phases. The first phase would be monitoring and the next phase would be controlling. In the monitoring phase, the basic environmental parameters like ambience, carbon monoxide level, gas leak level and pressure level are measured and analyzed using NODEMCU8266-12E module. In the controlling phase, a small variety of home appliances are controlled with the help of relay module. To manage the flow of data in ease, XAMPP server is used to maintain the database of each and every sensor node values. The PHP My Admin tool is used here to customize the database structure and to keep track of sensor values. All the authorized users would be able to view the status of surroundings in a particular area. The controlling and monitoring can be operated using an Android App that connects to the XAMPP database. In this study, the controlling of home appliances is also done via speech recognition. Here, Ionic framework is used to develop mobile application software which is hybrid in nature.