Relationship Of Parents Research Articles

"Ultimately We're Together": Understanding New Parents' Experiences of Co-parenting

Positive co-parenting is critical for parenting and child outcomes, especially for new parents, who suffer from an increase in conflicts and decreased marital relationships. Investigating the practices, strategies, and challenges of new parents' co-parenting, including collaborating, supporting, and relating to each other, can help better understand this vulnerable parenting period. Furthermore, this understanding can bring insights to inform technology design for supporting co-parenting. In this paper, we present an overview of related research on parents' collaboration, support, and relationships. We then report findings from an exploratory semi-structured interview study with 11 pairs of new parents who are interested in co-parenting skills and unpack their helpful co-parenting strategies, tools, and challenges when applying those strategies. We conclude with a discussion of the design implications aiming to support new parents' positive co-parenting in their day-to-day lives and an observation that couples' co-parenting is a case of coproduction.

Case Study: Innovative Approach To Increase Well Productivity by Adapting Drilling Targets and Completion Methodology

_ The discourse regarding US land exploration and production has tended to primarily focus on shale development. While this has pushed the industry to adopt many technologies or applications, the general recipe has been to be faster and cheaper with hopefully more predictable BOE/ft production. However, there are limitations with this approach as it tends to boil down to a choice of substitution rather than true engineering to improve return on investment or improved net present value. The relationship of parent and child well production has introduced a variable that does not necessarily respond to faster and cheaper. In fact, operators may agree that a dissolvable frac plug has application to reduce completion costs while completely disagreeing on the methodology to manage field development and the parent-child interaction. Extensive field study and calibration can determine an optimal solution with varying degrees of predictability (SPE 211899). For example, reservoir depletion and fracture communication can be difficult to accurately plan for in advance. These and several additional parameters are specific to a section, field, or bench and the design and planning process begins anew when drilling locations move a sufficient distance away from the asset in question. The best outcome during the drilling and completion of a child well is to limit the negative impact on parent well production while delivering an economically viable addition to existing production. Acceptable ranges of underperformance with the child well vary, but can be summarized as 20 to 30% less than the parent well (SPE 209171). Additionally, contact from an offset child well fracturing operation can detrimentally affect parent well production temporarily or permanently by increasing water production and decreasing hydrocarbon production. Introduction This case study presents the development of a methodology for optimizing and controlling the hydraulic fracturing process’s parameters by increasing cluster efficiency to 100% and overcoming formation leakoff with eight to 10 times rate per cluster when compared with industry standards. The developed framework is validated through field completion and production data taken from wells located on the Northwest Shelf, within the San Andres formation, specifically straddling the state line of New Mexico and Texas with operations primarily in northeast Lea County, New Mexico, and Yoakum County, Texas. For the purposes of this study, parent wells are wells drilled during Segment 1 (2013 to 2016) and/or the first wells drilled in a section. Child wells are defined as any subsequent wellbore placed in a section amongst current producers Segment 2 (2017 to 2020) and Segment 3 (2022 to 2023). The offset true vertical depth (TVD) of the child wells relative to the parent wells is less than 100 ft and no geologic barrier exists, thus the contribution to production is from the same rock matrix regardless of well vintage.

Parent-to-Parent support perception and Parent-Child relationship in parents of children with special Needs: The mediating role of quality of life

PurposeThis study aimed to determine the relationships between parent-to-parent support perception, quality of life, and parent–child relationship levels among Turkish parents of children with special needs. MethodsData were collected from 235 parents of children with intellectual disabilities and autism spectrum disorder using the Parent-to-Parent Support Perception Scale, WHOQOL-BREF quality of life scale, and Parent-Child Relationship Questionnaire. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was used to test the mediating role of quality of life. ResultsThe findings indicate that quality of life partially mediates the relationship between the perception of parent-to-parent support and the parent–child relationship. The partial mediation model showed acceptable goodness-of-fit indices and significant path coefficients. ConclusionsThe study concluded that higher perceived parent-to-parent support enhances the quality of life, improving the parent–child relationship. This suggests that interventions aimed at increasing parent-to-parent support can positively impact the quality of life and strengthen parent–child relationships among parents of children with special needs.

