Relative Importance Of Factors Research Articles

사회적기업의 ESG 평가요인 연구

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the relative importance of ESG evaluation factors of social enterprises byapplying ESG evaluation factors to social enterprises in securing local social values. In previous studies, ESG-relatedevaluations of various industries are being conducted, and ESG evaluation is becoming important for mid-sized andsmall-sized companies in the future, so it is a task to be performed. This study is a study on the relative determinantsof evaluation factors to determine ESG evaluation factors of social enterprises. Research design, data, and methodology: Lack of unified guidelines, there are confusions in evaluation of ESG institutionsresults may are in evaluation of the same corporate due to differences in evaluation factors and methods. This has anegative effect on a company’s ESG evaluation. Fortunately, the government set up K-ESG guidelines in December2021. In this study, most of the social enterprises were in the form of SMEs, Thus the evaluation factors of K-ESGsmall and medium-sized enterprises were applied, and the Social Value Index (SVI) of the Social Enterprise PromotionAgency was used. The survey area and subjects were surveyed through a survey of related entrepreneurs and expertsof social enterprises in Gangwon-do, and the AHP analysis method was used to find out the relative importance offactors. Results: The conclusion of this study is as follows. First, specific systematization was realized by approaching the ESGevaluation criteria of social enterprises at the hierarchical level of the Triple Bottom Line (TBL). Second, the ESGevaluation criteria of social enterprises with social value as their management goals were quantified through AHPanalysis, and importance ranking were determined. Third, ESG evaluation criteria were established and presentedthrough analysis by experts in the field of social enterprises. Implications: ESG demands due to the importance of continuous management will also affect social enterprises, and astrategic system is needed to establish and promote social value-based evaluation standards pursued by socialenterprises through the establishment of ESG evaluation standards.

Exploring the prospective role of relationships and psychological distress in postpartum risk of intergenerational continuity of child maltreatment

Objectives: This prospective longitudinal study aimed to explore the role of family relationships (romantic satisfaction and mother-infant bonding) and psychological distress in the associations between four child maltreatment (CM) subtypes (sexual, physical, and emotional abuse, neglect) and early child abuse potential in young mothers.Methods: A sample of 85 pregnant mothers (18-29 years old) was recruited to complete an online survey at Time 1 (T1); 57 mothers participated at T2 (3 months postpartum). The survey documented experiences of CM, prenatal romantic satisfaction, postnatal psychological distress, mother-infant bonding, and child abuse potential using validated questionnaires.Results: Four sequential mediation models were tested, one for each CM subtype. Results show that a maternal history of CM (all subtypes) was indirectly associated with heightened child abuse potential three months postpartum. All CM subtypes were negatively related to prenatal romantic satisfaction, which was in turn negatively associated with postnatal psychological distress. Postnatal psychological distress was related to lower mother-infant bonding which, in turn, was related to increased child abuse potential. The complete sequential model was significant for physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, while a partial sequence was identified with neglect.Implications: Our results are consistent with theoretical models and empirical findings demonstrating the importance of relational factors and mental health in the intergenerational continuity of CM. While our findings await replication, they emphasize the need to intervene early - during the perinatal period - on mental health and family relationships to interrupt intergenerational cycles of CM in at-risk families.

Do U.S. Screening Guidelines Contribute to Higher Stage and Worse Survival in our Youngest and Oldest Cervical Cancer Patients? (019)

