Relative Risk Of Cancer Research Articles

Progression of duodenal neoplasia to advanced adenoma in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis

BackgroundPatients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) have a lifetime risk of developing duodenal adenomas approaching 100%, and the relative risk for duodenal cancer compared with the general population is high. We conducted a retrospective study to investigate the progression of non-ampullary duodenal adenomas (NADAs) and risk factors for advanced lesions in patients with FAP.MethodsOf 248 patients with 139 pedigrees at 2 institutes, we assessed 151 patients with 100 pedigrees with a pathogenic germline variant in the adenomatous polyposis coli gene, excluding mosaic variants. We evaluated the prevalence of NADAs in patients with FAP, the progression of these adenomas to advanced adenoma during the observation period, and the risk factors for the lifetime development of high-grade dysplasia (HGD), large (≥ 10 mm) duodenal adenomas, and Spiegelman stage IV.ResultsDuring the median observation period of 7 years, the incidences of patients with NADAs, with more than 20 polyps, with polyps ≥ 10 mm, with HGD, and with stage IV at the last esophagogastroduodenoscopy were increased 1.6-fold, 1.7-fold, 5-fold, 22-fold, and 9-fold, respectively. Intramucosal cancer occurred in three patients (2%), but no patients developed invasive cancer during the observation period because we performed endoscopic intervention for advanced adenomas. Stage progression was observed in 71% of 113 patients. Stage IV was more common in women, patients with a history of colectomy, and those with a 3’ side mutation in their adenomatous polyposis coli gene.ConclusionsNADAs in patients with FAP frequently become exacerbated. Our findings suggest that patients with FAP who develop duodenal adenomas should be surveyed to prevent the development of duodenal cancer.

Preventable incidence cases from non-communicable diseases attributable to insufficient physical activity in Chile

ObjectivesLack of sufficient physical activity (PA) has been associated with an increased risk of several non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and all-cause mortality. This study aimed to estimate the number of preventable incidence cases of NCDs attributable to insufficient PA in the Chilean population. Study designComparative risk assessment modelling study. MethodsThis study examined data from 5834 participants aged ≥20 years from the Chilean National Survey (2016–2017). PA was assessed by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), and metabolic equivalent of tasks (METs) were assigned according to PA intensity. Estimated incidence cases of NCDs in Chile in 2019 were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease study. Relative risks for breast cancer, colon cancer, ischaemic heart disease, diabetes and stroke were obtained from a published meta-analysis and applied to the prevalence of insufficient PA estimates through the potential impact fraction equation. ResultsHigh levels of PA (≥8000 MET-min/week) could potentially avoid more than 22,000 (64.6 %) incidence NCD cases, ranging from 498 (10.1 %) preventable cases of breast cancer to 5629 (14.7 %) cases of diabetes. Other modelled scenarios also showed to reduce the incidence cases of all five NCDs but to a lesser extent; where at least PA recommendation was achieved, preventable NCDs were reduced by 6522 cases (18.7 %), and where a 10 % relative reduction in insufficient PA level in the population was achieved, preventable NCDs were reduced by 651 (1.8 %) cases. ConclusionsThe study results provide estimates for the incidence cases of preventable NCDs attributable to insufficient PA, highlighting the important role of PA in NCD prevention in Chile.

European astronaut radiation related cancer risk assessment using dosimetric calculations of organ dose equivalents