Uncovering seed vigor responsive miRNA in hybrid wheat and its parents by deep sequencing

BackgroundTwo-line hybrid wheat technology system is one way to harness wheat heterosis both domestically and internationally. Seed vigor is a crucial parameter for assessing seed quality, as enhanced seed vigor can lead to yield increments of over 20% to a certain extent. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were known to participate in the development and vigor of seed in plants, but its impact on seed vigor in two-line hybrid wheat remains poorly elucidated.ResultsThe hybrid (BS1453/11GF5135) wheat exhibited superiority in seed vigor and anti-aging capacity, compared to its male parent (11GF5135, MP) and female parent (BS1453, FP). We identified four miRNAs associated with seed vigor, all of which are novel miRNAs. The majority of targets of miRNAs were related to ubiquitin ligases, kinases, sucrose synthases and hydrolases, involving in starch and sucrose metabolism, hydrolysis, catalysis, plant hormone signal transduction, and other pathways, which played crucial roles in seed development. Additionally, we also found miR531 was differentially expressed in both male parent and hybrid, and its target gene was a component of the E1 subunit of α-ketoate dehydrogenase complex, which interacted with dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (E2) and dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase (E3). Finally, We established a presumptive interaction model to speculate the relationship of miR531 and seed vigor.ConclusionsThis study analyzed the seed vigor of two-line hybrid wheat, and screened seed vigor-related miRNAs. Meanwhile speculated the genetic relationship of hybrid and parents, in terms of miRNAs. Consequently, the present study provides new insights into the miRNA-mediated gene and protein interaction network that regulates seed vigor. These findings hold significance for enhancing the yield and quality of two-line hybrid wheat, facilitating its future applications.

العلاقة بين الإكتئاب وأساليب المعاملة الوالدية لدى الشباب والراشدين (دراسة حالة)

The current research aimed to reveal one of the reasons supporting the exacerbation of depression disorder among young people, and to study their cases, where the research tried to answer the following questions: What is the degree of depression in a sample of depressed young people? And what is the relationship of parents in the emergence of depression? To answer the research questions and test the hypotheses, we used the clinical approach in studying one of the cases in adulthood. To collect information, the Eysenck Personality Inventory, Hamilton Depression Scale, and Beck Depression Scale were used. Then, we prepared detailed clinical reports and psychological reports, and created a complete diagnosis by referring to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental and Psychiatric Disorders. The results of the research showed: Children who are treated well by their parents are more psychologically and socially compatible, and they are more distinguished in masculine and feminine behavior than children who are treated poorly and are exposed to cruelty, rejection, neglect, or excessive pampering. The sound psychological and social development of children is linked to several factors that we will clarify below: A- Psychological and social compatibility. B- Psychological and social tendencies and interests and their proper satisfaction. C- Feeling of security, reassurance, love and affection. D- Family guidance and counseling.

The Effect of Parents' Fear of COVID-19 and Some Variables on Their Childhood Vaccination Attitudes According to the Health Belief Model: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: The study sought to explore the relationship of parents’ fear of COVID-19 and some variables with childhood vaccination attitudes according to the Health Belief Model during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This research employed a descriptive – correlation design, with 263 participants consisting of parents with children aged 0-6 included in the study. An online survey was used to collect data. Results: The mean COVID-19 fear score of the participants was 19.71±6.46. As the COVID-19 fear score of the participants increased, their perceived benefit (β=.12; p

Urban family with minor children: resources, moral guidelines and social adaptation of working parents. Part one

The first part of the article presents the results of studying the daily activities of working parents in the field of caring for minor children and their upbringing. Data from monitoring studies of the daily activities and time budget of urban residents carried out during 1986-2020 were used. The composition of families with children is considered and the resource characteristics of parents are analyzed, which turned out to be very similar for fathers and mothers. The relationship of parents' time spent on caring for children and their upbringing with parents' belonging to fathers and mothers, with their age, level of education, religious identity and income level in parents' families, as well as with some value orientations of fathers and mothers, is investigated. The analysis showed that the objective picture of working parents using time resources for activities with children does not agree with their subjective opinion that “activities with their childre n, their upbringing is the most important thing in the life of both spouses”. At the same time, most working fathers and mothers are satisfied with the time spent both on caring for children and on their upbringing as time resources. The characteristics of the provision of fathers and mothers with other resources do not affect their satisfaction with time spent. There is a direct relationship between satisfaction with the time spent on raising children and parents' satisfaction with life in general. An analysis of the moral guidelines of parents, which are the moral basis for the process of socialization of minor children in the family, has shown that more than half of the moral qualities related to virtues are the norm for the vast majority of fathers and to a somewhat lesser extent for mothers. At the same time, there is a tendency to blur parents' ideas about qualities-virtues and anti-virtues as a norm and deviation from it. In addition, a trend is emerging in which, judging by estimates, a considerable part of parents do not see a positive life prospect for their children, in terms of their social adaptation, if children in life are guided by the same virtues as the parents themselves. The first part in the article analyzes the composition and resource potential and the use of time resources of parents for child care and upbringing. The second part will be about the moral guidelines and the results of social adaptation of working parents. The numbering of tables and figures is continuous in both parts.

