Relative Humidity Distribution Research Articles

Design and evaluation of a prototype solar energy driven onion curing system using CFD modeling

In developing countries like Ethiopia, where the time of harvesting coincides with the dry season, farmers cure onion bulbs naturally on the field. Field curing generally takes longer than artificial curing and results in more losses and reduced quality of the bulbs due to increased risks for infestations and uncontrolled suboptimal drying conditions. Large-scale artificial curing systems are expensive and electrical energy supply is limited in rural areas. A CFD model was employed to design an alternative and sustainable onion curing system that can be deployed on the field in rural areas. The developed CFD model was validated by comparing the predicted air velocity, temperature, and mass loss to measured values on a prototype curing system operated on a field in Ethiopia. A good agreement between the model and experimental value was observed for the time profiles of temperature at different positions in the bulk of onions during curing, expressed by a root mean square error of 1.1°C in the temperature range from 28 to 47°C, 0.16 m s−1 in the velocity range from 0.1 to 2.5 m s−1, and 0.565% for the mass loss that ranged up to 6.35%. The developed model was used to assess the air velocity, temperature, and relative humidity distribution in order to get an insight into the uniformity of curing of onion bulbs using the develop alternative curing system. For all of the examined curing durations, the drying air temperature variation inside 80% of the porous medium was < 3°C. In the remaining 20% of the porous medium, a temperature variation of up to 6°C was observed. Thus, the newly designed and developed curing system was found to cure the onion bulbs uniformly. Moreover, its performance was evaluated experimentally and the onions were cured to a desirable level of curing for long-term storage within a total curing duration of 48 h. It is vital to consider bulb shrinkage, particularly in the neck, in order to further improve the model mass loss prediction.

Energy saving potential in open museum spaces: A comparative hygrothermal microclimates analysis

Open-spaces Museum consumes a significant amount of energy to provide stable indoor climate for valuable exhibited items. This paper evaluates the energy saving potential of using a local air-conditioning system in open-space museum using simulation-based hygrothermal microclimates analysis. The new Viking Age Museum in Norway is taken as a case study. IDA-ICE building simulation tool was used to evaluate the thermal performance and energy consumption. ANSYS-FLUENT software was employed to assess the indoor (thermo-hygrometric parameters) Tair and relative humidity (RH) distribution, in compliance with ASHRAE requirements for exhibition objects. The simulations were conducted by dividing the large-scale museum into two separate zones and investigating different HVAC systems. Case-1 was the base case, where the open exhibition room including the exhibition object (i.e., Viking ship), is conditioned by a single constant-air-volume air handling unit (CAV-AHU). Two separate CAV-AHUs served the ship as a microclimatic zone and the exhibition room in case-2. Cases-3 and 4 had CAV-AHU for the microclimate zone. Besides, a variable-air-volume air handling unit (VAV-AHU) and a radiant floor system are used to exhibition room in case-3 and 4, respectively. Each simulation was performed during two separate weeks in winter and summer. The results showed that case-4 achieves 48.2% and 55.9% total energy saving from the base system for the winter and summer seasons, respectively. CFD modelling showed that case-4 provides a good uniformity of the Tair and RH around the ship with Tair and RH variation of 1.4 °C and 3.7%RH in winter and 3 °C and 6.5%RH in summer.

Understanding Controlling Factors of Extratropical Humidity and Clouds with an Idealized General Circulation Model

Abstract This paper examines the physical controls of extratropical humidity and clouds by isolating the effects of cloud physics factors in an idealized model. The Held–Suarez dynamical core is used with the addition of passive water vapor and cloud tracers, allowing cloud processes to be explored cleanly. Separate saturation adjustment and full cloud scheme controls are used to consider the strength of advection–condensation theory. Three sets of perturbations to the cloud scheme are designed to test the model’s sensitivity to the physics of condensation, sedimentation, and precipitation formation. The condensation and sedimentation perturbations isolate two key differences between the control cases. First, the sub-grid-scale relative humidity distribution assumed for the cloud macrophysics influences the location and magnitude of the extratropical cloud maxima, which interrupt the isentropic transport of moisture to the polar troposphere. Second, within the model’s explicit treatment of cloud microphysics, re-evaporation of hydrometeors moistens and increases clouds in the lower troposphere. In contrast, microphysical processes of precipitation formation (specifically, the ratio of accretion to autoconversion) have negligible effects on humidity, cloudiness, and precipitation apart from the strength of the large-scale condensation and formation cycle. In addition, counterintuitive relationships—such as cloud condensate and cloud fraction responding in opposing directions—emphasize the need for careful dissection of physical mechanisms. In keeping with advection–condensation theory, circulation sets the patterns of humidity, clouds, and precipitation to first order, with factors explored herein providing secondary controls. The results substantiate the utility of such idealized modeling and highlight key cloud processes to constrain.