<b>Objectives:</b> To investigate age-related differences in stage at diagnosis and survival in cervical cancer patients to identify possible gaps in current screening guidelines. <b>Methods:</b> Cervical cancer patients diagnosed between 2004-2014 in the population-based SEER-18 program or the hospital-based National Cancer Database (NCDB) were eligible. Analyses in both cohorts were stratified in adolescent/young adults (AYAs: 18-39 years old), middle-aged adults (MAs: 40-64 years old), or the elderly (≥65 years old). The proportion of late (II-IV) versus early (I) stage at diagnosis was compared using the Chi-square test. Survival was compared with log-rank test and Cox modeling. The probability of cancer-related deaths (CRD) and non-cancer deaths (NCD) was estimated in SEER by cumulative incidence function. Early-stage diagnosis, 5-year survival, and adjusted hazard ratio for all-cause death in NCDB cases were estimated for each 5-year increment in age. A dominance analysis from logistic modeling was used to rank the relative importance of demographic and socioeconomic factors on the late stage of diagnosis in NCDB. <b>Results:</b> There were 29,635 cases from SEER (29% AYAs, 55% MAs, and 16% elderly). Late-stage diagnosis increased with age from 33% in AYAs to 54% in MAs and 71% in the elderly (p<i><0.0001)</i>. Five-year survival rates were incrementally worsening with age and were 80%, 65%, and 41% for AYAs, MAs, and the elderly, respectively (p<i><0.0001)</i>. Figures 1A-1C show 5-year CRD (NCD) rates of 19% (1%) in AYAs, 31% (3%) in MAs, and 47% (12%) in the elderly, respectively (p<i><0.0001</i>). These relationships were then further investigated in the 87,834 cases in the NCDB cohort (27% AYAs, 57% MAs and 17% elderly). Late-stage diagnosis again increased with age from 30% in AYAs to 52% in MAs and 68% in the elderly (p<i><0.</i>0001). Figure 1D displays the incremental inferior survival in MAs and the elderly relative to AYAs (p<i><0.</i>0001). Five-year survival for AYAs, MAs, and elderly patients in the NCDB cohort was estimated to be 80%, 67% and 43%, respectively (log-rank p<0.0001). Figures 1E-1F show that the age-dependent reductions in stage I diagnosis and 5-year survival rates mirrored each other. Within AYAs, the youngest patients diagnosed at 18-24 had a similar mortality compared to those diagnosed at 25-29 years old, but had a 25% higher adjusted risk of death over those diagnosed between 30-39 years ld. Within MAs, the adjusted risk of death increased by 15% when diagnosed at ages 45-49 versus 40-44 years, and 31% higher when diagnosed at ages 60-64 versus 40- 4 years old. The adjusted risk of death increased 20%, 47% and 120% in the elderly diagnosed at 70-74, 75-79 and ≥80 relative to 65-69 years old, spectively. A final analysis ranked the relative importance of factors contributing to the late stage at diagnosis (II-IV disease) showing that age and insurance status contributing 62% and 29%, respectively, with minor contributions from socioeconomic status (4.7%), race/ethnicity (2.4%), and comorbidity score (1.2%).Fig. 1 <b>Conclusions:</b> The youngest AYAs and the whole elderly population with cervical cancer in SEER and NCDB had a higher stage at diagnosis and worse survival, suggesting a need to propose age- and insurance-related refinements in screening guidelines to mitigate these disparities.

Investigating Health Managers’ Perspectives of Factors Influencing Their Acceptance of eHealth Services in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Quantitative Study

Background: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is a country with one of the largest land masses and the most difficult geographical terrain in the Middle East. The accessibility of advanced health services, especially for people in rural areas, has been considered one of the main health challenges. To overcome this problem, many initiatives to embrace technology in healthcare were launched by the Ministry of Health (MOH). Despite the growth of utilizing eHealth interventions in the country, more research related to the end-users’ acceptance of eHealth services remains needed. This study aimed to investigate the relative importance of factors that influence health managers’ acceptance of eHealth services in KSA against behavioural intention (BI) and use behaviour (UB). Methods: An online questionnaire was designed based on two sources: first, the thirty-nine factors identified in a related systematic review to be relevant to eHealth acceptance in KSA, and second, the validated questionnaire adopted from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) model. Participants were asked to rate the relative importance of the factors. The questionnaire was available in both Arabic and English. Professionals in KSA with a health management role from different backgrounds such as health professions, Health Information Technology, and administration were invited to take part. Participation links were distributed across social media platforms. Ethical approval had been gained. Results: 385 responses were received. Findings highlighted the relative importance of the main determinants that health managers in the KSA thought were important to influence their acceptance of eHealth services. The top rated influential factors were (i) availability of operational resources, (ii) privacy and security of health information, (iii) Information and Communication Technology infrastructure and readiness, (iv) availability of qualified human resources, and (v) quality of eHealth systems and applications. Of the UTAUT constructs, performance expectancy (PE) and social influence, which encapsulate factors such as management support, change resistance, and stakeholders’ voice that can play a crucial role in the acceptance of technology as part of daily work, showed significance to the BI, as well as facilitating conditions and PE to the UB. However, some results need further investigation to clarify ambiguity. Conclusion: Findings from this study may help address the current challenges and barriers and prioritize the main areas to improve eHealth acceptance in the KSA. Further research is planned to explore the identified factors across KSA through in-depth interviews.