Experiences and impacts of psychological support following adverse neonatal experiences or perinatal loss: a qualitative analysis

BackgroundPoor parental mental health in the perinatal period has detrimental impacts on the lives and relationships of parents and their babies. Parents whose babies are born premature and/or sick and require neonatal care or those who experience perinatal loss are at increased risk of adverse mental health outcomes. In 2021 a North-West charity received funding to offer psychological support to service users of infants admitted to neonatal care or those who had experienced perinatal loss, named the Family Well-being Service (FWS). The FWS offered three different types of support – ad hoc support at the neonatal units or specialist clinics; one-to-one person-centred therapy; or group counselling. Here we report the qualitative findings from an independent evaluation of the FWS.MethodsThirty-seven interviews took place online or over the phone with 16 service users (of whom two took part in a follow-up interview), eight FWS providers and 11 healthcare professionals. Interviews were coded and analysed using thematic analysis.ResultsThe analysis revealed two themes. ‘Creating time and space for support’ detailed the informational, contextual, and relational basis of the service. This theme describes the importance of tailoring communications and having a flexible and proactive approach to service user engagement. Service users valued being listened to without judgement and having the space to discuss their own needs with a therapist who was independent of healthcare. Communication, access, and service delivery barriers are also highlighted. The second theme - ‘making a difference’ - describes the cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal benefits for service users. These included service users being provided with tools for positive coping, and how the support had led to enhanced well-being, improved relationships, and confidence in returning to work.ConclusionThe findings complement and extend the existing literature by offering new insights into therapeutic support for service users experiencing adverse neonatal experiences or perinatal loss. Key mechanisms of effective support, irrespective of whether it is provided on a one-to-one or group basis were identified. These mechanisms include clear information, flexibility (in access or delivery), being independent of statutory provision, focused on individual needs, active listening, the use of therapeutic tools, and positive relationships with the therapist. Further opportunities to engage with those less willing to take up mental health support should be developed.

The Self-Esteem of Dayak Ethnic Adolescents Reviewed from the Attachment Relationship of Parents

Self-esteem is an assessment of oneself in terms of positive and negative things. Self-esteem can also be influenced by attachment with parents, namely mother and father. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a significant relationship between parental attachment, namely mothers and fathers with late adolescents. This study uses quantitative methods with scales as the measuring instrument used. The first scale is the Armsden and Greenberg Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment with an α value = 0.898 on maternal attachment and an α value = 0.931 on paternal attachment. The second scale is the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES) with a value of α = 0.795. The results of this study indicate that there is a significant relationship between maternal attachment and late adolescent self-esteem, namely p = 0.000 (p < 0.05) with a correlation value (r) of 0.322 and also on paternal attachment with late adolescent self-esteem, namely p = 0.000 (p < 0.05) with a correlation value (r) of 0.380. The relationship between these variables has positive results, meaning that the higher the attachment with parents, the higher the self-esteem in late adolescents. The implication of this study can be used as a reference in changing the output of parenting in parents, especially father role attachment on self-esteem of late adolescents.Harga diri merupakan penilaian pada diri sendiri terkait hal positif maupun negatif. Harga diri juga dapat dipengaruhi oleh kelekatan dengan orangtua yaitu ibu dan ayah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kelekatan orangtua yaitu ibu dan ayah dengan remaja akhir. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan skala sebagai alat ukur yang digunakan. Skala pertama adalah Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment Armsden dan Greenberg dengan nilai α = 0,898 pada kelekatan ibu dan nilai α = 0,931 pada kelekatan ayah. Skala kedua adalah Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES) dengan nilai α = 0,795. Hasil pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan signifikan antara kelekatan ibu dengan harga diri remaja akhir yaitu p = 0,000 (p < 0,05) dengan nilai korelasi (r) sebesar 0,322 dan juga pada kelekatan ayah dengan harga diri remaja akhir yakni p = 0,000 (p < 0,05) dengan nilai korelasi (r) sebesar 0,380. Hubungan antar variabel ini memiliki hasil yang positif, artinya semakin tinggi kelekatan dengan orangtua maka semakin tinggi pula harga diri pada remaja akhir. Implikasi dari penelitian ini dapat digunakan sebagai referensi dalam mengubah output dari parenting pada orang tua khususnya kelekatan peran ayah pada harga diri remaja akhir.