What does Modelling Tells us on the Influence of Certain Weather Parameters on Oil Palm Production in Peninsular Malaysia

Background: Oil palm has been recognized as one of the most important crops especially in Southeast Asia and the rest of the world. Palm oil production has recently been lowered as a result of the influence of various factors, which include weather and climate. The distribution of temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation and rainfall all influence the growth and development of palms, which later reflects in the production quantity of the fresh fruit bunches and palm oil. The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of various weather factors especially (temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation and rainfall) on oil palm production in Peninsular Malaysia. Methods: The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 20.0 version was used to analyse the data, which include descriptive statistics and multilinear regression (MLR). The MLR model evaluated the strength of the relationship between oil palm yield (as a dependent variable) and temperature, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity and precipitation. Temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, solar radiation and rainfall, on the other hand, have been shown to have little effect on oil palm production and yield. Result: According to the R2 value, the independent variables only explained 20.2% of the variation in palm oil production. This study recommends operating within a comprehensive framework that includes scientific research, planting improved varieties, enhancing regional intellectual and academic leadership, engaging the participation of private and public stakeholders, highlighting participatory initiatives with researchers in consumer countries and enhancing growers’ ability to adapt best agroecological practises.

Characteristics and Distribution of Some Radiation Parameters over Nigeria

This study examined the distribution and characteristics of Surface Solar Radiation Downward (SSRD), sunshine duration, cloudiness index, relative humidity, temperature, and wind speed from the archive of the NASA Power project between the years 2010 and 2020 over Nigeria using 37 stations. The datasets were subjected to monthly and seasonal analysis over three climatic zones in Nigeria. The results show that the SSRD of the Sahel is generally higher than that of the Savannah and Guinea Coast. Sunshine duration was found to increase seasonally and from south to north. From the extreme edge of the coastal region in the southern part of Nigeria to its far northern region, the mean sunshine duration hour increases northward from about 2075 hours over the coastal region of the south to about 3525 hours in the north. Relative humidity fluctuates between 70-90%, which peaks in August and declined back to its minimum (70%) in December. Observed over all seasons, relative humidity decreases northward from the far south near the Atlantic Ocean to the far north of Nigeria. This is in opposition to the pattern of 2m temperature observed, that is, the 2 m temperature spatial pattern increases from the south to the north. In terms of sky conditions classification, over Nigeria, the cloudiness index is generally less than 0.45. Over the Guinea Coast cloudiness index is observed to be higher than in Savannah and the Sahel zones in all the months with the lowest index of 0.42 in March and the highest index of 0.45 in September. However, the northeastern part of Nigeria is observed to be majorly cloudier in JJA and SON seasons than the far southern region of the country. However, wind speed is observed to be significantly lower than 2.7 m/s over the Guinea Coast compared to other zones. Relatively high and strong winds were noticed to be widespread over the extreme part of the northeastern and northwestern parts of Nigeria in all the seasons, making the region more suitable for wind energy generation.

CFD Study of a Tunnel-Ventilated Compost-Bedded Pack Barn Integrating an Evaporative Pad Cooling System.