Pull request latency explained: an empirical overview

Pull request latency evaluation is an essential application of effort evaluation in the pull-based development scenario. It can help the reviewers sort the pull request queue, remind developers about the review processing time, speed up the review process and accelerate software development. There is a lack of work that systematically organizes the factors that affect pull request latency. Also, there is no related work discussing the differences and variations in characteristics in different scenarios and contexts. In this paper, we collected relevant factors through a literature review approach. Then we assessed their relative importance in five scenarios and six different contexts using the mixed-effects linear regression model. We find that the relative importance of factors differs in different scenarios, e.g., the first response time of the reviewer is most important when there exist comments. Meanwhile, the number of commits in a pull request has a more significant impact on pull request latency when closing than submitting due to changes in contributions brought about by the review process.

Temporal continuity and adjacent land use exert different effects on richness of grassland specialists and alien plants in semi‐natural grassland

AbstractAimsGrassland plant species diversity is affected by local, temporal and landscape environmental factors, but what is the relative importance of those factors? Understanding this is crucial for the effective conservation of grassland vegetation. We analyzed the factors affecting species richness to contribute to native species conservation and alien species management in grassland vegetation.LocationSemi‐natural grasslands in Shiroi City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan.MethodsThe species composition in 36 grasslands was surveyed in 2014. Plants were classified as native grassland specialist, other native or alien species. Generalized Linear Models (GLM) were developed, with the number of species in each plant type as the response variable and local (habitat area, use of mowing management), landscape (adjacent land use, connectivity to other grassland habitats) and temporal (period for which the grassland has been preserved from development, i.e., temporal continuity) factors as explanatory variables. Other GLM were developed with the presence/absence of each species as a response variable and three factors as explanatory variables.ResultsHabitat area, use of mowing management and temporal continuity were most important in explaining the number of grassland specialist species and had significant positive effects on their richness. Species‐based analysis identified a significant positive effect of temporal continuity on grassland specialist species. By contrast, habitat area and adjacent land use were most related to alien species richness. The number of alien species was high in grasslands adjacent to farmlands or roads.ConclusionsThe relative importance of temporal and spatial factors differs between native grassland specialists and alien species. Mowing is effective for the conservation of grassland specialists’ species diversity, particularly in historically old grasslands. However, it is necessary to pay attention to the invasion of alien species from adjacent residential or agricultural areas.

Top-down regulation of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae) in its native range in the Pacific Northwest of North America.

The density of insect herbivores is regulated by top-down factors (e.g., natural enemies), bottom-up effects (e.g., plant defenses against herbivory), or a combination of both. As such, understanding the relative importance of these factors can have important implications for the establishment of effective management options for invasive species. Here, we compared the relative importance of top-down and bottom-up factors on the abundance of hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA), Adelges tsugae. HWA is invasive in eastern North America, but its native range includes the Pacific Northwest of North America where it has co-evolved with western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla. Eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis, can also be found planted in city and park settings in the Pacific Northwest and the presence of both host species allowed us to directly compare the importance of predators (top-down) and host plant resistance (bottom-up) on HWA abundance by placing mesh exclusion bags on branches of both species and monitoring HWA abundance over two years. We found no evidence for bottom-up control of HWA on western hemlock (a native host). HWA established more readily on that species than on eastern hemlock on which it is a major pest in eastern North America. We found strong evidence for top-down control in that both summer and winter-active predators significantly reduced HWA densities on the branches of both tree species where predators were allowed access. These findings support the validity of the biological control program for HWA, the goal of which is to reduce outbreak populations of HWA in eastern North America.

