Related Violence Research Articles

Children's Legal Geographies, and the “Make-Believe” of Property

What is a wall to a child? It may be an obstacle course, a balance beam, a “car,” a seat, a home for spiders and ladybugs, a place to play hide and seek, a support to lean on when learning to walk, a perch for cats, a musical instrument to be played with sticks and hands. Rather than just a barrier, the wall can also become an incitement to explore that which lies beyond it. So how does a wall become just a territorial marker—a designation of private property, an imposing boundary line that cuts through space, dividing mine and yours? And what can children's engagement with the boundary, and the legalized attempts to prevent and punish their boundary-crossing, tell us about the social work of private property? In addressing these questions, we aim to take seriously the iterative “why?” of small children when confronted with territorial rules and related violence.

In the ruins of empire: historicizing sexual violence in Congo

ABSTRACT Sexual violence in the conflict in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo is predominantly understood and represented as a “native” phenomenon – a direct consequence of the economic civil war – unrelated to colonial violence. This article offers a historicized perspective on Congo’s enduring conflict in which sexual violence continues to ruin lives. I argue that sexual violence does not follow but structures colonialism as part of a continuum of violence. Drawing on extensive archival research, I analyze patterns of everyday gender-based violence in the Congo Free State (1885–1908) and identify the fusion of terror and pleasure as key aspects of a capitalist and patriarchal gender order. Staging an encounter between historical and contemporary dynamics of sexual violence in Congo, this article addresses and reconceptualizes contemporary sexual violence in relation to past colonial violence.

Militant Splinter Groups and the Use of Violence

Existing research portrays militant splinter groups as more violent than their parent organizations due to factors like more extreme preferences or capacity-building needs. Though widely held, the assumption that splinters are particularly violent has not been systematically tested. In this paper, we develop and test an alternative explanation for splinter behavior. We argue splinter groups often appear less violent than their parents due to an underlying selection effect. Splinters break away where there are large organizational barriers to internally address a faction’s grievances. These barriers tend to exist in well-organized parents that are also capable of high levels of violence. Splinter groups lack this established organizational infrastructure, resulting in lower levels of relative violence. We test this logic with an original dataset on parent and splinter groups and a pair of comparative case studies. We find that splinters are less violent than parent organizations, challenging conventional wisdom.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ELECTORAL VIOLENCE IN THE 2015 AND 2019 GENERAL ELECTIONS IN NIGERIA AND THE ROLE OF SECURITY AGENCIES: PROSPECTS FOR FUTURE ELECTIONS

Democratic political system is one which makes the government responsive and accountable to the people. Election on the other hand is the fulcrum of democracy hence; election related violence cannot be discussed without the role of security agencies and various non-state actors in the elections. This is a prerequisite for maintenance of law and order that brings about stability and enhances national security. Nigerian democracy since inception has been a subject of controversy with periodic elections consistently marred with issues of violent crises and insecurity. The 2015 and 2019 general elections in Nigeria were no different, the two elections recorded the height of ethno-religious tension in the history of Nigerian election as well as ethno-religious violence that threatened the indivisibility of the entire country. While the 2015 was relatively peaceful despite the violence tension it created in the pre-election campaigning, the 2019 elections were marred with violence. More so, the elections were held in the most insecure atmosphere with the Boko Haram conflict and the herders/farmers conflict going in the northeast and north central zones simultaneously. In addition, security during elections was a source of concern. The Police and other security agencies were often accused of partiality during electoral processes. The paper carries out a comparative analysis of electoral violence during 2015 and 2019 general elections. Drawing data from both primary and secondary sources such as in-depth interviews, key informant interviews (KII), questionnaires and extant literatures

Особенности насилия в сиблинговых отношениях: сравнительный анализ отечественных и зарубежных публикаций