An illustrative sample mission of a Mars swing-by mission lasting one calendar year was chosen to highlight the application of European risk assessment software to cancer (all solid cancer plus leukaemia) risks from radiation exposures in space quantified with organ dose equivalent rates from model calculations based on the quantity Radiation Attributed Decrease of Survival (RADS). The relevant dose equivalent to the colon for radiation exposures from this Mars swing-by mission were found to vary between 198 and 482 mSv. These doses depend on sex and the two other factors investigated here of: solar activity phase (maximum or minimum); and the choice of space radiation quality factor used in the calculations of dose equivalent. Such doses received at typical astronaut ages around 40 years old will result in: the probability of surviving until retirement age (65 years) being reduced by a range from 0.38% (95%CI: 0.29; 0.49) to 1.29% (95%CI: 1.06; 1.56); and the probability of surviving cancer free until retirement age being reduced by a range from 0.78% (95%CI: 0.59; 0.99) to 2.63% (95%CI: 2.16; 3.18). As expected from the features of the models applied to quantify the general dosimetric and radiation epidemiology parameters, the cancer incidence risks in terms of surviving cancer free, are higher than the cancer mortality risks in terms of surviving, the risks for females are higher than for males, and the risks at solar minimum are higher than at solar maximum.

Risk of Cancer in Relatives of Patients with Myelodysplastic Neoplasia and Acute Leukemias

Background: The risk of cancer among relatives of patients with either myelodysplastic neoplasia (MDS), acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has not been thoroughly examined. Methods: We linked the Danish Civil Registration System with the Danish Cancer Registry, the Danish National Acute Leukemia Registry, and the Danish Myelodysplastic Syndrome Database to estimate the relative risk of cancer among relatives of patients with MDS/AML/ALL. We used standardized incidence ratios (SIRs), i.e., the ratio of observed to expected number of cancers among the relatives as a measure of relative risk. Results: We identified 13010 first-degree (FDR) and 22051 second-degree (SDR) relatives of 8386 patients with MDS/ALL/AML. Disregarding basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the relative risk for cancer overall was increased in both FDR (SIR=1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-1.4) and SDR (SIR=1.5; 95% CI 1.2-1.8). SIRs among FDRs were statistically significantly increased for malignant melanoma, BCC and for the combined groups of cancers of the male genital organs, urinary tract, and MDS/AML/ALL. Among SDRs, SIRs were statistically significantly increased for malignant melanoma, BCC, and the combined group of cancers in the digestive organs and peritoneum. Conclusions: We observed an increased risk of cancer among FDR and SDR of patients with MDS/AML/ALL.

Potential impact of health communications to raise awareness of the relative risk of age and cancer: a qualitative study

BackgroundThe Cancer Research UK Cancer Awareness Measure Survey (2022) found older age as a risk factor for cancer to be low (around 2–4% across UK nations). However, 89 in 100 cancers are in those aged 50 years and older, and the majority of health-communications are targeted to these higher risk groups. This research aimed to understand the potential impact on health behaviours of communicating messages on relative increased risk of cancer with older age on participant's capability, motivation, and opportunity (COM-B model) in relation to positive early diagnosis health behaviours (body vigilance, intention to take part in cancer screening, preventative measures). MethodsIn this qualitative study, we conducted 60 min semi-structured paired-depth interviews of people aged 25–74 years from across the UK (20 pairs; n=40; age: mean 58·5 years, range 25–74; 19 [47%] men and 21 [53%] women; 27 [67%] White and 13 [33%] from Black or Asian minority ethnic groups). Participants were recruited via a recruitment agency and provided with an incentive of £60 for their time. To assess potential longer-term impact, participants filled a survey 2 weeks later on their views on the messages tested, and on self-reported actions taken as a result of the messages tested. The three different messages tested were rotated. Data were analysed using rapid thematic techniques, two moderators reviewed the data, and a framework analysis style assessed themes against capability, opportunity, and motivation (COM-B model). FindingsMessage 2 was the most preferred, as it was clear and easy to understand. Results suggested that including this messaging in health campaigns could encourage some positive early diagnosis heath behaviours. The post survey identified self-reported behaviour changes in nine (23%) of the 40 participants and sustained intentions in 29 (73%). Results overlayed with COM-B, identified messaging could support behaviour change by increasing awareness (psychological capability), providing a social cue (social opportunity), and encouraging emotions related to not wanting to get cancer or that they should be doing specific behaviours (reflective motivation). InterpretationFindings suggest communicating this message might have a positive effect on help-seeking behaviours in older adults (age ≥50 years). However, considerations include ensuring that the message is clear and understandable and that it doesn’t induce fear. Although this study design allowed for more in-depth exploration, results are limited due to the small sample size. FundingCancer Research UK.