High levels of consanguinity in a child from Paquimé, Chihuahua, Mexico.

This study reports results from the ancient DNA analysis of a unique child burial at Paquimé, northern Chihuahua, Mexico. Located between Mesoamerican and Ancestral Puebloan groups, Paquimé (also known as Casas Grandes) was a vibrant multicultural centre during the 13th-14th centuries AD. Archaeologists have long debated Paquimé's social organization. Our analysis of Burial 23-8 has revealed that this child, placed under the centre post of an important room, had parents who were close genetic relatives. We argue that this child's consanguinity and special depositional context resulted from an elite family's practice of aggrandizing social status.

The Relationship of Parents' Parenting with Crude Motoric Development of Babylonian Children at Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal I Working Region Puskesmas Pringsewu Rejosari in 2024

Parenting are rules made by parents and applied to their children to form a positive child's character and behavior. The right pattern of care applied to the child can maximize the growth of the child according to his age of development. The aim of the study was to identify the relationship between the pattern of parenting of parents and the development of harsh motorics in young children. The design of this study uses analytical descriptive using cross sectional. The population is a young boy with a sample of 52 people, the sampling technique used purposive samplings. Aisyiyah Bustanul Athfal I Pringsewu area of work puskesmas Rejosari using questionnaire pattern of nursing and development of rough motric and Test analysis using Chi Square. The results of the research there are Relationship Pattern of Parents Against Rare Motoric Development of Babylon Children in Aisyiah Bustanonul Athpal I Prangsewu school with patterns of parents mostly authoritarian as much as 25 (48.1%) and rough motoric development in children mostly normal category 29 (55.8%). Caring patterns are a major factor in the success of growing children and it is expected that the parents, as well as the environment can support the parents of children in providing the right caring pattern to children so that the growth and development of children, especially the development of rough motorics can run optimally. In addition, it is expected that the proper pattern of caring will have a positive impact on the child in terms of motor, sensory and mental abilities, thus becoming a qualified child.

Relationship of nutritional behaviors and parent–child interactions with developmental domains of Iranian toddlers: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundHealth service providers closely monitor the developmental state of toddlers to identify the factors affecting this process because any defect during this period will cause irreversible damage. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship of nutritional behaviors and parent–child interactions with the developmental domains of Iranian toddlers.MethodsThis cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 341 toddlers aged 12–36 months covered by comprehensive health centers in the south of Tehran in 2021–2022. The participants were selected through single-stage cluster sampling. To this end, 16 comprehensive health centers were randomly selected, and then some of the clients from each center were randomly selected as the sample. The required data were collected through the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), the Children’s Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ), the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS), and a demographics form. They were then analyzed statistically using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS-21, considering a significance level of p < 0.05.ResultsThe results showed that most participants were normal in all developmental domains (communication, gross motor, fine motor, personal-social, and problem-solving), with a mean developmental delay ranging from 1.8 to 7%. The most serious problem of participants requiring medical referral was related to gross motor (7%) with a mean of 54.35 ± 7.28 followed by communication (6.5%) with a mean of 49.41 ± 9.67. The mean nutritional behavior of participants was 77.9 ± 21.7. A significant relationship was found between the nutritional behaviors of participants and the problem-solving domain of development (p = 0.018). The results also indicated a mean parent-child interaction score of 94.26 ± 12.63. There was a significant relationship between parent-child interactions and the communication area of development (p = 0.04).ConclusionSince some areas of toddler development are influenced by children’s nutritional behavior and parent-child interactions, it is necessary to train families to identify, monitor, and correct the factors affecting the development of their children. Health system officials and planners are also recommended to develop interventions to improve the nutritional behaviors of children and parent-child interactions.

