Related Violence Research Articles

The Hidden Pandemic: Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Trauma Cases Due to Domestic Violence Admitted to the Biggest Level-One Trauma Center in Austria.

An alarming increase in domestic violence was reported during the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide. The aim of this study is to investigate changes in the frequency and the nature of domestic violence at the largest level-one trauma center in Austria. All patients admitted to our institution with domestic violence injuries 15 months before and after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic were included. For our analysis, we investigated the frequency of trauma patients after domestic violence in relation to all other trauma patients. Furthermore, age, sex, citizenship, injury pattern, injured body regions, injury mechanism, offender-victim relationship, and hospitalization rate were also analyzed. Among all trauma patients admitted, the ratio of patients who reported domestic violence injuries increased from 0.465% to 0.548% since the start of the pandemic. In addition, out of the total count of domestic violence victims, the percentage of Austrian citizens increased significantly from 51.2% to 60.6% (p = 0.016). All other parameters showed no significant changes pre and post-pandemic. The COVID-19 pandemic contributed to a relative increase in patients with domestic violence injuries at the largest trauma unit in Austria, along with a significant increase among Austrian citizens. The remaining study parameters did not differ significantly, indicating that the frequency changed during the pandemic but not the underlying pattern of domestic violence.

Capital Punishment in the Serbian Army: The Case of Execution at Lake Plav in 1915

This article attempts to reconstruct the key segments of the events that took place at Lake Plav on December 25th, 1915, when 21 Serbian soldiers were executed by order of Colonel Aleksandar K. Stojšić. The source base for this research had to rely on the memoirs and recollections of contemporaries due to the limited mention of this topic in official military correspondence. This unprecedented event signaled the appearance of a new type of war related violence in the Serbian army. Besides the issues of desertion, violence and punishment in the armed forces, this article also discusses the notions of sovereignty and citizenship in times of extreme hardships of war during the Great Serbian Retreat. Many Serbian soldiers who left their units in late 1915 tried to defend themselves by saying that the “military oath” was invalid because Serbia was “abandoned” or “lost”. Such a situation forced the military authorities to try to regain their shaken authority by “negotiating discipline” under completely new circumstances.

Gender-based violence in Tereza Batista cansada da guerra

This paper concerns about gender-based violence in relation to the literary work Tereza Batista cansada de Guerra (1972) by Jorge Amado and it aims at seeking answers to the following questions: How is gender-based violence represented in the novel? Which female characters suffer such violence? How do they react to it? As for the theoretical background, the thoughts of Saffioti (1999), Moore (2000), Bandeira (2014), Spivak (2010), Gomes (2014), XXXXX (2020), Grijalva (2020), Xavier (2021) among others were relevant for the construction of this hermeneutical reading from the literary text, specially to notice the gender-based violence as a structural and systemic issue that subjugates women. The findings lead to the fact that gender-based violence is diversify due to the type as well as to the victimized female characters. Those prior ones may be categorized in three distinct groups: those who promote gender-based violence against other female characters; the ones who are resigned to the gender-based violence they suffer and naturalize their reality; and the ones who struggle against gender-based violence.

Toxic Relationships in Islamic Law

Islam clearly prohibits acts of violence. Toxic relationships are part of violence, whether physical, sexual, or verbal. Therefore, in this research, the author tries to explain toxic relationships from the perspective of Islamic law. This research is a type of literature research whose data sources are articles from journals, books, and documents related to toxic relationship issues. The results of this research show that physical violence is a criminal act (jarimah) and criminal acts against other than the soul in Islamic criminal law. The punishment for perpetrators of crimes other than life is: The main punishment is qishas. Furthermore, sexual violence is also prohibited in Islam because this act does not reflect human values, let alone Islamic values, because it does not contain good relationships (mu'asyarah bi al-ma'ruf). Lastly, verbal or psychological violence in relation to one's partner is the Prophet's prohibition on saying 'al-qubh', or bad things, towards one's wife. The word 'al-qubhu' etymologically means the opposite of good or beautiful (hasan) and can be attributed to a physical description or action.