Endocrine therapy initiation among women diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ breast cancer from 2001-2016.

487 Background: Endocrine therapy (ET) initiation in people within 1 year of diagnosis of estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) has ranged from 21-45% in prior studies; however, these studies did not evaluate initiation post-2011 and may not reflect current patterns of use. ET use following ER+ DCIS diagnosis can reduce the relative risks of recurrence and contralateral breast cancer by 30-50%. We evaluated ET initiation over time and by demographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics in the Kaiser Permanente Breast Cancer Survivors Study between 2001-2016. Methods: We included people aged 20+ years diagnosed with unilateral DCIS with at least 1 year of cancer-free follow-up from three U.S. integrated health systems. We excluded people with ER-negative disease, no surgery, and those who received chemotherapy or unknown radiation therapy. ET dispensings (tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors) were extracted from electronic pharmacy records within 1 year of a person’s initial DCIS breast cancer diagnosis. Using generalized linear models with a log link and Poisson distribution, we estimated relative rates (RRs) of ET use (vs none) over time and by demographic, tumor, and other treatment characteristics. Results: Among 1,782 pre- and postmenopausal people, 577 (32%) initiated ET within 1 year of diagnosis. From 2001-2016, ET use did not change over time (34% vs 36%), tamoxifen use declined slightly (34% vs 29%), and aromatase inhibitor use increased slightly (0% vs 7%). People were less likely to initiate ET if they were ≥65 years, Black, had borderline or unknown ER status, were not tested for ER, had breast conserving surgery (BCS) without radiation, or had a unilateral mastectomy. Conclusions: Only one-third of people with DCIS diagnosed in a community healthcare setting and potentially eligible for ET, initiated treatment within 1 year of their diagnosis. Previous studies have shown long-term benefits of ET use in people with DCIS; however, we saw no increase in use over time. Concerns about side-effects, overdiagnosis and overtreatment of DCIS, and confusion about treatment guidelines may explain relatively low ET initiation.[Table: see text]

Estimating the risk of cancer incidence and radiation-induced cancer death of children patients undergoing digital radiology X-ray examinations

BackgroundIt is generally accepted that children are more sensitive to radiation than adults and have a higher relative risk of cancer. The longer life expectancy after exposure increases the risk of developing radiation-associated malignancies. PurposeThis study aims to estimate the risk of cancer incidence and radiation-induced cancer death of children patients undergoing digital radiology X-ray examinations. Material and methodsIn this study, data were collected retrospectively from 15 radiography rooms in the major radiology centers in Mazandaran province (Iran). The information of 12 common digital radiography examinations including pelvis (in the anteroposterior projection (AP)), skull (in the two lateral projection (LAT) and posteroanterior projection (PA)), abdomen (AP), cervical vertebra (AP and LAT), chest (PA and LAT), lumbar vertebra (AP and LAT), thoracic vertebra (AP and LAT) examinations which was recorded from 10 to 15 years old patients. The Entrance Surface Air Kerma (ESAK), Entrance Skin Dose (ESD), and Organ Effective Dose (ED) were measured. Finally, the risk of cancer incidence and Risk of Exposure-Induced cancer Death (REID) values were estimated for these patients. ResultsIn total, 1800 (983 females and 817 males) patients (10–15 years old) were included in this study. Across all procedures, the lowest ED belonged to the skull (PA) examination (10.40 μSv), and the highest ED belonged to the AP abdominal imaging technique (378.46 μSv). The highest ESD was related to the lumbar spine (LAT) projection (3.62 ± 1.38 mGy) and the least to the cervical vertebra (AP) view (0.97 ± 0.21). It was also shown that the differences in cancer incidence and radiation-induced cancer death values in male and female patients were not statistically significant. ConclusionThe result showed that ESDs are influenced by various factors that affect patients' dose distributions, so through the optimization of imaging parameters, image quality can be increased and the patient dose reduced. These actions will necessarily decrease the risk of cancer incidence and radiation-induced mortality risk. Further studies are recommended to assess the workplace environment and practical training in radiology institutions, along with the quality control tests of radiology devices.