The transgenerational transmission of physical attractiveness perceptions: Role of parents' physical activity and nutrition habits in modelling body-focused health attitudes and body shape perception in five-year-old offspring

Introduction: Observing parents’ body-focused behaviours during middle childhood is one of the initial ways in which children model their perceptions of pro-health attitudes and their connection to physical attractiveness. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parents' health behaviours, their appearance, and the perceptions of adult body types (skinny, medium, obese) by their five-year-old children. Moreover, the role of gender in the above relationship for both children and parents was also examined. Materials and methods: This study participants were 680 families with five-year-old children (330 girls). Participation was limited to the moth-er-father-child triad. The Beauty and Health Scale, Healthy Behaviour Inventory, Inventory of Physical Activity Objectives, and a body composition analyser were used to measure body fat percentage. Results: Assessment of pictures of male silhouettes by five-year-old girls revealed the perception that men who exercise do not lose weight but maintain a healthy, attractive appearance. However, they believed that women should actively lose weight to achieve an attractive figure. Interestingly, women were more likely to be perceived as overweight, despite engaging in physical activity. Conclusions: This study underscores the importance of integrating health education and physical activity interventions into family-oriented disease prevention programmes aimed at cultivating positive health behaviours in children as well as parents.

Consanguineous marriage among familial multiple sclerosis subjects: A national registry-based study

BackgroundThe rising prevalence of familial multiple sclerosis (MS) in Iran has spurred interest in the potential impact of parental consanguinity on the risk of developing the disease. This study aims to aggregate current knowledge on parental consanguinity and its possible effect on MS risk, particularly among familial MS patients from various regions and ethnicities in Iran. The objective is to enhance the understanding of MS genetics and encourage further research in this field. Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted on clinically definite familial MS (FMS) patients registered in the nationwide MS registry of Iran (NMSRI). Data were extracted and supplemented with structured telephone follow-ups to gather detailed histories of MS in relatives and the familial relationships of the patients' parents. A family penetration score was proposed. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistical tests were used to analyze the data at a significance level of 0.05, adhering to ethical guidelines. ResultsOut of 19,911 individuals registered in the NMSRI, 2307 FMS patients across 13 provinces were included in the final analysis. Among these, 385 (19.3 %) reported parental consanguinity, with 283 (14.2 %) having parents who were cousins and 102 (5.1 %) having parents who were distant relatives. The data showed no significant association between parental kinship and variables such as MS phenotype, number of affected relatives with MS, hospitalization rates, and expanded disability status scale score. Similarly, MS severity did not differ based on parental consanguinity (P-value >0.05). While the rate of consanguineous marriage was higher among patients with an onset age less than 18 years, there was no statistically significant difference in disease onset age based on parental consanguinity status. ConclusionOur study highlights the complexity of factors influencing MS development, including genetic and environmental components. These results highlight the need for further research to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of MS etiology.

Opposites attract? Mixed-sex parents' and siblings' sport participation differentiates youth athletes' perceived parenting climates.

Guided by family systems and achievement goal theories, this study examined how the sex of athletes and their main sport parents, as well as sport participation patterns (same sport, different sports, and no sports) of parent-athlete and sibling sex compositions (same-sex and mixed-sex), differentiated athlete perceptions of parenting climates-task-involving (emphasizing individual improvements, effort, and mastery) and ego-involving (emphasizing winning and performance comparison). Participants were 353 U.S. high school athletes (Mage=15.52 and SD=1.18; 55% male) who completed a survey on perceived parenting climates, family compositions, and sport backgrounds of their parents and siblings. We conducted six moderated regression analyses, two of which used (1) athlete sex and main sport parents' sex, (2) sport participation patterns of parent-athlete sex compositions, or (3) sport participation patterns of sibling sex compositions as independent variables. Four of the analyses were statistically significant with small effect sizes, showing that (1) boys perceived greater ego-involving climates than girls; (2) athletes whose same-sex parents played sports (same or different sports) compared to no sports-perceived greater task-involving climates: (3) athletes whose mixed-sex parents played (same or different sports) compared to no sports-perceived greater task-involving climates and less ego-involving climates; and (4) athletes whose mixed-sex siblings played different sports than they did, compared no sports, and perceived greater task-involving climates. None of the interactions were significant. Findings provide theoretical and practical implications by incorporating motivational climates, addressing the potential relationships of parents' and mixed-sex siblings' sport participation to adaptive parenting climates.

Exploring Marital Quality in Parents of Children with Autism: Identifying Barriers and Facilitators

The current study aims to examine the factors that facilitate or act as barriers to the marital relationships of parents of children with ASD. In total, 150 parents of children with ASD participated in this study. An online qualitative survey tool was utilized to collect data, which were subsequently subjected to thematic analysis. Through qualitative analysis, three major themes emerged: (1) Psychological and Emotional Experiences, (2) Sense of Partnership, and (3) The Rich get Richer, including sub-themes such as formal support systems, a strong marital relationship prior to ASD diagnosis, and limited family resources. The findings suggest that elements of the marital relationship can serve as valuable resources for parents of children with ASD in coping with the challenges of parenthood. Conversely, the study highlights certain factors that act as barriers to the marital relationship.