Transformation of Religious Moderation and Islamic Law: Reflections on Siri' Na Pesse Culture in Bugis Community

This study discusses the transformation of religious moderation and Islamic law: a reflection of siri’ na pesse culture in Bugis community. The research methodology is qualitative, descriptive analytical, normative theological approach, normative juridical and formal, socio-anthropological, data analysis with religious moderation, al-urf and maqasid al-syariah theory in Islamic law. The research results show that siri’ na pesse is constructed with various pappaseng which function as advice and benchmarks in Bugis community to strengthen solidarity, unity, create harmony, order, peace and peace in community life. Religious moderation and Islamic law are one unit to maintain human harmony, foster love through siri’ na pesse as an inner bond, thoughts, and foster hearts to forgive each other, be full of understanding, eliminate hatred, violence, radicalism, extremism, and terrorism in good human relations.

SPORTS PRACTICES AND VIOLENCE AMONG YOUNG MOROCCANS FROM DIFFERENT SOCIAL CLASSES: A SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVE

The practice of sport is certainly characterised by a desire to go beyond ones abilities in order to achieve a good performance. Within this framework, we can often witness intense interactions that could easily tip over into different forms of violence. This sociological study is part of this context, and its aim is to focus on the impact of social representations on violence in sport. The aim of our research is, on the one hand, to identify the types of violence in relation to the properties of each sport and, on the other hand, to study the impact of the groups to which one belongs (socio-cultural aspect) on the construction of social representations in relation to the practice of competitive sport and, more specifically, violent behaviour. Three competitive sports were chosen: tennis, judo and football. social. The selected population consisted of 113 young amateur athletes, 15 parents and 06 coaches. We opted for a mixed approach to our research methodology, using both questionnaire and interview techniques. Analysis of the quantitative data showed that each sport was dominated by a particular social category. In football, 75% of participants belonged to a disadvantaged social class. Judo seems to attract young people from an average social category (62%), whereas in tennis 69% of participants belong to a privileged social class. The second observation concerns the distribution of the typology of violence, which seems to follow the logic of a socio-cultural distribution in terms of social class.

Kapori: researching local responses to sorcery accusation–related violence in Papua New Guinea through Indigenous storytelling

Kapori: researching local responses to sorcery accusation–related violence in Papua New Guinea through Indigenous storytelling

Association Between Firearm Purchasing in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression, and Stress, August 2021

ObjectiveTo estimate the association between firearm purchasing in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms and stress MethodsWe analyzed data from a survey that approximated a nationally representative sample of American adults (n=3528) who either did not own firearms (n=2327) or who purchased firearms for the first time in response to the pandemic (n=240). Self-reported stress, depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms were determined using standardized self-assessment questionnaires (Perceived Stress Scale [PSS-4], Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-2], and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale [DASS] respectively). Using multivariable logistic regression, we assessed the association between firearm-purchasing and each mental health measure after controlling for demographics and other determinants. ResultsIn each model, first-time firearm owners were more likely to be younger, live in urban areas, believe the government does too much for its citizens, stay home, stock up on items, and keep their children at home. Compared to nonowners, first-time owners had a significantly higher odds of anxiety and depressive symptoms (adjusted Odds Ratio[aOR]=1.05, 95%Confidence Interval[CI]:1.04-1.07 and aOR=1.15, 95%CI:1.04-1.26, respectively). ConclusionsFirst-time firearm purchasers report higher depressive and anxiety symptoms compared to non-owners, suggesting that there may be a risk for suicide and other related firearm violence.

The psychology of relative state, desperation and violence: a commentary on de Courson et al. (2023).

The psychology of relative state, desperation and violence: a commentary on de Courson et al. (2023).