The current and future costs of colorectal cancer attributable to red and processed meat consumption in Brazil

BackgroundCompelling evidence supports the association between red and processed meat consumption and increased risk of colorectal cancer. Herein, we estimated the current (2018) and future (2030) federal direct healthcare costs of colorectal cancer in the Brazilian Unified Health System attributable to red and processed meat consumption. Considering reduced red and processed meat consumption, we also projected attributable costs of colorectal cancer in 2040.MethodsWe retrieved information on red and processed meat consumption from two nationally representative dietary surveys, the Household Budget Survey 2008–2009 and 2017–2018; relative risks for colorectal cancer from a meta-analysis; direct healthcare costs of inpatient and outpatient procedures in adults ≥ 30 years with colorectal cancer (C18-C20) from 2008–2019 by sex.ResultsAttributable costs of colorectal cancer were calculated via comparative risk assessment, assuming a 10-year lag. In 2018, US$ 20.6 million (8.4%) of direct healthcare costs of colorectal cancer were attributable to red and processed meat consumption. In 2030, attributable costs will increase to US$ 86.6 million (19.3%). Counterfactual scenarios of reducing red and processed meat consumption in 2030 suggested that US$ 2.2 to 11.9 million and US$ 13 to 74 million could be saved in 2040, respectively.ConclusionRed and processed meat consumption has an escalating economic impact on the Brazilian Unified Health System. Our findings support interventions and policies focused on primary prevention and cancer.

The detection of high risk HPV genotypes by the PR-PCR method in the Republic of Serbia

Abstract Introduction The association between Human Papiloma Virus (HPV) positive cervical swabs and the development of cervical cancer has lead to extensive research. Studies employing the RT-PCR method for typization in the young women demographic worldwide. Based on their proven oncogenic potential 14 HPV types have been classified as carcinogenic (HPV16,18,31,33,35,39,45,51,52,56, 58,59,66,68). The imporatnce of HPV diagnostics is a result of the existing link between viral infection and relative risk of cervical cancer, while the detection complexity reflects the large variety of HPV genotypes. Methods The samples analyzed in our study were obtained from cervical swabs of women aged 19 to 25 years between the months of October and December 2022. All collected samples were routinely screened for high risk genotype positivity (HPV16 and 18). There were no other inclusion criteria, the samples used in the study were selected at random. After DNA isolation, genotype identification was done by L2 amplification for HPV 16, the L1 for HPV 18, E6 for HPV 35, 56 and 58, and E7 for HPV 31,33,39,45,51,52,59,66 and 68 genotypes, with specific primers and flourescently labelled probes. Results The results demonstrated that among the DNA positive individuals HPV genotype distribution was as follows: 50% (31,39,56); 40,90% HPV(52,59,68); 34,10% HPV16; 22,70% HPV(35, 58, 66); 15,90% HPV 18. Individually, by type, the highest prevalence was noted for the high risk genotype HPV 16 (34,1%), followed by HPV18 (15,90%). As for group clusters, HPV(31,39,56) were most frequent, followed by HPV(52,59,68). Conclusions Given the forementioned results of our study, the most prevalent HPV genotype in the Republic of Serbia among the women of pre-set demographic is HPV 16, which is in conconcurrence with epidemiological results for Eastern Europe. By comparative analysis of the HPV16 and 31 distribution, the results imply a similarity in sensitivity to infection. Key messages • The susceptibility of young adults to HPV infection entails a well-developed preventive medicine program is paramount, and not limited to this demographic. • RT-PCR offers in-depth insight into the distribution of risk of cancer to the screening team.