<p><span lang="EN-US">The article presents the results of a qualitative analysis of scientific publications on the problem of violence in sibling relations on domestic and foreign information platforms. It is shown that the problem of violence in sibling relationships has been studied for about 100 years and has a rich history and a wide study space. Unfortunately, among the scientific publications on the problem under consideration, there is an insufficient number of domestic studies. The data obtained made it possible to identify areas of study of the problem and conduct a qualitative comparative analysis of the text material, including the names of articles, their annotations and the text of open access articles. The study identifies the following main areas of consideration of violence among siblings: characteristics of violence (personal characteristics of siblings and their relationships); forms of violence (physical, sexual, psychological, etc.); the health effects of violence on siblings (ranging from bruises, bites to death); methods of psychological assistance and diagnosis of violence (methods of assistance, diagnostic tools and their sensitivity to the study of the problem); factors of violence among siblings (biological, psychological, social, etc.); intergenerational transmission of domestic violence (mechanisms of transmission and features of manifestation), the influence of violence among siblings on relations with others (social space of siblings). As special topics for the study of violence among siblings, the following are highlighted: crimes between siblings; sibling violence during the pandemic; the innocuous perception of violence among siblings; violence among siblings in movies; religious aspects of Sibling violence. Comparative analysis made it possible to establish the dominant problems and their interrelation, as well as the place of violence in sibling relationships in the development of their personality, family space, in personal life, as well as in relations with the social environment.</span></p>

Peacekeeping Deployments, Intragroup Cohesion, and the Use of Sexual Violence by Armed Non-State Groups

ABSTRACT How do United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions influence the use of conflict related sexual violence (CRSV) by armed non-state actors? This study argues efficacy is influenced by conditions that precede deployment and the composition of UN forces. Poor intragroup cohesion within rebel ranks incentivizes CRSV, putting peacekeepers in a precarious position upon deployment. UN police improve law enforcement capabilities, build relationships with local communities, and promote information diffusion mechanisms. As a result, UN police are associated with a decrease in CRSV, even in the most difficult environments.

How bad is bad? Perceptual differences in the communication of severity in intimate partner violence

Accurate communication of the severity of violence in intimate relations is essential for the appropriate evaluation of offenders and victims in contexts such as court trials, custody cases, and the continuation of relationships. Using a new paradigm, this study quantifies discrepancies in how the severity of violence is communicated in texts written by offenders, victims, and bystanders who witness violence. The study was conducted in two phases, where participants were randomly sampled from the same population to participate in either Phase 1 or Phase 2. In the first Phase, witnesses (narrators) provided nine narratives about self-experienced intimate partner violence and rated the violence’s severity; then in the second Phase non-witnesses (recipients) read all the narratives and rated the severity of the violence. Four types of perceptual differences (calibration, accuracy, gender, and role perceptual differences) were identified when rating the severity of three types of violence (psychological, physical, and sexual) as communicated by three types of witnesses (victims, offenders, and bystanders) of violence in heterosexual, romantic relationships. Several novel findings were made related to a strong perceptual difference in calibration, i.e., a tendency for the recipient to rate the violence more severely than the narrator, where this effect was mainly found for victims and bystanders, but not for offenders. Also, the calibration effect was largely seen in the sexual and physical, but not psychological, narratives. The recipients’ accuracy was considerably lower for psychological rather than sexual violence. Finally, the validity of the method was confirmed by replicating earlier findings on perceptual differences in roles where witnesses rated violence more severely than victims or offenders and women were rated more severely than men, which was especially true for male raters. These results suggest systematic perceptual differences in severity ratings and may have substantial implications for victims and offenders in real-life settings. These findings may potentially be used to ameliorate the negative effects of perceptual differences.

Sexual Violence. Inadequate Reporting of a Silent Scourge in Secondary Schools in Cameroon

The paper examined how boys and girls are affected by sexual violence in relation to their learning and foxed out of the study, how the learning of students is affected in schools by violence in Cameroon. Sexual violence is more often than not, linked to the female gender with the males always almost forgotten. The essence of the study is to investigate the effects of sexual violence on the learning abilities of students of both sexes in schools in the framework of global learning and in Cameroon. The study was conceived as an experimental group design with a cause-effect approach. The study used the quantitative approach with structured questionnaires that have been tested and validated through multinational and regional organizations and institutions. 924 students were randomly selected from eight secondary schools in one region of Cameroon. and used as the primary sample. Structured questionnaires were used to elicit data. The collected data was analysed using JAMOVI. The analysis was dependent on descriptive statistics. The study’s findings show high levels of sexual violence against both genders, with the males, more affected, by high levels of different forms of violence and poor school quality. This situation reduces schools to arenas of illicit sexual activities thereby compromising the learning and social justice for the students. In perspective, therefore, a lot of research needs to be undertaken to unravel such a teeming quagmire.