Simple SummaryIt is known that improving the welfare of cows increases dairy productivity. A compost-bedded pack barn equipped with evaporative cooling pads to regulate the inside environmental conditions of dairy seems to be a synergic combination to improve substantial the welfare in dairy facilities. However, there is a lack of information about both techniques working together. A computational model of a tunnel-ventilated compost-bedded pack barn with an evaporative pad cooling system was developed to know the spatial distribution of temperature, relative humidity and velocity of the air inside the barn. These variables allowed us to compute a thermal stress index for dairy cattle to identify the geometric characteristics and operative conditions of the evaporative pad cooling that provide the best environmental conditions inside the barn according to the outside environmental conditions.Evaporative cooling is one of the most efficient techniques to reduce heat stress in cows in agricultural facilities. Additionally, compost-bedded pack barn has been shown to improve the welfare and production of cows. Two techniques were combined and analysed by developing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of a tunnel-ventilated compost-bedded packed barn that integrated the heat and airflow dynamics of an evaporative pad cooling system. This allowed us to study the distribution of dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity and airflow velocity inside the barn based on the external environmental conditions, thickness of the pad, water temperature and specific manufacturer characteristics of the pad, providing optimal cooling pad location, size and operating conditions in the barn. Employing experimental data the CFD model was validated showing good agreement. The Equivalent Temperature Index for dairy Cattle (ETIC) was used to determine the level of stress of the cows considering the airflow velocity. It was found a moderate stress due to high relative humidity and low airflow velocity. From the predicted results, it was recommended to increase the airflow velocity above 3 m s when simultaneously the external dry-bulb temperature and relative humidity exceed 30 °C and 55%, respectively, simultaneously. Additionally, installation of baffles at the pad outlet to drive the airflow to the floor was suggested to improve the drying of the compost-bedded closed to the pads, where a low airflow velocity region was established.

Non-Invasive Measurement of Humidity Distribution in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (PEFCs): Part I. In Situ Proof of Concept

A non-invasive method to determine the local relative humidity (RH) and local high frequency resistance (HFR) distribution from inlet to outlet of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) is presented. The method uses a plurality of electrodes attached to the outer flow field surface to inject alternating currents and measure the resulting voltage amplitudes at the flow fields’ surface. Since the measured voltage amplitudes, are highly dependent on the actual electrode positioning on the flow field boundaries, they are interpreted by interpolation between reference measurements at homogeneous relative humidity conditions and known overall cell impedance. The method is implemented experimentally using alternating current injections at a frequency of 1 kHz at well-defined asymmetric in situ N2/N2 conditions on a 200-cm2 cell in a 6-cell short-stack. The comparison between the RH distribution and the outlet RH sensor data yields a very good match. The same can be said when comparing the HFR distribution and the global cell HFR. Finally, the sensitivity of the method is tested by varying the mass flow rate with asymmetrical RH conditions. The results are highly reproducible in all the tested conditions.

Field Campaign Evaluation of Sensors Lufft GMX500 and MaxiMet WS100 in Peruvian Central Andes.

The research presents the inter-comparison of atmospheric variables measured by 9 automatic weather stations. This set of data was compared with the measurements of other weather stations in order to standardize the values that must be adjusted when taken to different areas. The data of a set of a total of 9 GMX500, which measures conventional meteorological variables, and 10 WS100 sensors, which measures precipitation parameters. The automatic stations were set up at the Huancayo Observatory (Geophysical Institute of Peru) for a period of 5 months. The data set of GMX500 were evaluated comparing with the average of the 9 sensors and the WS100 was compared with an optical disdrometer Parsivel. The temperature, pressure, relative humidity, wind speed, rainfall rate, and drop size distribution were evaluated. A pair of GMX500 sensors presented high data dispersion; it was found found that the errors came from a bad configuration; once this problem was solved, good agreement was archived, with low RMSE and high correlation. It was found that the WS100 sensors overestimate the precipitation with a percentage bias close to 100% and the differences increase with the greater intensity of rain. The drop size distribution retrieved by WS100 have unrealistic behavior with higher concentrations in diameters of 1 mm and 5 mm, in addition to a flattened curve.

Experimental study and prediction model for non-uniform shrinkage of recycled aggregate concrete in composite slabs

This paper investigates the influence of coarse recycled aggregate (CRA) on the non-uniform shrinkage of concrete with a single surface exposed to the air. A 210 d experiment was conducted on 17 slabs made with recycled aggregate concrete (RAC), measuring the shrinkage strain distribution through the slab depth. The parameters considered included the replacement ratios of CRA, slab depths, and the moisture-transferring boundary conditions (MTBC). The internal relative humidity distribution through the slab depth was monitored to verify the reasonableness of the occurrence of the non-uniform shrinkage. Based on the test results, a prediction model for the non-uniform shrinkage of RAC with a single surface exposed to the air was established and validated. Based on the age-adjusted modulus method, a cross-sectional analysis was conducted on the long-term strains of composite slabs using the proposed model. The investigation results indicated that (1) the incorporation of recycled aggregate significantly increased the shrinkage gradient by 84%−102%; (2) the influence of recycled aggregate on the shrinkage distribution of single-surface exposed concrete increased with a decrease in slab depth; and (3) the proposed equations can accurately predict the non-uniform shrinkage of single-surface exposed RAC.