Lung Cancer Risk Attributable to Active Smoking in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

ObjectiveNo consensus exists on the relative risk (RR) of lung cancer (LC) attributable to active smoking in China. This study aimed to evaluate the unified RR of LC attributable to active smoking among the Chinese population. MethodsA systematic literature search of seven databases was conducted to identify studies reporting active smoking among smokers versus nonsmokers in China. Primary articles on LC providing risk estimates with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for “ever” “former” or “current” smokers from China were selected. Meta-analysis was used to estimate the pooled RR of active smoking. ResultsForty-four unique studies were included. Compared with that of nonsmokers, the pooled RR (95% CI) for “ever” “former” and “current” smokers were 3.26 (2.79–3.82), 2.95 (1.71–5.08), and 5.16 (2.58–10.34) among men, 3.18 (2.78–3.63), 2.70 (2.08–3.51), and 4.27 (3.61–5.06) among women, and 2.71 (2.12–3.46), 2.66 (2.45–2.88), and 4.21 (3.25–5.45) in both sexes combined, respectively. ConclusionThe RR of LC has remained relatively stable (range, 2–6) over the past four decades in China. Early quitting of smoking could reduce the RR to some extent; however, completely refraining from smoking is the best way to avoid its adverse effects.

Risk of head and neck cancer in relation to blood inflammatory biomarkers in the Swedish AMORIS cohort.

Inflammation is critically involved in the development of human cancer, and blood inflammatory biomarkers have been proposed to indicate the risk of different cancer types. Using the Swedish Apolipoprotein-Related Mortality Risk (AMORIS) Cohort (N=812,073), we first performed a time-to-event analysis to evaluate the association of the baseline level of 12 blood inflammatory biomarkers measured during 1985-1996 with the subsequent risk of head and neck cancer (HNC) identified through the nationwide Swedish Cancer Register until end of 2020. A nested case-control study was further conducted to demonstrate the longitudinal trends of the studied biomarkers during the 30-year period prior to diagnosis of HNC. In the time-to-event analysis, we identified a total of 2,510 newly diagnosed HNC cases. There was an increased risk of HNC per standard deviation (SD) increase of haptoglobin (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21-1.30), leukocytes (HR: 1.22; 95%CI: 1.17-1.28), sedimentation rate (HR: 1.17; 95%CI: 1.07-1.29), and monocytes (HR: 1.34; 95%CI: 1.07-1.68) at baseline, after adjustment for age, sex, fasting status, occupational status, and country of birth. In contrast, there was a decreased risk of HNC per SD increase of lymphocytes in % (HR: 0.85; 95%CI: 0.73-0.99) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) (HR: 0.81; 95%CI: 0.69-0.95) at baseline. In the nested case-control study using repeatedly measured biomarker levels, we found that individuals with HNC had consistently higher levels of haptoglobin, leukocytes, sedimentation rate, and monocytes, as well as consistently lower levels of lymphocytes in % and LMR, during the 30-year period prior to diagnosis, compared to controls. Based on a cohort of more than half a million participants with up to 35 years of follow-up, our findings provide solid evidence supporting the presence of alterations in blood inflammatory biomarkers during the decades before diagnosis of HNC.

Thyroid cancer risk after radiation exposure in adults-systematic review and meta-analysis.

Notably, the growing use of radionuclear technology, especially in diagnostic and therapeutic procedures involving radiation exposure, raises concerns about the health effects of radiation. Although epidemiological studies have provided strong evidence for elevated thyroid cancer risk after radiation exposure in childhood, the risk of thyroid cancer associated with adult exposure remains to be investigated. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant studies on the risk of developing thyroid cancer after radiation exposure in adulthood. The PubMed and Web of Science databases were used to select eligible articles. After screening, a total of 15 studies were identified in which estimates of the standardized incidence ratio (SIR) and the relative risk (RR) of thyroid cancer were available in 8 and 11 studies, respectively. The overall SIR estimated by the random effects model was 2.19 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.54, 3.10]. Cochran's Q test showed significant heterogeneity in the SIRs (Q= 178, P< 0.0001). The overall RR at 10mGy was 1.0038 (95% CI, 0.9991, 1.0085), with no significant heterogeneity (Q= 9.30, P= 0.5041). The total SIR, as well as that from each study, indicated a statistically significant excess, which could be related to screening bias. Radiation-related thyroid cancer risk was elevated in a few studies; however, the overall estimate of the RR at 10mGy was not significant. This study demonstrates no strong epidemiological evidence for the risk of thyroid cancer in radiation exposure during adulthood; however, further research is needed.