Development and psychometric evaluation of a Risky Sexual Behaviour Scale for Married Women (RSBS-MW) in Iran: a mixed-method study

A valid and reliable culture-based scale for the evaluation of risky sexual behaviours for married Iranian women is lacking. This study aimed to develop, and psychometrically test, a risky sexual behaviour scale for married Iranian women. A mixed-method sequential exploratory design was conducted from 2016 to 2020 in Tehran, Iran. First, a qualitative study was employed to define the concept of risky sexual behaviour using 16 semi-structured individual interviews and 10 focus group discussions (n = 100). Then, an item pool was generated, and the scale was developed. Finally, in the quantitative study, the psychometric properties of the scale were evaluated by validity and reliability tests. A maximum likelihood extraction with promax rotation was performed on 400 sexually active married women to assess the construct validity. The six components: (i) ‘quality of sexual relations’; (ii) ‘unusual pleasures in sexual relations’; (iii) ‘sexual coercion’; (iv) ‘verbal violence in sexual relations’; (v) ‘self-care in sexual relations’; and (vi) ‘concealment in sexual relations’ could explain 57.49% of the total observed variance. The findings showed that the 27-item Risky Sexual Behaviour Scale (RSBS-MW) for married women in Iran has excellent internal consistency (α = 0.94) and stability (ICC = 0.98). Health care providers can use it to access risky sexual behaviours in married Iranian women.

Противостояние музыки и политики

This essay presents the situation concerning the music philosophy in the XX century: the factor of politics gradually was established in the paradigm of artistic culture. It is shown that the politics became a permanent violence in relation to art as in relation to life. This permanent violence is a will for power or a clear will for dominating life and art which can move apart and then inextricably intertwine. Thus, the politics appears in her unconventional artistic and aesthetic discourse: being aesthetic in life and artistic in art. In this paper the phenomenon of the origin of the indivisibility and immeasurable formula is characterized. Since then, life and politics cannot do without art which is their mirror as well as art tries to distance itself from society and politics but cannot break free of the shackles of the socio-political context and the relevant pragmatic discourse. This discourse leaves an indelible imprint on everything connected with art and aesthetics.

Attention to the needs of women and girls in WASH: An analysis of WASH policies in selected sub-Saharan African countries

ABSTRACT There has been a push for understanding gendered violence in WASH in recent times. Attention is therefore shifting to how these issues are conceptualised, considering their embeddedness in context. One step primarily is to understand how existing policies in WASH acknowledge the needs of women and girls in WASH. In doing this, we conducted a summative content analysis of selected policy documents on WASH: five at the international level and five each from Ghana, Uganda and Kenya. Findings suggest that existing policies inadequately acknowledge WASH related gender-based violence and pay little attention to the complex ways gender and WASH relations are intimately connected. Generally, a holistic policy approach for addressing gender-based violence in WASH is needed. The paper recommends a system policy approach to address the unique needs of women and girls in WASH in sub-Saharan Africa.

Regulatory support for counteracting psychological violence in labor relations

In the article the problems of improving the legal regulation, allowing for effective prevention and counteraction to psychological violence in the world of work, are considered. There are differences between violence and discrimination and harassment. The labor and legal sectoral affiliation of a number of norms designed to regulate the prevention and counteraction to psychological violence in the labor sphere is substantiated. Based on the analysis of the content of a wide range of judicial acts and social partnership documents, four areas of normative support for counteracting psychological violence in labor relations are proposed: fixing in the Labor Code of the Russian Federation the norms that determine the legal content and prohibit psychological violence; changing the burden of proof in such litigation and shifting it from the employee to the employer; implementation of social partnership opportunities by fixing the relevant obligations of the parties and norms in social partnership acts - collective agreements, agreements, including framework agreements, as well as local regulations adopted by the employer in agreement with trade unions; development of legislation on the protection of whistleblowers.