Towards conceptualization and quantification of the digital divide

ABSTRACT The digital divide gained new importance since the outbreak of COVID-19 pandemics. However, the phenomenon is far from being fully conceptualized or effectively measured. The key question, whether digital divide is a mere extension of other social inequalities, or it has significant new meaning, remains largely unanswered; a reason is the lack of effective instruments of quantitative study of the phenomenon that would capture its complex nature. The present paper addresses both conceptualizing and measurement issues, suggesting that separation of supply- and demand-side considerations is crucial in understanding the digital divide and introducing a composite Digital Life Index, measures separately the digital supply and demand across seven independent dimensions. The Index is based on Internet-borne data, a distinction from traditional research approaches that rely on official statistics or surveys. Though the empiric part of the paper is focused on the sub-national digital divide in Russia we argue that its methodology can be applied on many other levels and its conceptual findings are relevant to understanding the phenomenon globally. The hierarchical regression analysis is used to determine the relative importance of factors like income, human capital, and policy in shaping the digital divide. The result of the analysis suggests that the digital divide is driven more by the differences in demand than in supply; the role of income is insignificant, and the quality of policy and human capital is the key determinant of the divide. The paper advances the existing conceptual and methodological literature on the issue and can also inform practical decision-making regarding the strategies of national and regional digital development.

Will this tablet make me happy again? The contribution of relational prescribing in providing a pragmatic and psychodynamic framework for prescribers

SUMMARYWe describe the importance of relational factors in prescribing practices and discuss how they may influence treatment outcomes. Although relational factors play a part in every clinician–patient interaction, they are particularly relevant when managing patients with complex emotional needs. We discuss how relational prescribing can add value when incorporated into standard practice. We introduce psychodynamic theory principles, and we suggest a framework to facilitate reflection and support decision-making when clinicians are faced with complex prescribing decisions.

A Delphi study to explore clinician and lived experience perspectives on setting priorities in eating disorder services

BackgroundDue to scarce resources and high demand, priority setting in mental health services is necessary and inevitable. To date, no study has examined priority setting in eating disorder (ED) services specifically. Here, we evaluate the level of consensus and perceived relative importance of factors used to determine patient prioritisation in ED services, amongst clinicians and individuals with lived experience (LE) of an ED.MethodsA three round Delphi study and a ranking task were used to determine the level of consensus and importance. Consensus was defined as > 80% agreement or disagreement. Items that reached consensus for agreement were ranked in order of importance from most to least important. Participants were 50 ED clinicians and 60 LE individuals. Participant retention across rounds 2, 3, and 4 were 92%, 85%, and 79%, respectively.ResultsOver three iterative rounds, a total of 87 statements about patient prioritisation were rated on a 5-point Likert-scale of agreement. Twenty-three items reached consensus in the clinician panel and 20 items reached consensus in the LE panel. The pattern of responding was broadly similar across the panels. The three most important items in both panels were medical risk, overall severity, and physical health deteriorating quickly. Clinicians tended to place greater emphasis on physical risk and early intervention whereas the LE panel focused more on mental health and quality of life.ConclusionsEating disorder services tend to prioritise patients based upon medical risk and severity, and then by the order in which patients are referred. Our findings align in some respects with what is observed in services, but diverge in others (e.g., prioritising on quality of life), providing important novel insights into clinician and LE opinions on waiting list prioritisation in EDs. More research is warranted to validate these findings using multi-criterion decision techniques and observational methods. We hope these findings provide a foundation for future research and encourage evidence-based conversations around priority setting in ED services.