Energy-saving Heating System Using Electric Heat Accumulators and Ceiling Fans

An energy-saving heating system using electric heat accumulators and ceiling fans is proposed. A comparative analysis of the distribution of temperature and relative humidity of the air along the height of the preventative hall in the modes of turning off and turning on the ceiling fan was carried out.

Performance test of medium-temperature chiller with induction air-conditioning system

Abstract In this paper, medium-temperature chiller with induction air-conditioning system is introduced. Several onsite measurements were carried out on temperature and relative humidity distribution and energy consumption in summer 2020 in order to study the potential performance when applied in hot summer cold winter zone. The performance test results show that (1) the indoor temperature and humidity both comply with the range of design parameters; (2) the corresponding indoor air dew point temperature is much lower than the supply air temperature of air inductive unit, which implies no condensed water or dew on surface of air inductive unit; (3) the performance of the circulation pump, extensive type air handling unit fan; and medium-temperature chiller has exceeded the requirements of national standards.

Characterization and Spatial Distributions of Atmospheric Visibility, Relative Humidity and Temperature for Application to Optical Propagation Links Over Nigeria

Characterization and Spatial Distributions of Atmospheric Visibility, Relative Humidity and Temperature for Application to Optical Propagation Links Over Nigeria

Field measurement of indoor environment of underground garage in winter and analysis of its influence on people

Since the National Fitness has become a national strategy, people’s enthusiasm for fitness has also been increasing. When winter comes, the outdoor temperature becomes unsuitable for people to carry out exercise activities. Therefore, more community residents choose underground garages as a place for fitness activities. Due to the frequently entry and exit of vehicles and ventilation restrictions in the underground garage, whether the internal air quality in an underground garage meets the requirements of personnel activities remains to be studied. In this study, an underground garage in a residential area of Jinan was tested. The parameters involved CO2, CO, PM2.5, temperature and relative humidity. Select areas where people often gather for measurement. According to the test results, the distribution of CO2, CO, PM2.5, temperature and relative humidity in the underground garage were quantitatively analyzed. It is found that the air quality in some areas of the underground garage is poor, and long-term activities in this environment will affect people’s health. To solve this problem, in this study, the area with relatively good air quality in the underground garage is found to provide personnel activities, and the optimization measu.res of winter ventilation in the underground garage were put forward.

Study on the Influence of Moisture Dissipation on the Thermal and Humidity Environment in the Turbine Floor of Underground Pumped Storage Hydropower Plants

The turbine floor of the main plant is an important part in an underground pumped storage hydropower plants.The health of personnel and the safe operation of equipment are endangered due to high space humidity and water seepage through the walls. In this paper, numerical simulations were used to study the thermal and humidity environment of the main plant turbine floor in summer. Two working conditions with and without the dissipation of humidity are computed and compared. The psychrometric chart was also used to analyze the air treatment process in the turbine floor. Results show that the air temperature decreases by 28% and the relative humidity increases by 34% when considering the effect of the moisture dissipation source. The results of temperature and humidity analyzed by the psychrometric chart are similar to those of numerical simulation. And validition of the numerical method is conducted . The research results have a reference significance for predicting the relative humidity distribution of the turbine floor and the arrangement of dehumidification devices at design stage .

Temperature and RH of normal concrete and mortar subjected to drying in an indoor residential environment

The evolution of internal temperature and relative humidity (RH) distributions in initially saturated normal concrete and mortar cubes with water/cement (w/c) ratios of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 stored in an indoor residential environment were recorded for over a year. Measurements at regular intervals were taken at six different depths from the exposed drying surface of each specimen. It was found that the internal temperature at all depths in the mortar and concrete samples followed the variations of ambient temperature closely, irrespective of the w/c ratio. While the effect of the w/c ratio on the mean internal RH in mortar was statistically negligible, it became discernible in concrete at points where the material had relatively lower saturation levels and when the effect of evaporation was low due to a low ambient temperature. A higher dosage of polycarboxylic ether based superplasticiser was found to delay the drop in internal RH. The recorded values of internal RH over the period of study were found to be conducive for the onset and propagation of carbonation-induced corrosion. A two-parameter linear model for the prediction of critical drying time with respect to spatial distance from the drying surface was developed.