The dance of the positives and negatives of life: Student wellbeing in the context of #FeesMustFall-related violence

The dance of the positives and negatives of life: Student wellbeing in the context of #FeesMustFall-related violence

Bezpańska biopolityka – Maszyna zoologiczna, zdziczałe ekologie i polityczne potencjały zwierzęcego uwspólniania

The Stray Biopolitics - The Zoological Machine, Feral Ecologies and the Political Potentials of Animal Commoning The article seeks to develop an alternative model of biopolitics based on the experience of stray dogs in the context of the transformation of the modern urban fabric. Its main goal is to show, on the one hand, that the purificatory actions of biopower in the context of street-dwelling dogs were an inalienable condition of modern urbanization in the West Atlantic variant, which made one of its pillars the multi-scalar process of spatial segregation of nonhuman animals. On the other, to offer such a look at strayness that, by violating the modern zoological machine and disarming the urban fear of animal collectivity, would open urban politics and urbanization to new possibilities emerging from the experience of the multispecies crowd. Another important task of the article will be to rethink the ontological status of stray dogs, which elude most, essentially biopolitical classifications of urban animals, revealing the political potential of the category of ferality. The article consists of five parts. In the first, I refer to existing accounts of animal biopolitics, noting their merits and the main limitation, namely, the lack of in-depth reflection on such a politics of life that would take into account the autonomy and agency of animal subjects. In the second, I develop the notion of the zoological machine (with reference to Agamben’s philosophy), having in mind the semiotic-material apparatuses responsible for the production and maintenance of species differences, as well as the concealment of related violence. The third part serves to show its workings through the example of stray dogs in Victorian cities. My focus here – following Chris Pearson – is to show the interdependent processes of canine killing and the emergence of dogopolis (i.e., new, typically Western dog-human relationships), which turn out to be a key component of modern urbanization. In part four, I analyze the potentials of “ferality”, seeing it as a field of opportunity for alternative interspecies practices that hold the promise of disarming the Western zoological machine. The fifth part and the conclusion serve to present two key cases (Moscow and Chernobyl), against the background of which I develop the aforementioned biopolitical alternative. In doing so, I use such concepts as commoning, inhabitation, and the figure of the neighbor.

Accountability for atrocity crimes in Ukraine: Gendering transitional justice

Nine months into the 2022 war in Ukraine, United Nations' investigators have already presented evidence that Russia committed war crimes and violations of international humanitarian law. Tens of thousands of atrocities are under investigation as possible war crimes, crimes against humanity, and acts of genocide, including evidence of torture, summary executions, detentions, forced deportations, and sexual violence. Many more will surely be documented before the conflict is over. Women trapped in conflict zones, women IDBs, and women refugees with children are especially vulnerable to gender-based violence, including conflict related sexual violence (CRSV) and trafficking. Together with international institutions, national governments, and local and global NGOs, Ukraine is actively documenting a range of atrocities, including gender specific violence and CRSV. This article discusses known rights violations thus far, and employs a gendered lens to explore possible transitional justice measures to provide accountability, redress and support for crimes that disproportionately affect women and girls.

ON THE EFFECTS OF BLACK PEDAGOGY AND THE HOPE OF ITS CORDIAL ANTITHESIS DEVELOPMENT

The subject of the analysis is the need to strengthen studies and research in the field of black pedagogy, negative pedagogy, anti-pedagogy, clinical psychology, and critical philosophy in the humanities and social sciences, which reveal the mechanisms of violence in domestic socialization as resulting in delayed reproduction of violence in interpersonal relations and politics. The author points to the development of trends in humanistic and personalistic pedagogy, such as the pedagogy of the heart, whose authors in Poland and Ukraine confirm with their scientific works the possibility of changing the paradigm of educating young generations for the development of the civilization of love and peace. The war in Ukraine caused by the Russian Federation makes us aware of the crisis of humanism and democracy. So it is necessary to defend both Ukraine and the culture of upbringing, which is represented in this country in the works of such scientists as Vasyl Suchomliński – the author of the pedagogy of the heart, and Vasyl Kremień – the philosopher of peace education.