Violence Against Children: The Dynamics of Changes in the Relationship of Parents and Children in the Learning Situation During Quarantine and in War Conditions

This article is dedicated to find out the impact of social changes and their crisis manifestations on the dynamics of family relations, which is manifested in situations of child-parent interaction in the learning process, as well as to analyze the impact of social changes on manifestations of violence against children. A comparative analysis of joint learning situations in junior grades during the COVID-19 pandemic and under martial law was carried out. The article analyzes the dynamics of changes in parents’ assessment of the learning process and results, the behavior of parents and children in the learning situation. An important task of the research is to identify the dynamics of changes in the risks of violence and the level of violence against children by parents in the joint learning situation. These social changes affect family dynamics and manifestations of parental violence against children.

Ectogestation and Humanity’s Whence? An Exploration with Saint Augustine and Karl Barth

Abstract This essay explores the theological and anthropological significance of birth, in order to discern what might be lost with the adoption of complete ectogestation (“artificial wombs”). Specifically, it considers both Saint Augustine and Karl Barth’s respective accounts of humanity’s whence—that is, their theological answer to the question of the nature and significance of our origins as individuals. I suggest that Augustine’s account of his origins emphasizes both his epistemic and biological dependency on his mother and nurses, while Barth’s stresses the individual’s immediate derivation from God. Those disparate answers affect how they construe the relationships of parents and children and work themselves throughout their theological visions and imaginations. I conclude that careful consideration of humanity’s whence cannot answer whether we ought to pursue ectogestation; but it does help us account for how our understanding of God and ourselves might be altered if we gestate human life outside the womb.

Caregiver and parent-child relationship during COVID-19: The mediator role of anxiety and life satisfaction.

This research was conducted to evaluate the mediation effect of anxiety and life satisfaction on the relationship between Care burden and Parent Child Relationship in Turkish parents during the COVID-19 epidemic. The research was carried out with parents (221 women and 219 men) who have children between the ages of 6-18 living in Turkey. Data were collected in June-July 2021 using the demographic data form, "Care Burden Scale," "Pervasive Anxiety Disorder-7 Test," "Satisfaction with Life Scale," and "Parent Child Relationship Scale." Path analysis was used to analyse the relationships. In this study, structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to examine the path analysis. It was found that the burden of care and anxiety of the parents and the parent-child conflict relationship were positively correlated and negatively correlated with the life satisfaction and parent-child closeness relationship (p < 0.05). Path model analyses revealed that the burden of care had a direct effect on anxiety and life satisfaction, and an indirect effect on the parent-child relationship, respectively. It shows that parents' perceptions of how the COVID-19 pandemic is affecting their mental health have implications for parent and child well-being, with stronger relationships for low-income families. Anxiety and life satisfaction had a mediating effect between care burden and parent-child relationship. Given the demonstrable impact of COVID-19 on the parent-child relationship, this study may guide the planning of coping strategies and programmes focused on mental health.

Authoritarian Parenting and Social Anxiety: The Moderating Role of Self-esteem, Introversion and Religious Coping

The main objective of the study was to find out the predictive relationship of authoritarian parenting, introversion, self-esteem, and religious coping on social anxiety among adolescents, who were the students in different schools and colleges of Faisalabad and Sargodha, Punjab-Pakistan. Non- random convenient sampling was used to approach the sample and it consists of six hundred participants including 50% boys and 50% girls. Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS), Self-esteem Scale, Big Five Personality Inventory-Introversion (BFPI), Parental Authority Questionnaire-Authoritarian subscale (PAQ) and Religiosity Scales for Youth were used as a research instruments. The results showed that social anxiety is significantly positively correlated with introversion authoritarian parenting and religiosity. However, the social anxiety is significantly negatively correlated with self-esteem. Multiple regression analysis showed that self-esteem and authoritarian parenting are predictors of social anxiety among boys while introversion, self-esteem and religious coping worked as a predictor of social anxiety among girls. Moderation analysis indicated that authoritarian parenting predicts social anxiety while introversion, self-esteem and religious coping played a significant role as moderators. So, it is concluded that parenting style is so important for the mental and emotional health and development of an adolescent. Likewise self-esteem, religious orientation and personality traits should be considered while addressing adolescent’s psychological wellbeing. Parenting styles related awareness programs and teachers training should be prioritizing for students, parents and general community.