Breast cancer risk factors and mammographic density among 12518 average-risk women in rural China

BackgroundMammographic density (MD) is a strong risk factor for breast cancer. We aimed to evaluate the association between MD and breast cancer related risk factors among average-risk women in rural China.MethodsThis is a population-based screening study. 12518 women aged 45–64 years with complete MD data from three maternal and childcare hospitals in China were included in the final analysis. ORs and 95%CIs were estimated using generalized logit model by comparing each higher MD (BI-RADS b, c, d) to the lowest group (BI-RADS a). The cumulative logistic regression model was used to estimate the ORtrend (95%CI) and Ptrend by treating MD as an ordinal variable.ResultsOlder age (ORtrend = 0.81, 95%CI: 0.79–0.81, per 2-year increase), higher BMI (ORtrend = 0.73, 95%CI: 0.71–0.75, per 2 kg/m2), more births (ORtrend = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.41–0.54, 3 + vs. 0–1), postmenopausal status (ORtrend = 0.42, 95%CI: 0.38–0.46) were associated with lower MD. For parous women, longer duration of breastfeeding was found to be associated with higher MD when adjusting for study site, age, BMI, and age of first full-term birth (ORtrend = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.27–1.85, 25 + months vs. no breastfeeding; ORtrend = 1.45, 95%CI: 1.20–1.75, 19–24 months vs. no breastfeeding), however, the association became non-significant when adjusting all covariates. Associations between examined risk factors and MD were similar in premenopausal and postmenopausal women except for level of education and oral hormone drug usage. Higher education was only found to be associated with an increased proportion of dense breasts in postmenopausal women (ORtrend = 1.08, 95%CI: 1.02–1.15). Premenopausal women who ever used oral hormone drug were less likely to have dense breasts, though the difference was marginally significant (OR = 0.54, P = 0.045). In postmenopausal women, we also found the proportion of dense breasts increased with age at menopause (ORtrend = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.21–1.43).ConclusionsIn Chinese women with average risk for breast cancer, we found MD was associated with age, BMI, menopausal status, lactation, and age at menopausal. This finding may help to understand the etiology of breast cancer and have implications for breast cancer prevention in China.

Perceived Risk of Breast Cancer in Relation to Precautionary Behavior among Females in Saudi Arabia

Background: For the last two decades, the number of women with breast cancer in Saudi Arabia increased steadily. Risk perceptions or an individual&amp;#39;s perceived susceptibility to a threat are a key component of many health behavior change theories. Little is known about relationships between risk perceptions of breast cancer and performing preventive practices. &#x0D; &#x0D; This descriptive study highlights the risk perception of breast cancer in relation to preventive interventions among females over 18 years old in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: Cross-sectional descriptive correlational design. An online questionnaire was conducted with 500 participants aged 18 years and older. The questionnaire was self-administrated electronic questionnaire designed by using Google Forms and it gated broadcast through social media channels such as WhatsApp and twitter. &#x0D; &#x0D; Results: The study emphasized a low risk perceptions about breast cancer and performing preventive practices. Positive correlation was found between female&amp;#39;s risk perceptions and doing the mammogram screening.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusions: Findings will be helpful to use risk perception of breast cancer in the prediction of women adopting preventive measures.

Germline DNA Repair Genes Pathogenic Variants Among Mexican Patients With Prostate Cancer.