Adolescent Sexting, Violence, and Sexual Behaviors: An Analysis of 2014 and 2016 Pennsylvania Youth Risk Behavior Survey Data.

Sexting is common among adolescents and is associated with numerous health risk behaviors and negative psychosocial constructs. This study examined the relationships between high school students' experiences with sexual violence victimization, dating violence victimization, and engagement in risky sexual behaviors with experiences of receiving sexts. Cross-sectional data from the 2014 to 2016 data from Pennsylvania Youth Risk Behavior. Participants were selected using an independent 2-stage cluster sample design to produce a statewide population-based sample. The pencil and paper surveys were conducted in school. Participants included 6734 Pennsylvania high school students in grades 9-12. Overall, 29.0% of Pennsylvania high school students had received a sext, which varied by sex, race/ethnicity, school grade, and sexual identity. Students who engaged in sexual risk behaviors, experienced dating violence, or experienced lifetime sexual violence outside of the dating context had a significantly higher prevalence of receiving a sext than students who did not engage in those behaviors or have those experiences. Early screening and prevention efforts that include discussions about sexting behaviors may help prevent other negative outcomes, such as risky sexual behaviors and interpersonal violence. Addressing sexting in the education and health sectors may help to prevent other related harmful health and violence experiences during adolescence.

Teachers’ Explanations of Adolescent to Parent Violence in Relation to Sexism and Belief in the Just World

Introduction: Adolescent-to-Parent Violence (APV) is a social problem with serious family and social repercussions. Research on the subject has so far focused mainly on parents and children, ignoring the socializing role played by teachers in the development of children and adolescents. The aim of the study is to analyze the explanations given by teachers at different levels of education about VFP and its relationship with sexist attitudes and belief in a just world. Method: A total of 127 kindergarden, primary and secondary school teachers, aged between 20 and 61 years, participated in this study. 77.8% were women. They answered a questionnaire that included the Spanish versions of the Marlowe and Crowne Scale (1960), the Glick and Fiske Ambivalent Sexism Scale (1996), and the Lipkus Belief in the Just World Scale (1991), as well as the Causal Explanations Scale of Cortina and Martín (2021). Results: The results indicate that, regardless of age, level of education and gender, the participants considered the emotional reaction of the son or daughter as the main cause of the VFP, followed by inadequate parenting, defensive behavior of the son or daughter, an inadequate environment, being an adolescent and, finally, due to traits of evil or madness of the perpetrator of the violence. As expected, there were differences in the explanations chosen by the teachers who scored higher in the two forms of sexism and in the belief in a just world, with those chosen by the teachers who scored lower. Discussion: Results are discussed in the context of the culture of parental blaming and the role of the teacher as a link between families and family intervention professionals in APV cases.

"Life under the german": sexual violence in the occupied regions of the Ukrainian SSR (1941-1943)

The article deals with sexual violence and the policy of German and Romanian aggressors against Soviet women in 1941-1943 (on the example of the southern and eastern regions of the Ukrainian SSR). On the basis of archival eyewitness testimonies, the moral, medical and social aspects of sexual violence and other forms of sexual relations and their perception in society are considered.

Global Surpluses of Extraction and Slow Climate Violence: A Sociological Framework

This review article examines the concept of slow violence in relation to the current climate collapse. It outlines the extractive relationship between states in the Global North and Global South, and explores how this relationship creates and sustains disproportionate climate violence for the Global South. It critiques proposed adaptation and mitigation solutions for the Global South that emphasize market‐led proposals and a return on investments that mostly benefit the Global North. It argues that these proposals fail to critically engage with the root causes of vulnerability to climate change and Greenhouse Gas emissions that cause climate change. The review uses World Systems Theory to analyze the power differentials between South and North, and concepts such as the “Color Line,” “Necropolitics,” and “Slow Violence” to underline the post‐colonial character of this relationship. These provide historical context to the current hegemonic role of the Global North in carbon emission negotiations and responses. In doing so, the article highlights the need to think about climate change, and solutions to climate change, as a driver of slow violence and surplus climate violence by the Global North against the Global South.