Creative and participatory methods for bolstering violence prevention in schools in South East Europe through shifting social and gender norms

Children have the right to be free from violence in schools, yet violence in schools persists. The social and gender norms, or unwritten rules of behavior that drive our collective beliefs, attitudes, and perspectives, perpetuate both positive and harmful behavior related to violence. However, social norms are malleable. To explore this further, the Regional‌ ‌Research‌ ‌on‌ ‌Violence‌ ‌Against‌ ‌Children‌ ‌in‌ ‌Schools‌ ‌in‌ ‌South‌ ‌East‌ ‌Europe project, supported by Terre des hommes and the Child Protection Hub and led by the International Institute on Child Rights and Development (IICRD) sought to work with young people and their supporters in eight South and East European countries from 2019–2021 to unpack how social and gender norms impact school related gender-based violence (SRGBV) and the potential role young people play in challenging destructive social norms in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Moldova, Romania, and Serbia. At the intersection of a child’s right to be safe, to be educated and to be heard, this paper looks at a creative and participatory research approaches that bring children’s experiences of violence in schools to the fore and centers their experiences. This largely qualitative study drew on participatory and creative methods to explore the incidence and type of violence that children and young people are facing in and around school in South East Europe, who is most impacted by it, the social and gender norms related to violence (including SRGBV) against children, the mechanisms and child-led actions that protect children from violence and promote wellbeing, how children and young people felt able to prevent or respond to violence (and SRGBV specifically), and the ideas they had for prevention. National academic and independent researchers were trained on the research and analysis tools that were designed by the IICRD team to ensure consistency. Two schools in each country were chosen to run 2–3 day workshops with up to 15 young people aged 13–18 years old and up to 15 adult supporters in each site. This paper outlines the findings and focuses on the cyclical nature of research and practice where one informs the other. The multi-country research design and findings offer unique insights into effective approaches to work with young people as well as the levels of violence experienced by young people and their critical insights in how to implement enhanced safety in schools. In addition, this paper emphases the process of conducting research using creative and participatory methods as this is not often discussed in detail in the literature. In order to develop research with children and young people that can effectively impact practice, we suggest it is imperative to have a relational approach embedded in research that provides training for adults to ensure they are equipped to do this sensitive work.

Sanctioned by Law: Post-Patriarchal Narratives of Gender-Based Violence

Abstract Italian women writers such as Anna Banti, Elsa Morante, and Elena Ferrante have challenged the patriarchal discourse on female subjectivity through their narrative articulations of gender-based violence. Drawing on Walter Benjamin's analysis of violence in relation to natural and positive law, this article argues that these authors’ representations of violence against women not only provide a powerful critique of patriarchal models but also reveal the contradictory nature of law and justice within a patriarchal power structure. By positioning gender-based violence at the intersection of sanctioned (i.e., legal) and unsanctioned (i.e., illegal) violence, the patriarchal structure of power ensures its continuity. The article concludes that by weaving the pervasiveness of violence experienced by women into their narrative textures, these writers modify their relationship to language from one of displacement to one of cautious proximity, thus opening the possibility for the emergence of a post-patriarchal notion of the human.

Achieving Gender Equality through Women Empowerment in India: A Study in the Context of Sustainable Development.

According to UN data, women and girls constitutes 50% of the world’s population and therefore, half of mankind’s potential. The 5th Sustainable Development Goal is about achieving gender equality and empowering women. However, existing literature suggests that widespread gender inequality acts as a hinderance to sustainable development. This study aims at uncovering the role of women empowerment in achieving gender equality and thereby ensuring sustainable development in India. Qualitative methodology and secondary sources are employed to collect data. According to published studies, contribution of women work force towards economic development of the country is less compared to men work force. Similarly, in the political sphere men dominates and participation of women in decision making process is comparatively less. Women related violence and crime has increased manifolds in the past decade. Studies also state that women participation in climate change dialogue is also less in India. This study concludes that unless women are not empowered and gender equality is not achieved, women cannot play a significant role in economic, political, social, and environmental spheres. And to achieve sustainable development recognizing only men’s contributions will not suffice. Hence, this study tries to draw the attention of the policy makers to commit and work towards women empowerment and utilize the potential of the entire country to attain sustainable development.