The Influence of Meshing Strategies on The Numerical Simulation of Solar Greenhouse Dryer

In the present study, we conduct the numerical simulation for solar greenhouse dryer performance by Ansys Fluent software. The numerical simulations compared the meshing strategies for the dryer and show the effects on both temperature distribution and relative humidity distribution of air inside the dryer. Unstructured meshes were used in the numerical simulation employing hexahedral meshing and tetrahedral meshing for mesh generation. The meshing strategies were evaluated through 2 size of cell i.e., 0.1 m and 0.05m. The results indicated that the size of cell have strong effect than the mesh type on the temperature profile and humidity of air inside the dryer. Thus, the results gave the engineers more options to select the optimum conditions for meshing and simulation the dryer.

Influences of cooking and storage on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content and distribution in mung bean and its noodle products

The γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content and distribution of mung bean (MB), heat and relative humidity treated MB (HRH-MB) under different cooking and storage conditions were investigated. The quality characteristics of noodles prepared by MB and HRH-MB were evaluated. Results showed that black MB varieties presented a higher average GABA content under HRH treatment than that of green MB varieties. Soaking significantly increased the GABA content of MB (P < 0.05), but, 58.78% of GABA in HRH-MB were distributed in the soaking solution. After cooking, although the GABA of HRH-MB had a slightly degradation, its content was higher than MB. With the increase of storage time, the GABA content in MB increased initially, followed by a decrease, whereas a slower reduction was observed on HRH-MB. Besides, compared with the mixed MB-wheat flour and noodles, the pasting properties of mixed HRH-MB-wheat flour, the color and texture properties of mixed HRH-MB-wheat noodles were improved and closer to wheat flour and noodles, respectively. Furthermore, the mixed HRH-MB-wheat noodles exhibited the highest GABA content (16.56 mg/100 g DW) after cooking. Therefore, HRH-MB may be an ideal material for enhancing GABA and improving the quality characteristic of MB-based foods.