Early identification of germline mutation carriers may be relevant for the optimal management of prostate cancer and to inform cancer risk in relatives. However, population minorities have limited access to genetic testing. The aim of this study was to describe the frequency of DNA repair gene pathogenic variants (PVs) among Mexican men with prostate cancer referred for Genomic Cancer Risk Assessment and testing. Patients diagnosed with prostate cancer who meet criteria for genetic testing and enrolled in the Clinical Cancer Genomics Community Research Network at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán in Mexico City were included. Descriptive statistics were performed using frequency and proportions for categorical variables and median and range for quantitative variables. X2 and t test were used for group comparisons. A total of 199 men were enrolled, median age at diagnosis was 66 (range 44-88) years; 45% were de novo metastatic and 44% were high- very high and 10% were intermediate risk group. Four (2%) had a pathogenic germline variant; one each of the following genes: ATM, CHEK2, BRIP1, and MUTYH (all monoallelic). Younger men at diagnosis were more likely to carry a PV than older age at diagnosis (56.7 vs. 66.4 years, P=.01). Our results showed a low prevalence of known prostate cancer associated PVs and no BRCA PVs in Mexican men with prostate cancer. This suggests that the genetic and/or epidemiologic risk factors for prostate cancer are not well characterized in this specific population.

Cancer risk and temporal trends in people with HIV during a quarter of a century – a nationwide population-based matched cohort study

Background It is important to understand current trends in cancer risk among people living with HIV (PLWH) to improve outcomes and to commission and delivery appropriate services. Methods Nationwide, population-based, matched cohort study on all adult PLWH treated at Danish HIV health care centres since 1 January 1995 and a comparison cohort, randomly selected from the background population and matched on sex and date of birth. Results We included 6327 PLWH and 63,270 individuals in the comparison cohort − 74% were men and median age was 37 (interquartile range: 30–46). For both smoking related cancers, virological cancers and other cancers, incidence was substantially higher in the first year of observation for PLWH than for the remaining observation period. The risk of smoking related cancer remained stably increased throughout the observation period, whereas the relative risk of virological cancers decreased, especially in the first year of follow up. Finally, the risk of other cancers for PLWH decreased to a level below that of the background population during the study period. Conclusion The fact that the risk of other cancers was probably not higher among PLWH than in the comparison cohort is encouraging, as the excess risk of virological and smoking related cancers is potentially preventable by timely treatment of HIV and smoking cessation.

Natural biopolymer-based hydrogels as designer matrices for organoid cultures

Matrigel, a mouse sarcoma-derived extract, is considered the gold standard for organoid cultures. However, it has several drawbacks, including inconsistent and ill-defined composition, varying quality between batches, and potential cancer-related health risks. These factors highlight the need to develop chemically defined alternatives to Matrigel. Natural biopolymers derived from living organisms have emerged as promising substitutes capable of creating chemically defined extracellular matrix (ECM)-mimicking materials to support organoids in a 3-dimensional (3D) environment. This article provides an overview of natural biopolymeric hydrogel-based bioengineering approaches for constructing 3D matrices resembling artificial ECM for organoid cultures. It discusses the latest developments in utilizing natural biopolymers to direct the growth, differentiation, and maturation of organoids, along with their translational applications in the fields of bioengineering and biomedicine. Additionally, the article offers perspectives on multidisciplinary research on natural biopolymer-based hydrogels for more practical applications as next-generation matrices for organoid cultures.

Updated risk models for lung cancer due to radon exposure in the German Wismut cohort of uranium miners, 1946-2018.