Older People’s Neighborhood Perceptions Are Related to Social and Emotional Loneliness and Mediated by Social Network Type

Background and ObjectivesLoneliness among older people is a public health issue; however, there is very weak support for the efficacy of individually focused interventions. A public health model, which includes the environmental influence on the formation of social networks and protection from loneliness, and theoretical approaches differentiating between social and emotional loneliness, suggest the importance of neighborhoods in preventing loneliness. This approach was used to test the influence of neighborhood factors on loneliness and the mediating role of social networks.Research Design and MethodsA questionnaire survey of 917 people aged 60–100 years was conducted in one region of Aotearoa/New Zealand to assess loneliness, social network types, social participation, marital status, gender, health, and four aspects of neighborhood perceptions.ResultsSocial and emotional loneliness scores were regressed on predicted demographic and social variables, followed by perceptions of Housing Satisfaction, Neighborhood Accessibility, Neighborhood Security, and Neighborhood Social Cohesion. Neighborhood variables added significant explanation of variance in both social and emotional loneliness. Mediation tests using PROCESS showed that the effects of all neighborhood variables were mediated by Private-Restricted or Locally Integrated Network types on Social Loneliness only.Discussion and ImplicationsThese findings highlight the importance of neighborhood factors in relation to feelings of loneliness and the recognition of social network types as mediators of these relationships for social loneliness. The aspects of neighborhoods that prevent loneliness provide directions for planners and prevention programs. Interventions to prevent social loneliness can usefully and practicably focus on the housing and neighborhood environment.

Institutional and organizational capabilities as drivers of internationalisation: Evidence from emerging economy SMEs

Internationalisation, the notion of cross border business, has become one of the key strategies for growth for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developing countries in recent years. Although many SMEs have used internationalisation strategies, there remains a gap of understanding the relative importance of factors influencing SMEs internationalisation particularly from developing countries perspectives. Drawing on the Resource Based View of the firm (RBV) theory, this research develops and validates the dimensions and sub-dimensions of the drivers of internationalisation. The study further identifies the relative importance of these dimensions from a developing country context. The study used a questionnaire survey to collect primary data from 212 Bangladeshi SMEs based on area wise cluster sampling. This study used partial least square based structural model (PLS-SEM) to assess the key drivers for foreign market entry by developing country SMEs. The findings confirm that the drivers of internationalisation represent a hierarchical construct consisting of three primary and eight sub-dimensions. The study suggests that SME internationalisation in a developing country is contingent upon two categories of capabilities: critical organisational capabilities or resources (linked to internal processes largely associated with human resources) and critical institutional capabilities (associated with state level provision and the cultural fabric).

Factors Associated with Intention to Initiate Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in Cisgender Women at High Behavioral Risk for HIV in Washington, D.C.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention is underutilized by cisgender women at risk for HIV in the USA. Published research on PrEP initiation among cisgender women at risk for HIV focuses on identifying barriers and facilitators associated with intention to initiate, but few apply a behavioral theoretical lens to understand the relative importance of these diverse factors. This study provides a theoretically grounded view of the relative importance of factors associated with intention to initiate PrEP. We conducted an anonymous, cross-sectional survey of 1437 cisgender women seeking care at family planning and sexual health clinics to evaluate hypothesized barriers and facilitators of PrEP initiation. We categorized cisgender women with ≥ 3 behavioral risk-factors as "high-risk" for HIV acquisition; 26.9% (N = 387) met high-risk criterion. Among cisgender women in the high-risk sample, the majority were Black and single. Perceived risk of HIV acquisition was low and 13.7% reported intention to initiate PrEP. Positive attitudes toward PrEP, self-efficacy, perceived support from medical providers and social networks, and prior discussion about PrEP with medical providers were associated with intention to initiate PrEP; stigma was negatively associated. Background characteristics (other than age), risk factors for HIV acquisition, prior awareness of PrEP, and perceived risk of HIV were not associated with uptake intention. These findings support interventions that center on the role of providers in the provision of PrEP and on social networks in destigmatization of PrEP use.