Performance of PEFC Under Different Gas-Mixing Conditions

Introduction For PEFCs’ grand-scale commercialization, their performance should be further improved. The performance of PEFC is the results of the distribution of the local current density and materials concentration, especially oxygen and water. In addition, the in-plane transport of gas in the gas diffusion layer (GDL), which is difficult to measure, affects the distribution of oxygen partial pressure and relative humidity (RH) by mixing the gas with different residence time. In this study, the distribution of local current density as well as oxygen partial pressure and RH was estimated by varying active area and gas velocity. Furthermore, two kinds of different gas channels, parallel and serpentine, were utilized to estimate the effect of gas mixing in the GDL. The concept of space time was used to discuss the effects of gas mixing in the perspective of chemical engineering. The results may provide a theory basis for cell design procedure. Theory The ORR kinetics can be expressed as Eq.1.-r SO = k gc p O (1)where -r SO is the oxygen consumption rate per active area [mol/(m2s)], p O is the local oxygen partial pressure [Pa] which was experimentally proved to be 1st-order to the reaction rate[1]. k gc represents the partial-pressure-based kinetics constant [mol/(Pa.m2s)] which is the function of cathode electromotive force and RH at a fixed temperature[2].PEFC has the gas-mixing behavior between plug flow reactor (PFR) and perfectly mixed flow reactor (CSTR), whose design equations can be written as Eqs.2 and 3.-r SO d(A/v 0) = C O0 Al dx O (2)-r SO (A/v 0) = C O0 Al x O (3)where A is the active area from the gas inlet [m2], v 0 is the inlet gas velocity [m/s], C O0 is the oxygen concentration in the inlet gas [mol/m3], Al is the cross-section area of a single gas channel [m2], and x O is the oxygen conversion. Experimental The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with 10 mm thick catalyst layer and Nafion® ionomer and membrane (DuPont NR-212) was set up in a JARI-type cell. The polarization curves were measured with parallel and serpentine channels under different gas flow rates. The different areas of gaskets opening and GDLs were utilized to obtain different active areas, as shown in Fig. 1. The reactant gas was humidified in bubblers. The cell was operated at 80 °C and the pressure at the cell outlet was 1 atm. Results and Discussion Fig. 2 shows the experimental results of polarization curve. The integrated current per active area is higher in 4 cm2 active area comparing to 2 cm2 at high cell voltage in case of parallel channels, and vice versa at low cell voltage. Since the ORR-produced water humidifies the cell, which increases the activity of the catalyst, the current density near the outlet is higher than that near the inlet. When the current density is high enough, liquid water floods the cell, which causes the performance decrease. On the other hand, the polarization characteristics with different active areas are nearly the same in case of serpentine channels. Higher velocity in the gas channel promote the liquid water removal so that the flooding is not remarkable.Fig. 3 shows the relationship between oxygen conversion and area/velocity, which is proportional to the space time. The convex downward curve in case of the parallel channels indicates that the ORR in the cell behaves like an autocatalytic reaction in PFR. Whereas, the curve of the cell with serpentine channels is slightly convex upward, which infers the gas mixing in the cell is more remarkable, approaching to CSTR.As the oxygen conversion increasing, the water vapor partial pressure increases and the oxygen partial pressure decreases, so that a maximal reaction rate exists, as shown in Fig. 4. Therefore, a turning point of oxygen conversion exists, below which a gas channel working like CSTR e.g. serpentine channels should be chosen, and above which a gas channel working like PFR e.g. parallels channel should be chosen, as shown in Fig. 5. Conclusions The distribution of local current density and gas composition as well as gas mixing can be estimated by varying active area and gas velocity. The ORR in the cell with parallel channels can be regarded as an autocatalytic reaction in PFR. The gas mixing in the cell with serpentine channels is more remarkable than parallel channels. When the active area and gas flow rate are certain, an optimal gas channel which the gas-mixing character of is known can be selected in cell design. Acknowledgment This work was supported by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO), Japan. Figure 1

Performance of PEFC Under Different Gas-Mixing Conditions

For PEFCs’ grand-scale commercialization, their performance should be further improved. The performance of PEFC is the results of the distribution of local current density and materials concentration, especially oxygen and water. In addition, the in-plane transport of reactant gas in the gas diffusion layer (GDL), which is difficult to measure, affects the distribution of oxygen partial pressure and relative humidity (RH) by mixing the gas with different residence time. In this study, the distribution of local current density as well as oxygen partial pressure and RH was estimated by varying active area and gas flow rate. Furthermore, two kinds of different gas channels, parallel and serpentine, were utilized to estimate the effect of gas mixing in the GDL. The concept of space time was used to discuss the effects of gas mixing in the perspective of chemical engineering. The results may provide a theory basis for a cell design procedure.

Evaporation rate far beyond the input solar energy limit enabled by introducing convective flow

Solar-driven interfacial evaporation for desalination is regarded as one of the most promising technologies to relieve global freshwater scarcity due to its high efficiency, sustainability and low cost. However, the evaporation rate, as one of the decisive factors of the throughput of evaporative water, has been severely restricted due to heat loss and insufficient vapor diffusion in the conventional evaporators. Herein, we demonstrate that a carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and airlaid paper-based 3D wavy evaporator not only facilitates the double-surface evaporation, but also can effectively diffuse the suspended vapor assisted by the convective flow, so as to reverse the heat loss and continuously harvest additional energy for efficient evaporation. An evaporation rate as high as 5.55 kg m−2h−1 is achieved under one sun illumination coupled with convective flow of 5 m s−1, well beyond 278% of the input solar energy limit, presuming 100% solar-to-vapor energy conversion. More importantly, the 3D wavy evaporator can consistently evaporate for 24 h in the natural environment, with the outdoor evaporation up to 53.72 kg m−2 and no salt deposition. Furthermore, theoretical simulations of convective flow velocity and distribution, as well as relative humidity distribution, are remarkably compatible with experimental results. The realization of such a high evaporation rate provides a new inspiration for designing the around-the-clock and high-throughput evaporation system that can be practically applied.