UNSCEAR recently recommended that future research on the lung cancer risk at low radon exposures or exposure rates should focus on more contemporary uranium miners. For this purpose, risk models in the German Wismut cohort of uranium miners were updated extending the follow-up period by 5years to 1946-2018. The full cohort (n = 58,972) and specifically the 1960 + sub-cohort of miners first hired in 1960 or later (n = 26,764) were analyzed. The 1960 + sub-cohort is characterized by low protracted radon exposure of high quality of measurements. Internal Poisson regression was used to estimate the excess relative risk (ERR) for lung cancer per cumulative radon exposure in Working Level Months (WLM). Applying the BEIR VI exposure-age-concentration model, the ERR/100WLM was 2.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81; 4.18) and 6.92 (95% CI < 0; 16.59) among miners with attained age < 55years, time since exposure 5-14years, and annual exposure rates < 0.5WL in the full (n = 4329 lung cancer deaths) and in the 1960 + sub-cohort (n = 663 lung cancer deaths), respectively. Both ERR/WLM decreased with older attained ages, increasing time since exposure, and higher exposure rates. Findings of the 1960 + sub-cohort are in line with those from large pooled studies, and ERR/WLM are about two times higher than in the full Wismut cohort. Notably, 20-30years after closure of the Wismut mines in 1990, the estimated fraction of lung cancer deaths attributable to occupational radon exposure is still 26% in the full Wismut cohort and 19% in the 1960 + sub-cohort, respectively. This demonstrates the need for radiation protection against radon.

Ethnic differences of genetic risk and smoking in lung cancer: two prospective cohort studies.

The role of genetic background underlying the disparity of relative risk of smoking and lung cancer between European populations and East Asians remains unclear. To assess the role of ethnic differences in genetic factors associated with smoking-related risk of lung cancer, we first constructed ethnic-specific polygenic risk scores (PRSs) to quantify individual genetic risk of lung cancer in Chinese and European populations. Then, we compared genetic risk and smoking as well as their interactions on lung cancer between two cohorts, including the China Kadoorie Biobank (CKB) and the UK Biobank (UKB). We also evaluated the absolute risk reduction over a 5-year period. Differences in compositions and association effects were observed between the Chinese-specific PRSs and European-specific PRSs, especially for smoking-related loci. The PRSs were consistently associated with lung cancer risk, but stronger associations were observed in smokers of the UKB [hazard ratio (HR) 1.26 vs 1.15, P = 0.028]. A significant interaction between genetic risk and smoking on lung cancer was observed in the UKB (RERI, 11.39 (95% CI, 7.01-17.94)], but not in the CKB. Obvious higher absolute risk was observed in nonsmokers of the CKB, and a greater absolute risk reduction was found in the UKB (10.95 vs 7.12 per 1000 person-years, P <0.001) by comparing heavy smokers with nonsmokers, especially for those at high genetic risk. Ethnic differences in genetic factors and the high incidence of lung cancer in nonsmokers of East Asian ethnicity were involved in the disparity of smoking-related risk of lung cancer.

The 2023 Impact of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Canada: Cancer and IBD.

Cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Intestinal cancers may arise as a complication of IBD itself, while extra-intestinal cancers may arise due to some of the immunosuppressive therapies used to treat IBD. Colorectal cancer (CRC) and small bowel cancer risks remain elevated among persons with IBD as compared to age-and sex-matched members of the general population, and the lifetime risk of these cancers is strongly correlated to cumulative intestinal inflammatory burden. However, the cumulative risk of cancer, even among those with IBD is still low. Some studies suggest that IBD-CRC incidence has declined over the years, possibly owing to improved treatment standards and improved detection and management of early neoplastic lesions. Across studies of extra-intestinal cancers, there are generally higher incidences of melanoma, hepatobiliary cancer, and lung cancer and no higher incidences of breast cancer or prostate cancer, with equivocal risk of cervical cancer, among persons with IBD. While the relative risks of some extra-intestinal cancers are increased with treatment, the absolute risks of these cancers remain low and the decision to forego treatment in light of these risks should be carefully weighed against the increased risks of intestinal cancers and other disease-related complications with undertreated inflammatory disease. Quality improvement efforts should focus on optimized surveillance of cancers for which surveillance strategies exist (colorectal cancer, hepatobiliary cancer, cervical cancers, and skin cancers) and the development of cost-effective surveillance strategies for less common cancers associated with IBD.