Soil inorganic carbon dynamic change mediated by anthropogenic activities: An integrated study using meta-analysis and random forest model

Soil inorganic carbon (SIC) is an important component of the soil C reservoir, and its dynamic change is associated with global climate change. However, few studies have been conducted to quantitatively explore the response of SIC content to different anthropogenic activities and their interactions with edaphic and climatic factors as well as the relative importance of each influencing factor. Here, we addressed these knowledge gaps by combining meta-analysis and the random forest (RF) model, based on data compiled from 101 studies. The quantitative effects of anthropogenic, edaphic, and climatic factors and their interactions on SIC content were first examined using the meta-analysis method, and then the relative importance of each examined factor was further determined using the RF model. The results demonstrated that SIC content significantly increased by 6.55% and 9.25% for cultivation and land use change, respectively, compared with that of the control, regardless of any influencing factors. Moreover, the grand mean changes in SIC content due to anthropogenic activities were found to be greatly affected by varied climatic, edaphic, and practical factors. In addition, the relative importance of each factor examined was ordered as follows: pH (18.2%) > soil type (16.4%) > mean annual precipitation (16.3%) > bulk density (15.2%) > soil depth (13.4%) > mean annual temperature (13.0%) > land use type (7.52%). Our study suggests that a combination of meta-analysis and RF model is a powerful method for systematically exploring dynamic changes in SIC content.

Transitioning services for eating disorder treatment, the relative importance of factors from patient, carer and clinician perspectives: a Q-methodology study

PurposeEffective transitions from child and adolescent to adult services are important for continuity of care for patients with eating disorders. This study aims to examine the relative importance of a series of statements about the transition process, elicited from an earlier service evaluation, from the perspectives of patients, parents/carers and clinicians.Design/methodology/approachTwenty-eight participants completed a Q-sort task ranking 40 statements, developed from an earlier study, using a normal distribution pattern on a scale, which ranged from strongly agree to strongly disagree, to identify their priorities for transition. Analysis resulted in the extraction of four factors explaining 52% of the variance.FindingsFour distinct factors were elicited: “parents and carers need including too”, “facilitating effective transfer between services”, “supporting the patient through transition” and providing “timely, patient-centred care”. The study enabled similarities and differences in priorities to be observed for the three respondent groups.Practical implicationsThese rankings, noting the differences between the respondent groups, can be used to inform the development of effective transition protocols. This study suggests these protocols should ensure a person-centred approach; timely planning; include parents/carers; provide continuous care and have good transfer of information and sensible timing of transitions. Differences in priorities/opinions can be addressed through open communication channels.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first UK-wide study examining priorities for transition from the perspectives of patients, parents/carers and clinicians.

Spatial Patterns and Drivers of Soil Chemical Properties in Typical Hickory Plantations

Soil nutrients play critical roles in regulating and improving the sustainable development of economic forests. Consequently, an elucidation of the spatial patterns and drivers of soil nutrients in these forests is fundamental to their management. For this study, we collected 314 composite soils at a 0–30 cm depth from a typical hickory plantation in Lin’an, Zhejiang Province, China. We determined the concentrations of macronutrients (i.e., soil organic carbon, available potassium, available phosphorus, available sulfur, and hydrolyzed nitrogen) and micronutrients (i.e., soil available boron, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper) of the soils. We employed random forest analysis to quantify the relative importance of factors affecting soil nutrients to predict the concentrations, which could then be extrapolated to the entire hickory region. Random forest models explained 43–80% of the variations in soil nutrient concentrations. The mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and altitude were key predictors of soil macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations. Moreover, slope and parent material were important predictors of soil nutrients concentrations. Distinct spatial patterns of soil nutrient concentrations were driven by climate, parent material, and topography. Our study highlights the various environmental controls over soil macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations, which have significant implications for the management of soil nutrients in hickory plantations.

Eliciting preferences for continuing medication among adult patients and parents of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