Identifying Conditioning Factors and Predictors of Conflict Likelihood for Machine Learning Models: A Literature Review

In this research, we focused on armed conflicts and related violence. The study reviewed the use of machine learning to predict the likelihood of conflict escalation and the role of conditioning factors. The results showed that machine learning and predictive models could help identify conflict-prone locations and geospatial factors contributing to conflict escalation. The study found 46 relevant papers and emphasized the importance of considering unique predictors and conditioning factors for each conflict. It was found that the conflict susceptibility of a region is influenced principally by its socioeconomic conditions and its political/governance factors. We concluded that machine learning has the potential to be a valuable tool in conflict analysis and, therefore, it can be an asset in conflict mitigation and prevention, but the accuracy of the models depends on data quality and the careful selection of conditioning factors. Future research should aim to refine the methodology for more accurate prediction of the models.

Imperialism and literature: An imperialism-oriented reading of modern Turkish literature

Postcolonial theory perceives the world as divided between the coloniser and the colonised, thus indirectly reproducing the centrality of the West. For this reason, in literary studies, postcolonial theory fails to cover the literatures of those nations which were not colonised in a typical sense but rather occupied by Western imperialism, as was the case with Ottoman Turkey. This necessitates a convergent theoretical framework that might help evaluate the fictionalisation of the intersecting dynamics of oppression, violence, exploitation, and resistance in relation to the hegemonic narratives of imperialism and shape a new perspective regarding the politico-cultural dimension of imperial discourse. This article, in this respect, will critically develop the theoretical foundations of imperialism-oriented literary theory and construct it as an interdisciplinary field that has a potential to contribute to contemporary postcolonial theory and to encompass the intersectional dimensions of imperialism and imperial discourse for the articulation of the fictionalisation of imperialism-related issues in the under-considered corpus of modern Turkish literature.

Violence Related to Daily Water and Sanitation Needs in South Africa.

There is a critical lack of research on violence experienced by women when meeting their daily water and sanitation needs. This short report describes the cumulative lifetime incidence of exposure to violence when using the toilet or collecting water (water, sanitation, and hygiene [WASH]-related violence) and identifies associated health and behavioral risks. Data from 1,870 participants collected in 2013-2015 from a longitudinal cohort of young women in rural South Africa were included in this analysis. We found that exposure to WASH-related violence was high: 25.9% experienced violence when collecting water or when using the toilet. Those who experienced violence were more likely to report pregnancy, an older partner, unprotected sex, experience of intimate partner violence, engaging in transactional sex, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. Future research should investigate the location and type of violence experienced and examine how WASH-related violence is related to health outcomes to identify gender-centered WASH interventions that reduce violence exposure.

No Safe Place: Violence among Unaccompanied Refugee Children Seeking Asylum in Kenya

This paper explores the rarely examined experiences of unaccompanied refugee minors in Nairobi, Kenya. Children are thought to comprise up to a third of Nairobi's refugee population, however, there is virtually no data on them. The paper provides a first analysis of a unique dataset to ascertain unaccompanied minor refugees’ experiences of physical, emotional, resource related, and sexual violence. Our research findings indicate widespread violence among refugee children living in Nairobi, and denote the prevalence of several kinds of violence in particular. Our results also reveal which children are most at risk and the type of abuse they are most likely to experience.

Sexual Governmentality and the Woman at/as Risk in Revolutionary Egypt

How can a collective sexual assault that took place in the mid-1990s in front of a private school in a middle-class neighborhood of Cairo help us reconsider the “circles of hell” that proliferated in protests during the Egyptian January 25 Revolution? This article weaves together three past and contemporary instances of sexual harassment and assault in educational settings to counter the social/political dichotomy that has dominated scholarly discussions about public sexual violence in Egypt and to situate these forms of violence in relation to broader historical processes, including the development of women’s education and mass public transportation and the emergence of the modern city in the late nineteenth century. Building on the work of Michel Foucault and Fatima Mernissi, the essay regards public sexual violence as a mechanism of sexual governmentality aimed at shaping and managing women’s conduct through the conceptualization of women as simultaneously at risk and a risk in public space. Drawing on research conducted in Cairo in 2014–15, I examine the ways in which the activist initiatives OpAntiSH and HarassMap subverted these notions through projects of direct action and community intervention that challenged notions of feminine vulnerability and masculine protection while creating horizontal structures of care in the spaces of protest and in the neighborhood. I conclude by discussing how these approaches can contribute to decolonizing feminism and reinvigorate anti-sexual-violence organizing in the current #MeToo moment.

Beyond Male Israeli Soldiers, Palestinian Women, Rape, and War

Abstract Israeli denials and classification of documents, alongside scholarly work (Nitsán 2007; Wood 2006), have all contributed to the perception that aside from the 1948 war and its aftermath, rape and other forms of sexual violence are missing from Israel's military toolbox. A spatial intersectional analysis of Israeli state sexual violence against Palestinians finds that in the context of the occupied Palestinian territories (oPt), the wartime rape paradigm is doing a disservice. It further silences Israeli state sexual violence against Palestinians and diverts our attention from the colonial nature of the Israeli control regime. These findings unearth (1) the risks of stripping rape of the specific context in which it materializes, (2) the importance of incorporating power structures that transgress the framework of conflict and war-related sexual violence and (3) the necessity of deciphering and attending to colonial and settler colonial- related sexual violence.

Perspectives of children and young people from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina on their role in challenging perceived social and gender norms impacting school related gender-based violence

Child protection and safeguarding has historically tried to ‘save’ children from difficult or harmful circumstances and has often failed to recognise children’s agency or respect their participation rights. Given the particular socio-historical development of many South and Eastern European countries, the move to more transformative child protection and child safeguarding has been slow in moving away from the reliance on institutional care (Zouev & Unicef, 1999; Anghel, Herczog, Dima, 2013). This article introduces the methodology and empirical findings from an 8-country South and Eastern Europe research study focusing on Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. These two post-communist countries share cultural and political history. The aim was to explore how social and gender norms impact school-related gender-based violence (SRGBV) and the potential role of children in challenging these social norms. Out of this mixed methodology study, with a participatory qualitative approach, researchers used a variety of research instruments with groups of children (aged 13 to 18). This research connects with social norms theory based on Cislaghi and Heise's (2019) dynamic framework that explores social norms as an adaptation of the socio-ecological model (Bronfenbrenner, 1992).This article provides an overview of the overarching concept, methodology, and findings of the study with a particular focus on Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.Findings suggest that children and young people in these two countries witness various forms of violence, contributing to the normalisation of violence. Also, they recognised that if someone is “labelled” on various grounds, such as the socio-economic status of parents, behaviour, gender, nationality, culture, and ability, it is more likely that they will be a victim of violence. On a societal and institutional level, teachers and significant adults are not always perceived as trustworthy. Children pointed out that in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as in Croatia, institutions do not defend children's rights at the highest level. They find that the child protection system fails to be just and transparent and often acts on double standards depending on one family's status and influence, leaving vulnerable children at even more risk of being unprotected from different forms of violence.Strategies for prevention, support services and social change, especially for vulnerable children and young people, were identified for further implementation and follow-up research.

Posttraumatic Growth and Resilience on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence: A Set of Systematic Reviews of Literature

Sexual violence is highly prevalent in sociopolitical conflict contexts. Even though its negative effects are well documented, further research is needed on how community experiences of social growth and rebuilding could positively impact victims of sexual violence in these contexts. As a starting point, we conducted a two-phase systematic review. The first phase focused on the relationships between sociopolitical conflict, sexual violence, and psychological effects or trauma (2010–2017), and, in addition to the deep negative psychological effects, it also found reports of posttraumatic growth in victims. This led to a second phase that related sexual violence in sociopolitical conflict contexts to posttraumatic growth and resilience (2017–2022). We found nine publications documenting experiences of resilience and posttraumatic growth in victims of sexual violence in sociopolitical conflicts. Interestingly, resilience and posttraumatic growth were shown not only in victims but also in communities and new generations, which is relevant to understanding the long-lasting effects of violence in contexts of sociopolitical conflict.