BackgroundAdherence to medication for attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is less than optimal. Previous studies have primarily focused on qualitative assessment of factors that influence medication adherence.ObjectiveThis study aimed to quantify the factors that influence patient and parent preferences for continuing ADHD medication.MethodA discrete‐choice experiment was conducted to investigate preferences. Adults, and parents of children, with ADHD were presented with eight hypothetical choice tasks of three options (Medication A, Medication B, No Medication) described by six attributes related to medication outcomes. Preferences were estimated using a mixed multinomial logit model.ResultsOverall, respondents' preferences (n = 216) for continuing medication were negative (mean [β] = −1.426, p < .001); however, a significant heterogeneity in preferences was observed amongst respondents (standard deviation = 0.805, p < .001). Improvements in education, aggressive behaviour, social behaviour and family functioning, and side effects and stigma, influenced respondents' decision to continue taking medication. The respondents were willing to continue medication if they experienced positive effects, but side effects (even moderate) were the strongest concern for not continuing medication. While side effects were the most important factor for both adult patients and parents of children with ADHD, improvement in education was relatively more important for adults and improvement in aggressive behaviour, social behaviour and family functioning was relatively more important for parents of children with ADHD. Parents were more likely to not continue a medication with severe side effects even at the highest level of improvement in education.ConclusionsSide effects are the most important factor that influenced preferences for continuing medication for both adults with ADHD, as well as parents of children with ADHD. While overall the respondents preferred not to take/give medication, discrete‐choice experiment showed that the relative importance of factors that influenced continuation of medications was different for the two groups.Patient and Public InvolvementAdults, and parents of children, with ADHD participated in this study by completing the online questionnaire. The questionnaire was based on findings of research in the literature, as well as earlier focus groups conducted with adults, and parents of children, with ADHD. The face validity of the questionnaire was determined by asking parents of children, and adults, with ADHD (n = 3) to complete the survey and participate in a short discussion on their understanding of the questions and their recommendations on improving the clarity of the survey.

Developing a Health-Spatial Indicator System for a Healthy City in Small and Midsized Cities

A recent examination of the significant role of public health has prompted calls to re-investigate how the urban environment affects public health. A vital part of the solution includes Healthy City initiatives that have been the subject of extensive policies, implications, and practices globally. However, the existing literature mainly focuses on big cities and metropolitan areas, while investigations into small and midsized cities (SMCs) are lacking, and thus reflect the underlying issues of health inequity. This study develops an indicator system for evaluating Healthy City initiatives in SMCs, linking urban design and public health, supported by the analyzed opinions from experts collected using both questionnaires and interviews. The indicator system includes six primary dimensions and 37 variables: urban form and transportation (UFT); health-friendly service (HFS); environmental quality and governance (EQG); community and facility (CF); green and open space (GOS); and ecological construction and biodiversity (ECB). A fuzzy synthetic evaluation technique was used to assess the relative importance of factors, emphasizing the importance of UFT, HFS, and EQG, with importance indexes of 0.175, 0.174, and 0.174, respectively. This indicator system is helpful for SMCs seeking to construct a Healthy City in the future, and is based on urban design and governance inputs and for enhancing the Healthy City knowledge base of cities of varied scales.

Factors in Evaluating Online Learning in Higher Education in the Era of a New Normal Derived from an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Based Survey in South Korea

Before COVID-19, online learning in higher education was more of a choice than a requirement. The majority of universities in South Korea are currently not utilizing an evaluation index tailored specifically to online courses and are instead using the traditional in-person class evaluation standards. The study, hence, examines the factors that could be used to evaluate the quality of online learning in higher education taking place due to the COVID-19 pandemic from the point of views of the main subjects of online education: e-learning system administrators, instructors, and students. The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method was used to determine the relative importance of factors in evaluating online learning. The conclusions derived from this research can be used as foundational material for evaluation factors of online learning in higher education.

Session-to-session effects of therapist adherence and facilitative conditions on symptom change in CBT and IPT for depression

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of adherence to both specific technique factors and facilitative condition variables (e.g., therapists’ involvement, understanding and support) in Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT) and Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT). In addition, we were interested in whether the effect of therapist adherence would depend on the level of the working alliance. Method Three sessions each from 74 patients diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder who were randomized to 14 sessions of IPT or CBT were rated for adherence using a modified version of The Collaborative Study Psychotherapy Rating Scale—6 (CSPRS-6). Data was analyzed using Multilevel Modeling. Results No effects of adherence to specific factors on outcome were found in neither CBT nor IPT. Facilitative conditions were associated with better outcome in CBT but not in IPT, even after adjustment for the quality of the working alliance. No interaction effects were found. Conclusions Our findings highlight the importance of relational factors in CBT, but do not support the need for specific adherence to any of the two treatments. Possible explanations of the findings and directions for future research are discussed. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01851915.